Level Of Ambition Research Articles

El endecasílabo blanco: la apuesta por la renovación poética de G. M. de Jovellanos

En la idea de superar la poesía anacreóntica y llevar el discurso poético del momento a un nivel superior de ambición y complejidad, Jovellanos se inclinó por sustituir la rima por el ritmo y eligió el endecasílabo blanco como el metro idóneo para su propuesta dada su flexibilidad y sus ricas posibilidades de acentuación. En una serie de cartas dirigidas a varios amigos poetas (1773-1797), explicó cómo debía emplearse este verso: clasificó los endecasílabos según sus cinco posibles acentuaciones o cesuras; estableció cuáles eran las más armónicas y trazó la manera de combinarlas apropiadamente. En este estudio, sistematizamos la novedosa teoría de Jovellanos, analizamos sus usos métricos diacrónicamente y estudiamos el modo en que aplicó sus ideas a sus propios poemas. Ello permite concluir que se ajustó a su preceptiva de forma progresivamente más exacta, lo que nos capacita para describir una evolución muy detallada de su uso del endecasílabo blanco relevante para entender su obra, datar sus poemas y resolver problemas de autoría.

To Emerge? Breadwinning, Motherhood, and Women’s Decisions to Run for Office

Women’s underrepresentation in American politics is often attributed to relatively low levels of political ambition. Yet scholarship still grapples with a major leak in the pipeline to power: that many qualified and politically ambitious women decide against candidacy. Focusing on women with political ambition, we theorize that at the final stage of candidate emergence, household income, breadwinning responsibilities, and household composition are interlocking obstacles to women’s candidacies. We examine these dynamics through a multimethod design that includes an original survey of women most likely to run for office: alumnae of the largest Democratic campaign training organization in the United States. Although we do not find income effects, we provide evidence that breadwinning—responsibility for a majority of household income—negativelyaffects women’s ambition, especially for mothers. These findings have important implications for understanding how the political economy of the household affects candidate emergence and descriptive representation in the United States.

Does ideology influence the ambition level of climate and renewable energy policy? Insights from four European countries

ABSTRACT We investigate whether political ideology has an observable effect on decarbonization ambition, renewable power aims, and preferences for power system balancing technologies in four European countries. Based on the Energy Logics framework, we identify ideologically different transition strategies (state-centered, market-centered, grassroots-centered) contained in government policies and opposition party programs valid in 2019. We compare these policies and programs with citizen poll data. We find that ideology has a small effect: governments and political parties across the spectrum have similar, and relatively ambitious, decarbonization and renewables targets. This mirrors citizens’ strong support for ambitious action regardless of their ideological self-description. However, whereas political positions on phasing out fossil fuel power are clear across the policy space, positions on phasing in new flexibility options to balance intermittent renewables are vague or non-existent. As parties and citizens agree on strong climate and renewable power aims, the policy ambition is likely to remain high, even if governments change.

Efforts-sharing to achieve the Paris goals: Ratcheting-up of NDCs and taking full advantage of international carbon market

Aggregated mitigation efforts represented by current Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) fall far short of meeting the 2 °C and 1.5 °C Paris goals, and Parties should enhance their mitigation targets through a ratcheting-up mechanism to close the large gap. The paper first assesses the stringency of major emitters’ NDCs based on a comparison with the seven equity allocations. Then, it proposes a novel ratcheting-up scheme which distributes the mitigation gap between aggregated NDCs and the Paris goals based on key equity criteria and calculates the additional emission reduction rates for countries with insufficient ambitions. To fully consider different ambition levels of NDCs and also avoid overambitious outcomes, lower and upper limits are set for individual country’s reduction rate, thus improving the equity and feasibility of the scheme. The results indicate that most countries should strengthen current efforts. By 2030, countries with insufficient NDCs need to reduce their aggregated emissions by 23% and 36% respectively to achieve the 2 °C and 1.5 °C goals. Most developed countries should undertake reduction rates which are above the global average level. Under the 1.5 °C pathway, many developed countries need to reduce their NDC emissions by about 50% in 2030. The mitigation costs of achieving the Paris goals as well as the benefits of international emissions trading have been evaluated. The results show that global GDP losses in 2030 for achieving 2 °C and 1.5 °C could decrease by 69% and 50% respectively through permits trading, and regional GDP losses would also be reduced, highlighting the importance of an effective global carbon market for meeting the Paris goals.

الإسهام النسبي للتفکير الجانبي ومستوى الطموح في التنبؤ بالإنهماک التعليمي لدى طلاب الجامعة

هدفت الدراسة الحالية إلى تحديد الإسهام النسبي للتفکير الجانبي ومستوى الطموح في التنبؤ بالإنهماک التعليمي لدى طلاب الجامعة، وتم إجراء الدراسة على عينة قوامها (150) طالباوطالبة تتراوح أعمارهم بين (19-21) سنة، واعتمدت الدراسة الحالية على المنهج الوصفي فيتطبيق أدوات الدراسة والإجابة عن أسئلتها ،وقام الباحث بتطوير أدوات الدراسة والتي تتمثل في مقياس التفکير الجانبي، ومقياس الطموح، ومقياس الإنهماک التعليمي، ثم التحقق من الخصائص السيکومترية لهذه الأدوات. وتوصلت الدراسة إلىأن مستوى التفکير الجانبي لدى أفراد عينة الدراسة مرتفع، ومستوى الطموح لدى أفراد عينة الدراسة مرتفع، وأن مستوى الإنهماک التعليمي لدى أفراد عينة الدراسة منخفض، کما توصلت نتائج الدراسة إلى أن التفکير الجانبي يصلح استخدامه في التنبؤ بالإنهماک التعليمي إذ بلغ معامل الانحدار (2.705) وهي قيمة دالة إحصائيا عند مستوى (0.008)، في حين أن الطموح لايصلح استخدامه في التنبؤ بالإنهماک التعليمي إذ بلغ معامل الانحدار (-0.801) وهي قيمة غير دالة إحصائيا، وقدمت الدراسة مجموعة من التوصيات منها إعداد البرامج والدورات التدريبية التي تسهم في تدعيم وتنمية التفکير الجانبي لدى طلاب الجامعة، حيث أعضاء هيئة التدريس على استخدام استراتيجيات التفکير الجانبي أثناء التدريس الجامعي، حث طلاب الجامعة على استخدام مهارات التفکير الجانبي في التطبيقات العملية والأنشطة والتدريب الميداني، إعداد برامج تدريبية تهتم بزيادة الأنشطة التعليمية والتي تعمل على تحسين مستويات الإنهماک التعليمي لدى طلاب الجا Abstract: The present study aimed to determine relative contribution of lateral thinking and ambition level in predicting educational engagement in university students. The sample consisted of (150) male and female students aged (19-21) years old, and the present study relied on the descriptive method in applying the study tools and to answer its questions. The researcher developed tools which are the lateral thinking scale, the ambition scale, and educational engagement scale, then check the psychometric properties of these tools. The study showed that the level of lateral thinking among the members of the study sample is high, the level of ambition among the members of the study sample is high, and that the level of educational attainment among the members of the study sample is low. The results of the study showed that the lateral thinking is suitable to be used in predicting educational engagement as the regression coefficient reached (2.705) that is a statistically significant value at the level of (0.008), while ambition is not suitable for predicting educational engagement as the regression coefficient reached (-0.801) that is statistically insignificant value. The study presented recommendations, including preparing programs and training courses that contribute to support and develop Lateral thinking among university students, where staff members use lateral thinking strategies during university teaching, encourage university students to use lateral thinking skills in practical applications, activities, and field training, preparing training programs concerned with increasing educational activities that improve educational engagement levels of students in university.

Climate change mitigation in British Columbia\u2019s forest sector: GHG reductions, costs, and environmental impacts

BackgroundThe potential contributions from forest-based greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation actions need to be quantified to develop pathways towards net negative emissions. Here we present results from a comparative analysis that examined mitigation options for British Columbia’s forest sector. Mitigation scenarios were evaluated using a systems perspective that takes into account the changes in emissions and removals in forest ecosystems, in harvested wood product (HWP) carbon stocks, and in other sectors where wood products substitute for emission-intensive materials and fossil fuels. All mitigation activities were assessed relative to a forward-looking ‘business as usual’ baseline for three implementation levels. In addition to quantifying net GHG emission reductions, we assessed economic, and socio-economic impacts as well as other environmental indicators relating to forest species, age class, deadwood availability and future timber supply. We further considered risks of reversal for land-based scenarios, by assessing impacts of increasing future wildfires on stands that were not harvested.ResultsOur spatially explicit analyses of forest sector mitigation options demonstrated a cost-effective portfolio of regionally differentiated scenarios that directed more of the harvested wood to longer-lived wood products, stopped burning of harvest residues and instead produced bioenergy to displace fossil fuel burning, and reduced harvest levels in regions with low disturbance rates. Domestically, net GHG emissions were reduced by an average of -9 MtCO2e year−1 over 2020–2050 for a portfolio of mitigation activities at a default implementation level, with about 85% of the GHG emission reductions achieved below a cost of $50/tCO2e. Normalizing the net GHG reduction by changes in harvested wood levels permitted comparisons of the scenarios with different ambition levels, and showed that a 1 MtCO2 increase in cumulative harvested stemwood results in a 1 MtCO2e reduction in cumulative emissions, relative to the baseline, for the Higher Recovery scenario in 2070.ConclusionsThe analyses conducted in this study contribute to the global understanding of forest sector mitigation options by providing an integrated framework to synthesize the methods, assumptions, datasets and models needed to quantify mitigation activities using a systems approach. An understanding of economically feasible and socio-economically attractive mitigation scenarios along with trade offs for environmental indicators relating to species composition and age, helps decision makers with long-term planning for land sector contributions to GHG emission reduction efforts, and provides valuable information for stakeholder consultations.

الإحتیاجات الإرشادیة لزراع الکراویة بجمعیة المسیرى التعاونیة الزراعیة - العامریة - محافظة الإسکندریة

This research mainly aimed at studying the extension needs of caraway farmers in El-Mesery Agricultural Cooperative-El Amereia - Alexandria Governorate. This necessitated the achievement of the following sub-objectives: (1) Identify some of the respondents 'characteristics, (2) Identify the cognitive level of the respondents, (3) Identify the related and influencing variables on the cognitive level of the respondents, (4) Identify the respondents' trends towards caraway cultivation, ( 5) Identifying the related and influencing variables in the respondents ’attitudes towards caraway cultivation, (6) Identifying the most important problems they face in cultivating and marketing the caraway crop. The personal interview questionnaire form was used to complete the field data from a random sample of 200 respondents, and the percentages, range, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, frequency tables and simple correlation coefficient of Pearson were used in the presentation, discussion and analysis of the results. statistical analysis.The study concluded many research results, the most prominent of which are the following: 1-With regard to the characteristics of the studied caraway farmers, the research results indicated that 66%Of the total respondents, their ages are less than 40-53 years, and that (32.5%) of the respondents are illiterate, and that the farmers studied have all previously cultivated medicinal and aromatic plants, and the percentage of those with moderate experience reached 42.5%, of the total respondents 2-The low cognitive level in caraway cultivation is 15%, the average cognitive level is 69%, and the high cognitive level is 16%, and the results showed a positive and significant correlation at the probability level 0.01 Between the cognitive level of the surveyed farmers and each of the following independent variables: full-time agricultural work, the number of years of experience cultivating medicinal and aromatic plants, media openness, agricultural information sources, membership of organizations, opinion leadership, readiness for change, living satisfaction, level of ambition and direction towards agricultural extension. While that correlation was positive and significant at the probability level 0.05 with both age and educational level, while that relationship was negative and significant at the probability level 0.05 with the variable of agricultural land tenure, It was not clear that there was a significant correlation relationship between the dependent variable and only two independent variables: the number of family members and community participation. The subsistence variable, devotion to agricultural work, and that these four independent variables collectively affect the dependent variable by 74.1% and that the organizational membership variable is more influential in the dependent variable as it helps explain 61% of the possible variation in the dependent variable. 3- The percentage of those with positive trends towards caraway cultivation was 25.5%, neutral trends 54.5%, and negative trends 20% of the total number of farmers surveyed, and it was found that there was a positive and significant correlation at the probability level 0.01 between the trends of the surveyed caraway farmers and each of the independent variables The following: exposure to the media, community participation, membership of organizations, opinion leadership, willingness to change, living satisfaction, and level of ambition. While that correlation was positive and significant at the probability level 0,05 with the variable of agricultural work, while that relationship was negative and significant at the probability level 0,01 with a variable Only one is the educational level, and the research results showed that there is no significant relationship between the dependent variable and each of the following independent variables: age, number of family members, agricultural land tenure, number of years of experience in growing medicinal and aromatic plants, and sources of agricultural information. The results of the multiple regression analysis indicated that There are only two independent variables that collectively affect the attitudes of caraway growers of the respondents towards cultivating medicinal and aromatic plants as a dependent variable, namely the level of ambition and community participation. It contributes to explaining 29.7% of the possible variance in the dependent variable 4- The research results indicated that the surveyed caraway growers face many problems related to the cultivation and marketing of the caraway crop, the most important of which are: the prevalence of nematodes and grass weeds 78%, the absence of agricultural extension 18.5%, the difficulty of obtaining fertilizers, 5.5%, and that the problems of marketing the caraway crop are The problem of low sales price 78,5%, lack of opportunities to contract with agencies to market the crop 50%, lack of sawmills 15%, absence of marketing guidance 13%, unavailability of packing packages 10%, and high transport costs 1.5% of the total number of farmers surveyed .

(Net-) zero-emission buildings: a typology of terms and definitions

Several different definitions of ‘net-zero’ or ‘climate-neutral’ buildings have arisen and are causing confusion. Different approaches quantify the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of buildings over their life-cycle. A typology is proposed based on distinctions between absolute and net-zero-emission buildings in relation to operational and full life-cycle approaches. Besides the absolute zero-emission approach, three different net-zero-emission approaches are: (1) a net-balance approach, which includes credits caused by potentially avoided emissions beyond the system boundary provided by exported energy; (2) an offsetting approach, based on the purchase of CO2 certificates; and (3) a technical approach, based on negative-emission technologies. The declaration of the approach chosen will provide clarity when discussing (net/absolute)-zero emission or climate-neutral buildings. Policy relevance The use of suitable terms, definitions, system boundaries as well as calculation and assessment rules is a prerequisite for credibility and transparency. Legal requirements for limiting GHG emissions from buildings and their fulfilment should therefore be formulated in a way that is understandable by both industry professionals and stakeholders with clear rules for documentation and the provision of evidence. This is particularly important for the proof of the political goal to create a climate-neutral building stock. A typology of (net-) zero building approaches is presented that explains their level of ambition, fosters transparency, and reduces misperceptions and misunderstandings.

NOT A GREAT WINNER, BUT AN ORDINARY LOSER

This essay presents a characterization analysis of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Being aware of his underprivileged origin, Jay Gatsby spends his whole life amassing his fortune. By examining his behavior in the novel, it is feasible to acknowledge his level of ambition, corruption, alienation, and ultimately loss. In spite of Gatsby’s apparent greatness, failure and decay govern his whole life. He was born not only with delusions of greatness but also with the ability of being corrupt; in his attempt of belonging to the aristocratic class, he loses both everything he has longed for and his own life. Thus, Gatsby’s unreachable dream makes him an ordinary loser, who is only skilled at making money from dirty business.

Exploring predictive maintenance applications in industry

PurposeAsset owners and maintainers need to make timely and well-informed maintenance decisions based on the actual or predicted condition of their physical assets. However, only few companies have succeeded to implement predictive maintenance (PdM) effectively. Therefore, this paper aims to identify why only few companies were able to successfully implement PdM.Design/methodology/approachA multiple-case study including 13 cases in various industries in The Netherlands was conducted. This paper examined the choices made in practice to achieve PdM and possible dependencies between and motivations for these choices.FindingsAn implementation process for PdM appeared to comprise four elements: a trigger, data collection, maintenance technique (MT) selection and decision-making. For each of these elements, several options were available. By identifying the choices made by companies in practice and mapping them on the proposed elements, logical combinations appeared. These combinations can provide insight into the PdM implementation process and may also lead to guidance on this topic. Further, while successful companies typically combined various techniques, the mostly applied techniques were still those based on previous experiences.Research limitations/implicationsThis research calls for better methods or procedures to guide the selection and use of suitable types of PdM, directed by the firm's ambition level and the available data.Originality/valueWhile it is important for firms to make suitable choices during implementation, the literature often focusses only on developing additional techniques for PdM. This paper provides new insights into the application and selection of techniques for PdM in practice and helps practitioners reduce the often applied trial-and-error process.

Will climate mitigation ambitions lead to carbon neutrality? An analysis of the local-level plans of 327 cities in the EU

Cities across the globe recognise their role in climate mitigation and are acting to reduce carbon emissions. Knowing whether cities set ambitious climate and energy targets is critical for determining their contribution towards the global 1.5 °C target, partly because it helps to identify areas where further action is necessary. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the mitigation targets of 327 European cities, as declared in their local climate plans. The sample encompasses over 25% of the EU population and includes cities of all sizes across all Member States, plus the UK. The study analyses whether the type of plan, city size, membership of climate networks, and its regional location are associated with different levels of mitigation ambition. Results reveal that 78% of the cities have a GHG emissions reduction target. However, with an average target of 47%, European cities are not on track to reach the Paris Agreement: they need to roughly double their ambitions and efforts. Some cities are ambitious, e.g. 25% of our sample (81) aim to reach carbon neutrality, with the earliest target date being 2020.90% of these cities are members of the Climate Alliance and 75% of the Covenant of Mayors. City size is the strongest predictor for carbon neutrality, whilst climate network(s) membership, combining adaptation and mitigation into a single strategy, and local motivation also play a role. The methods, data, results and analysis of this study can serve as a reference and baseline for tracking climate mitigation ambitions across European and global cities.

Environmental alignment between logistics service providers and shippers – a supply chain perspective

PurposeVarious suggested paths for greening logistics and supply chains often address the specific perspectives of single supply chain actors. Drawing on stakeholder theory, the purpose of this paper is to develop a deeper understanding of the alignment between logistics service providers (LSPs) and shippers in the context of adopting more environmentally sustainable logistics practices.Design/methodology/approachWith a case study approach, a dual perspective is taken in which both LSPs and shippers were researched. The cases comprise eight LSPs and six shipper companies in Sweden, Italy and Ireland. Information was first analysed in relation to levels of environmental awareness, customer requirements and provider offerings and critical success factors (CSFs) and inhibitors. In a second step, the findings were analysed using stakeholder theory.FindingsLSPs demonstrate higher ambition levels and more concrete offerings compared to shippers' requirements for green logistics services. Paradoxically, customers are an important CSF and also an inhibitor for both LSPs and shippers. Both LSPs and shippers perceive financial factors and senior management priorities as important CSFs. The application of stakeholder theory helps to illuminate the importance of the many secondary stakeholders vs that of one or a relatively small number of primary stakeholders.Originality/valueThe three-dimensional analysis of environmental alignment between LSPs and shippers reinforces existing knowledge and provides new insights. A novel use of stakeholder theory in a supply chain context underlines its usefulness in research of this kind.

Land Use and Agriculture: Pitfalls and Precautions on the Road to Net Zero

Land use is a crucial sector in delivering enhanced carbon sequestration globally. At the same time food production is a major source of global greenhouse gas emissions. As pressure mounts for all nations to increase their levels of ambition under the Paris Climate Agreement, so the pressure to radically reduce emissions from the agriculture sector and enhance carbon sequestration in the land use sector also ramps up. This trend is most clearly evident in the drive for ‘net zero’ where unavoidable emissions, such as those from food production, are balanced by more sequestration via land use change. Here we examine some of the major risks, applicable safeguards, and potential pathways for agriculture and land use in realising net zero. Using the UK as an example we highlight the importance of governance, finance, skills, research & technology, and society in this transition. We conclude that successful land use policy for net zero will require extremely demanding levels of integration and spatial resolution, but that the research base to support this is fast-developing. We also invoke the Cancun safeguards as a basis on which a more sustainable and just transition to net zero might be based. Finally, we warn of unintended distortions to policy and markets if the drive for net zero is too blinkered.

Manufacturing as a Service

Machinery has written about a number of online-focused subcontractors, individual firms with varying levels of ambition, as well as platforms that offer buyers access to a range of services and companies in one place, not bounded by geography. Andrew Allcock spoke to yet another subcontracting operation that sits within this world, but which is very firmly focused on providing good service to a manageable client base and which eschews the all-conquering global ambitions expressed by others

How to Define and Execute Your Data and AI Strategy

Over the past decade, many organizations have come to recognize that their future success will depend on data and AI (artificial intelligence) capabilities. Expectations are high and companies are heavily investing in the area. However, our experience advising organizations in diverse industries suggests that many have also become disillusioned in their journey to create companywide, data-driven business transformation. This article discusses some of the common pitfalls in the implementation of data and AI strategies and gives recommendations for business leaders on how to successfully include data and AI in their business processes. These recommendations address the core enablers for data and AI capabilities, from setting the ambition level to hiring the right talent and defining the AI organization and operating model.

Coordination of pollution-related MSFD measures in the Mediterranean - Where we stand now and insights for the future

Various pollutants keep threatening the environmental status of the Mediterranean Sea, while the Marine Strategy Framework Directive requires that Good Environmental Status needs to be achieved in European Seas by 2020. Previous reviews already established that the ambition levels of national Programmes of Measures (PoMs) are low. This study focuses on the analyses of the levels of coherence and coordination of the proposed PoMs in the Mediterranean, concentrating on nutrient, contaminant, and marine litter pollution, as well as the introduction of non-indigenous species. Coherence and pollinator analyses of the proposed measures of Mediterranean EU Member States (MS) were performed. The results demonstrate that while the current coordination between MS is almost non-existent, several measures are already addressing the same pressures in similar ways and could be easily coordinated on transnational level. Increased coordination and coherence of PoMs in the Mediterranean are vital for achieving good environmental status in future years.

New horizons in EU-Japan security cooperation.

Alongside the EU–Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA), a Strategic Partnership Agreement (SPA) between the EU and Japan entered into force in 2019. Whereas the EPA enshrines the existing interconnectedness between the Japanese and European economies, the SPA remains more aspirational. With an emphasis on shared norms and values and recognising an increasingly hostile external environment, the EU and Japan are seeking to deepen and broaden their security cooperation. For the period 1990–2017, EU–Japan security cooperation is mapped for a broad range of security domains. During this period, cooperation has increased notably in domains such as economic security, cyber-security and civil protection. In other areas, such as military, regional, energy and human security as well as terrorism, the scope of cooperation lags behind. Looking forward, the SPA not only reflects a renewed interest and level of ambition in the EU and Japan but also provides them with a platform to extend security cooperation to address their global and regional challenges.

The EU’s CFSP/CSDP in 2030: Towards an alternative vision of power?

This article argues that the lack of an effective, coherent and progressive EU grand strategy that is able to streamline efforts and produce collective goods, both at home and in the world, is culpable for the EU’s gradual decline until 2030. The lack of European-wide strategic thinking creates the conditions for an existential crisis of the EU. The EU’s Common Foreign and Security Policy/Common Security and Defence Policy is the most striking example: it fails to manage the EU27 expectations, build up sufficient military and civilian capabilities, deliver tangible results and, consequently, lacks credibility. This has repercussions for the EU’s level of ambition. Until 2030, more and more states drop out of EU initiatives and search for alternative fora to make their voices heard in international politics. The powerlessness of the EU also weakens its most important allies: the United States and NATO. This creates a power vacuum to be filled by more ambitious players, such as China or Russia, which seek to diffuse their view of global (dis)order. To avoid this future, we argue that the EU should (1) embrace an alternative vision of power, (2) strengthen the legitimacy of its internal and external policymaking and (3) engage strategically in global affairs on the basis of a firm commitment to NATO-EU cooperation.

التفکير الإيجابي وعلاقته بمستوى الطموح لدى طالبات المرحلة الثانوية بمدينة الباحة

هدفت الدراسة إلى الکشف عن درجة التفکير الإيجابي وعلاقته بمستوى الطموح لدى طالبات المرحلة الثانوية بمدينة الباحة، کما هدفت إلى معرفة إذا ما کان فروق في متوسط استجابات أفراد العينة حول مستوى الطموح يعزى لمتغيري التخصص (أدبي، علمي) ومتغير الصف الدراسي، واتبعت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي الارتباطي، وتم اختيار عينة الدراسة بالطريقة الطبقية العشوائية من جميع طالبات المرحلة الثانوية في مدينة الباحة في المملکة العربية السعودية خلال الفصل الدراسي الأول من العام الدراسي 1439/1440هـ، حيث بلغ عدد أفراد العينة (438) طالبة، ولتحقيق أهداف الدراسة تم تطبيق مقياس التفکير الإيجابي، (للموسوي وشطب،2016)، ومقياس مستوى الطموح، من إعداد (جويدة بأحمد، 2015)، على الطالبات. وأظهرت النتائج أن المتوسط الحسابي العام لدرجة التفکير الإيجابي لدى طالبات المرحلة الثانوية بمدينة الباحة يساوي (3.27) أي بدرجة (دائما). وأن المتوسط الحسابي العام لدرجة مستوى الطموح لدى طالبات المرحلة الثانوية بمدينة الباحة يساوي (3.06) أي بدرجة (أحيانا).ووجود علاقة ارتباطية موجبة ذات دلالة إحصائية عند مستوى دلالة أقل من (0.05) بين درجات التفکير الإيجابي في أبعاد (التوقعات الإيجابية نحو المستقبل - المشاعر الإيجابية السعادة - مفهوم الذات الإيجابي - الرضا عن الحياة - المرونة الإيجابية) ومستوى الطموح في أبعاد (النظرة إلى الحياة - التفوق الدراسي - تحمل المسؤولية والاعتماد على النفس - الميل إلى المثابرة) لدى طالبات المرحلة الثانوية بمدينة الباحة. وفي ضوء النتائج تم تقديم مجموعة من التوصيات.إمکانية زيادة مستوى الطموح لدى طالبات المرحلة الثانوية بمدينة الباحة من خلال تنمية التفکير الإيجابي حيث أن نتائج الدراسة أظهرت وجود علاقة ارتباطيه موجبة بينهما، وإمکانية استخدام معادلة التنبؤ في الدراسة الحالية للتنبؤ بمستوى الطموح لدى طالبات المرحلة الثانوية بمدينة الباحة من خلال التفکير الإيجابي. Abstract The aim of the study was to reveal the degree of positive thinking and its relation to the level of ambition among secondary school students in Al-Baha city. It also aimed to find out if there were differences in the average responses of the respondents about the level of ambition due to the variables of specialization (literary, scientific) . The study was followed by the descriptive descriptive method. The sample of the study was chosen by random stratified method of all secondary school students in Al-Baha city in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia during the first semester of the academic year 1439/1440 AH, The number of sample members reached (438) students. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, the positive thinking scale (for Mousavi and write-off) was applied. The results showed that the general arithmetic mean of the level of positive thinking among secondary school students in Al-Baha was (3.27), ie (always). And that the general arithmetic mean of the level of ambition among secondary school students in Al-Baha is (3.06), ie (sometimes). And positive correlation with statistical significance at a level of significance less than (0.05) between the positive thinking in the dimensions of (positive outlook towards the future - positive feelings happiness - positive self-concept - satisfaction with life - positive flexibility And the level of ambition in the dimensions of (the outlook on life - the academic excellence - responsibility and self-reliance - the tendency to persevere) in the secondary school students in the city of Baha. In the light of the results were made a set of recommendations. The possibility of increasing the level of ambition among secondary school students in Al-Baha city Through the development of positive thinking as the results of the study showed a positive correlation between them, and the possibility of using the equation of prediction in the current study to predict the level of ambition among secondary school students in the city of Baha through positive thinking

MRV framework and prospective scenarios to monitor and ratchet up Brazilian transport mitigation targets

Transitioning from a carbon-intensive development path to a low-carbon economy requires understanding of emission sources and its drivers. To achieve Nationally Determined Contribution targets discussed under the Paris Agreement, countries must project emission baselines considering different levels of ambition and sectoral performances and monitor government policies and mitigation actions. This study develops a Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) framework based on energy use and carbon emission scenarios for Brazil up to 2030, focusing on transport. Three scenarios are developed based on different political commitments. All scenarios and mitigation actions are discussed under the Brazilian Forum on Climate Change, which is recognized as one of the most important institutional instruments of the National Policy on Climate Change. Results reveal a 41% abatement in CO2e emissions when comparing the most ambitious scenario to the conservative one. MRV framework indicates that Brazil is on track to a low carbon economic transition, although joint action is needed. This is mainly due to the increasing penetration of bioenergy into the transport energy matrix, while electromobility does not expand in Brazil at the pace of major international players such as Europe and China. Special contribution of this paper is on the role of bioenergy in prospective carbon emission scenarios, which is a lack in the literature.