Leisure Negotiation Research Articles

Constraints and Facilitators, Universal Design and Event Experience: Accessibility of Facilities at a Food Festival

Accessibility barriers in festivals inhibit engaging festival experiences for the general public. This study aimed to examine the accessibility of facilities at the Macau Food Festival (MFF) by applying the theories of leisure constraints and facilitators, leisure negotiation and Universal Design (UD) principles. Participant observation and qualitative semi-structured interviews with 25 festival participants were conducted. Findings revealed mixed perceptions of the facilities. Several aspects such as unclear festival layout and insufficient toilets were contrary to UD principles and constrained visitors’ engagement. However, online payment devices and shuttle buses facilitated festival engagement. Accessibility played an important role in influencing visitors’ experiences and behavioural outcomes such as revisit intention, word-of-mouth, and leisure negotiation strategies. This study provides a new approach for evaluating the accessibility of facilities in food festivals. Practical implications regarding accessibility of festival and event facilities are suggested along with numerous avenues for future research.

College Students’ Healthy Leisure: Latent Profile Analyses of Constraints and Negotiation Strategies

College presents opportunities for health promotion, but students may be constrained in their ability to engage in healthy leisure. Leisure constraints and constraint negotiation strategies are important influences of healthy leisure, but few studies have examined the potential for heterogeneity among students in the constraints they face and how they negotiate these constraints. The present study therefore used a person-centered approach, latent profile analysis, to identify patterns of college students’ constraints and negotiation of healthy leisure. Using a sample of 605 students at a U.S. university, results indicated a four-profile solution for healthy leisure constraints and a two-profile solution for healthy leisure negotiation. Results also showed interrelationships between profiles and among profiles and participant demographics, healthy leisure motivation and identity, subjective health, and healthy leisure activities. Findings are discussed in terms of future research and the development of more tailored leisure education interventions for college populations.

Relationships between social capital, leisure constraints, leisure negotiation, and running club participation

In this study, we aimed to confirm a structural model of social capital in the constraints negotiation process using a sample of running-club participants in Taiwan. We also examined the mediating role of leisure negotiation. An online questionnaire was completed by 694 respondents. The findings revealed a positive association between social capital and leisure participation, and leisure constraints were negatively associated with leisure participation. Leisure negotiation partially mediated the relationships between constraints and participation and between social capital and participation. Specifically, running club participants may be able to increase their leisure participation by enhancing their social capital and triggering negotiation efforts. Based on these findings, we discuss several managerial implications for promoting overall leisure participation online via social media.

Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Serbest Zaman Faaliyetlerine Yönelik Engel ile Baş Etme ve Saldırganlık Davranışlarının İncelenmesi

Bu araştırmanın amacı, Bartın üniversitesi öğrencilerinin serbest zaman faaliyetlerine yönelik engel ile baş etme stratejileri ve saldırganlık davranışları arasındaki ilişkiyi bazı demografik değişkenlere göre incelemektir. Araştırma ilişkisel tarama modeline göre yürütülmüştür. Örneklem grubu uygun örnekleme yöntemi ile seçilen 299 üniversite öğrencisinden oluşmaktadır. Araştırmada veri toplama araçları olarak araştırmacılar tarafından hazırlanan kişisel bilgi formu, “Serbest Zaman Engelleri ile Baş Etme Stratejileri Ölçeği (SZEBSÖ)” ve “Buss-Perry Saldırganlık Ölçeği (BPSÖ)” kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde SPSS 26.0 paket programı kullanılarak, T-Testi ve Pearson Korelasyon analizleri yapılmıştır. Öğrencilerin cinsiyet değişkenine yönelik SZEBSÖ arasında anlamlı farklılık görülmezken; fiziksel saldırganlık davranışları erkek katılımcıların anlamlı düzeyde yüksek bulunmuştur. Katılımcıların spor türü değişkenine göre SZEBSÖ “kişilerarası ilişkiler” alt boyutunda bireysel spor yapanların lehine anlamlı farklılık bulunmuştur. Katılımcıların yaş değişkenine ile serbest zaman engelleri ile baş etme stratejileri ölçeği arasında anlamlı düzeyde ilişki bulunmamıştır. Ayrıca öğrencilerin yaş değişkeni ile Buss-Perry saldırganlık ölçeği ve “fiziksel saldırganlık” alt boyutunda pozitif yönde ve düşük düzeyde ilişki bulunmuştur. Üniversite öğrencilerinin serbest zaman engelleri ile baş etme stratejileri ölçeği ile Buss-Perry saldırganlık ölçeği arasında negatif ve orta düzeyde ilişki bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak üniversite öğrencilerinin saldırganlık eğiliminin artması, serbest zaman engellerine yönelik baş etme stratejilerini olumsuz yönde etkilediği söylenebilir. Üniversite öğrencilerinin saldırganlık davranışlarını azaltmaya yönelik programların uygulanması, serbest zaman etkinliklerine katılımlarına katkı sağlayacaktır.

Leisure Constraints and Negotiation among Canadian and South Korean Mountain Hikers: An Extension of Motivations with the Constraints-Effect-Mitigation Model

This study examined mountain hikers’ negotiation of leisure constraints and the role that motivations played in this process. This investigation included a comparison between Canadian and South Korean hikers. Data were collected from a sample of 399 mountain hikers visiting the Canadian Rocky Mountains and mountains in South Korea. Results revealed that hiking constraints had a significant negative effect on constraints negotiation for both Canadians and South Koreans. Motivation had a strong positive effect on negotiation for both Canadians and South Koreans, but a non-significant effect on hiking participation. One main difference between the groups was observed: the South Korean sample displayed a significant negative relationship between constraints and hiking participation, and the Canadian sample revealed a significant positive relationship between constraint negotiation and hiking participation – suggesting Canadians negotiate their hiking constraints more readily than South Koreans.

Effects of leisure constraints and negotiation on activity enjoyment: a forgotten part of the leisure constraints theory

ABSTRACT Although identified in the definition of leisure constraints, leisure enjoyment has been rarely studied as an outcome of constraints and constraint negotiation. The purpose of this paper is, therefore, to examine the associations among leisure constraints, constraint negotiation, and enjoyment, within the context of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA). Cross-sectional online survey data from 618 Japanese and Euro-Canadian adults were used. Regression results suggested that across different levels of LTPA, enjoyment was negatively associated with constraints and positively with constraint negotiation. Follow-up regression analyses at sub-category level identified specific types of leisure constraints and negotiation strategies particularly pertinent to enjoyment. We conclude that leisure enjoyment is a direct outcome of constraints and constraint negotiation, which supports the call to extend the leisure constraints theory beyond participation as the outcome. Moreover, we suggest that facilitating leisure enjoyment requires awareness of different types of constraints and negotiation strategies depending on activity contexts.

Leisure constraints and negotiation strategies of South Korean university students living in single-person households: a grounded theory exploration

ABSTRACT This study examines the leisure constraints faced and the negotiation strategies used by seven male and three female university students in South Korea who live in single-person households. The grounded theory method was used with an open, axial, and selective coding process. As a result, 89 concepts, 33 subcategories, 12 categories, and a core category (i.e. “finding the strategies to settle the conflict between reality and the ideal leisure”) were generated. The components of leisure constraints that research participants had were “lack of leisure activity companion”, “lazy solo”, “university student’s life without time to rest and enjoy”, and “the difficult reality facing a university student who lives in a single-person household”. They also reported that “alternative types of leisure activities”, “efforts to overcome the constraints”, and “thinking differently” strategies were used to negotiate with their leisure constraints.

Well-being and leisure-time physical activity psychosocial factors predict physical activity among university students

ABSTRACTDrawing from literature supporting top-down (i.e., well-being impacting leisure) and bottom-up (i.e., leisure impacting well-being) models explaining the bi-directional relationship between leisure and well-being, this study examines the complex relationship of well-being, leisure constraints, and leisure negotiation factors in predicting leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) rates among university students. Six hundred sixty-one university students completed an online questionnaire assessing psychological well-being (PWB), LTPA constraints, LTPA negotiation strategies, and LTPA rates. A multiple regression analysis indicated bottom-up and top-down variables jointly predict LTPA. In regards to bottom-up psychological LTPA variables, LTPA was positively predicted by LTPA planning and prioritisation skills and negatively predicted by constraints to recreation facility spaces, lack of time, and utilising financial strategies. In regards to top-down well-being, influences on LTPA, LTPA rates were negatively predicted by personal growth and positively predicted by autonomy. We highlight how the study findings might inform intentional university health promotion policies and programming, leading to a culture of student well-being through LTPA.

Role of positive emotions in the constraint process: the case of Taiwanese college students

ABSTRACTThis study adopts the partial least squares (PLS) method to analyse the relationships among positive emotions, leisure constraints, leisure negotiation strategy, and participation frequency in outdoor recreational activities using stratified proportional sampling of Taiwanese students (N = 569) and SmartPLS 2.0 statistical software to perform statistical analyses. This study determined that positive emotions not only directly affected the level of involvement in outdoor recreational activities but also indirectly increased involvement by improving negotiation ability. While leisure constraints have a direct, positive and significant impact on the leisure negotiation strategy, they do not significantly influence the level of participation in outdoor recreational activities. This article observed that the level of participation did not depend on constraints but instead depended on the process of ‘leisure negotiation’ based on the constraints. In the future, different samples can be used to test the stability and adaptability of this model; alternatively, other variables can be added to better understand college students’ participation in outdoor recreational activities.

Listening to the screaming whisper: a voice of mother caregivers of children with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD)

ABSTRACTPurpose:This is a gap in knowledge related to leisure behaviours among mothers who have children with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD). This study intended to understand leisure behaviours associated with leisure constraints among these mother caregivers. Method: Using a series of semi- structured interviews, a total of 12 participants engaged in this study. Results: Our findings consisted of two sections: (1) leisure negotiation and (2) leisure constraints which are (a) a lack of time for themselves, (b) constant attention, and (c) difficulty in finding a helper. Conclusions: This study found that participants modified their leisure patterns as they sought to provide more recreational opportunities for their children. It suggests that participants negotiated their leisure choices and developed family adaptability related to family leisure in order to suit the desires and needs of their child with ASD.

Are they having fun yet? Leisure management within amenity migration

ABSTRACTFor decades urbanites have flocked to rural, mountain and beach communities as full- or part-time residents in pursuit of a leisure lifestyle they could not find in the city. This phenomenon is known as amenity migration and it is understood to transform pastoral communities into amenity migration or lifestyle destinations. Among the many unique natural and cultural amenities that draw lifestyle residents to these destinations lies public recreation. Public recreation plays an important role in shaping the character and direction of such communities. This paper explores the role of leisure management within amenity migration in Canmore Alberta Canada. Canmore is a typical mountain resort community catering to lifestyle residents more so than tourists. The paper chronicles the role and impact of leisure management over a 12-year period from 2004 to 2016. Drawing upon the Towns’ 2004 Recreation Master Plan, a 2008–2010 leisure negotiation study and the 2016 Recreation Master Plan, the paper presents a key role for leisure management in the unique setting of amenity migration. Public recreation is revealed as an important driver of change in the community toward a normalizing or urbanizing direction. The paper offers implications and insights for leisure planning within amenity migration throughout North America.

Leisure negotiation within amenity migration

Amenity migration is typically defined as the migration to places of extra-ordinary physical, recreational and cultural amenities. While much has been written about the impacts of amenity migration little is known about the experience of amenity migrants at the destination, and specifically how they negotiate for what is arguably their primary aim, leisure. The purpose of this paper is to provide a description of the how amenity migrants negotiate for their leisure and how the broader leisure negotiation process changes the physical attributes and character of the tourism destination. The paper reports on a grounded theory, inter-disciplinary study of the human-environment relationship within a high amenity destination resulting in the empirically based model, Leisure Negotiation within Amenity Migration.

Perceived Social Support from Family, Participation in Recreational Sport Activities, Leisure Negotiation and Life Satisfaction in University Students

The aim of this study was to analyse the perceived support from family, participation in recreational sport activities, leisure negotiation and life satisfaction in university students. Population of the study consisted of 3625 students from Akdeniz University who were attending elective physical education lectures. Sample of the study was 468 individuals with a mean age of 20.90±2.20. The questionnaire used for data collection consisted of demographic information, information about participation in recreational activities, “Measures of Perceived Social Support From Family“, “Leisure Negotiation Strategies Scale” and “Satisfaction with Life Scale”. In statistical analyses, Mann Whitney-U Test, Spearman Correlation Analysis and Logistic Regression were used. Positive significant correlations were obtained between perceived social support from family, skill acquisition strategies, physical fitness strategies, leisure negotiation strategies total scores and life satisfaction. Meanwhile perceived social support from family did not have any contribution to duration or frequency of participation in recreational sport activities. Recommendations of future research in social support and leisure topics will be a comparison according to gender and including the variables of social support from friends and society

The use of negotiation strategies among recreational participants with different involvement levels: the case of recreational swimmers

This paper is aimed to segment recreational swimmers according to their involvement level, profile the involvement groups according to demographic variables, and further test the role of negotiation strategies in the development of swimming involvement. Two hundred and sixty (N = 260) recreational swimmers participated in the study and completed Kyle et al.'s three-facet involvement scale and Alexandris et al.’s five-dimension leisure negotiation scale. The results of cluster analysis revealed three distinct involvement groups: high, medium and low involved recreational swimmers. The high involved group consisted mainly of females, middle-aged and married individuals; the medium involved group did not have a clear demographic profile, while the low involved group consisted mainly of males and young individuals. The three involvement groups had statistical significant scores in all the five negotiation strategy dimensions, with the high involved individuals having the highest scores and the low involved individuals having the lowest ones. These results provide empirical support for the negotiation proposition, which was developed by Jackson, Crawford, and Godbey. They further contribute to the existing leisure literature by showing how demographic segmentation can be used in combination with psychographic variables in order to profile groups of participants.

Testing a Structural Model of Psychological Well-Being, Leisure Negotiation, and Leisure Participation with Taiwanese College Students

A theoretically constructed model combining psychological well-being, negotiation, and participation was tested using structural equation modeling on Taiwanese college students (N = 464). The results provided partial support for the proposed model in that the autonomy and self-acceptance dimensions of psychological well-being had significant positive effects on negotiation strategies. However, contrary to predictions, the personal growth and purpose in life dimensions had significant negative effects on college students’ use of negotiation strategies. Developing a psychological profile of successful negotiation among college students using this framework may aid in predicting who will activate their negotiation efforts, and thus enhance the effectiveness of interventions for health promotion.

Working for a dream and living for the future: Leisure constraints and negotiation strategies among Chinese international graduate students

The goal of this study was to investigate the meanings behind leisure constraints experienced by Chinese international graduate students and the negotiation efforts that they had adopted. The study was based on 16 semi‐structured conversational interviews with Chinese graduate students attending the University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign in the academic year of 2003/2004. The constraints negotiation framework proposed by Jackson et al. (1993) was employed in this study to analyze negotiation of constraints in leisure and non‐leisure aspects of life and on behavioural and cognitive levels. The interviews revealed that participants experienced a number of constraints on leisure, including lack of time, language barrier and cultural differences, lack of friends, and feelings of lack of entitlement to leisure. Their constraints negotiation strategies were mostly of cognitive nature and involved devaluing the importance of leisure and, at the same time, highlighting the importance of work and study, seeking positive aspects of life, as well as framing their situation as temporary and focusing on the future. Their behavioural strategies involved mainly leisure aspects of life and included substituting recreation activities, using various time management strategies, learning English, maintaining long‐distance relationship with home communities, and pursuing mainly Chinese pastimes within the confines of then‐ ethnic community on campus.

“I Just Want to Have Fun, But Can I?”: Examining Leisure Constraints and Negotiation by Children and Adolescents

This study examined physically active leisure constraints of children and adolescents and empirically analyzed their ability to negotiate strategies to reduce their experience of constraints. Self-administered questionnaires and accelerometers were used to collect data on leisure constraints and physical activity from students (n=1654) in grades 3, 7, and 11. Gender and age differences were found in reported leisure constraints. Grade 3 and 7 girls more frequently reported fear of going out at night than boys. Grade 7 and 11 girls reported a lack of companions and too much schoolwork more often than boys. When examining the relationship between leisure constraints and reduction in physical activity levels, significance was found for distance in grade 3 and too much schoolwork for grade 11. However, physical activity levels were not affected indicating that participants appeared to be using negotiation strategies. Further research is needed to explore the constraints identified by these participants as they have important implications for their participation and leisure experiences. Use of an empirical measure of negotiation served as a useful tool for understanding leisure participation, as it provided a clear and accurate indication of levels of participation. When such measures are included along with opportunities to explore the context of negotiation strategies, a greater understanding of children's and adolescent's leisure will be obtained.