Language Text Research Articles

Tracking technical change: Past, present and future

AbstractProductivity growth in many countries has remained low for several years. Whether new technologies can reverse the trend depends on the scope of their impact and scale of their adoption—two dimensions of technical change that are historically difficult to measure. Here, we elaborate on the materials and methods presented in Alexopoulos's presidential address at the 2024 Canadian Economics Association meeting. Specifically, we discuss how applying natural language processing and text mining to library collections and cataloguing materials can help: (i) identify new technologies as they come to market and (ii) track their uses and spread over time. We further describe how our insights can be used to uncover general purpose technologies and macro‐innovations in both the past and the present. An application to current data suggests that AI and robotics are responsible for an increasing share of recent technical change. Moreover, they resemble past early‐stage general purpose technologies and thus do promise a reversal in productivity trends as their adoption increases. Going forward, our new methods should be especially useful to economists and policy‐makers who need to track future development and adoption of key technologies—especially during periods of rapid innovation.

Exploring Israel/Palestine Through the Eyes of Writers: German-Language Authors and Undiscriminating Anthropological Glasses

Abstract German language texts, across a range of genres have been written about the Holy Land, Mandatory Palestine, the State of Israel, and about Israel/Palestine. These texts reveal the positioning of the authors either in the subtext, or directly. As they were authored in German, these texts were written with a German-speaking audience as a mental interlocutor in the writing process. This article considers German-language texts as primary sources to learn about the authors, the nexus of the Holy Land, Mandatory Palestine, the State of Israel, Israel/Palestine, and Germany; how generational differences manifest in the topics; and how flows of knowledge have diversified over time. The choice of texts follows the logic of ethnographic fieldwork: it is opportunistic, as anthropologists consider the written word in all its forms and genres as data.

Developing a tool to support vaccine literacy with a participatory approach: Glossary of essential terms on vaccinations

Abstract Issue Access to vaccination services on their own is often difficult for migrants, especially newcomers (NAM), due to few vaccine literate services. Professionals who meet migrants need easily accessible vaccine information, to strengthen their ability to promote vaccination and facilitate vaccination access for NAM, especially non-medical professionals such as cultural mediators, reception staff, language teachers, social workers and community leaders. Description For offering accurate, accessible and actionable information by using plain language, a Glossary of Essential terms on Vaccination was developed and then tailored in each consortium countries, with a participatory approach. The Glossary is structured in two sections: vaccination related terminology and terms specific to country healthcare organization. Results 8 workshops were organized in Greece, Italy, Spain, Germany, Cyprus, Malta, Poland, Romania to consult health and non-health professionals who work with migrants to make the tool as actionable as possible (83 participants). Cultural mediators were most represented, followed by NGO operators and physicians. The workshops were held based on shared guidelines, the focus was on assessing the clarity, completeness and usability of the glossary. 90% reported that the glossary is clear and useful, 80% considered the tool relevant, while 75% thought it is easy to use. The Glossary has been formatted with facing text in different languages for each consortium country, thus providing a comprehensive resource (53 final versions). Lessons By implementing the glossary, we aim to enable, empower, guide and facilitate access to immunization for NAMs. Sharing an essential vaccine-related information tool with “professionals for health” boosts their advocacy for NAM’s vaccination and healthcare system’s responsiveness to vaccine literacy. The participatory approach increases effectiveness and permeability of the tool itself.

„Hál’ Istennek abban a könyvben, amibe belekezdtem, nincs Rezeda Kázmér...”

Functional cognitive linguistics and cognitive stylistics provide the linguistic background and methodological foundations of this paper. The most significant tenet of cognitive stylistics is the proposition that the formation of linguistic structures does not function merely as stylistic embellishments; instead, style represents an integral aspect of textual meaning. Names created by literary naming can be interpreted and analysed as defining elements of style. Following an introduction to the theory of language and style, the paper examines the fundamental issues of translating literary proper names. The most relevant question is whether it is necessary or possible to translate proper names in literary works. The following section presents an analysis of the significance of naming in Krúdy’s prose, followed by an examination of the main types of Krúdy’s names with ironic stylistic purpose. The third section analyses the German translations of Krúdy’s ironic names. In conclusion, it can be stated that the appropriate reproduction of Krúdy’s ironic names, which reflects the stylistic effect and meaning formation of the source language, is a particularly challenging task for translators. It is not uncommon to observe that connotational meanings and shades of meaning present in source language texts are not fully conveyed in translation. In certain instances, pre-existing linguistic coincidences (e.g., Hungarian Rezeda ‘reseda’ – German Reseda ‘reseda’) can assist in the translation process. In other cases, however, the translator’s professionalism, linguistic sophistication, and creativity are crucial to ensure such names’ accurate and effective translation.

Az epitheton ornansok Petőfi Sándor A helység kalapácsa című művében és fordításaiban

Observing literary names and fictional name translations is essential in applied onomastics, contrastive stylistics and literary comparatistics. This paper examines the significance and characteristic function of the proper names and epitheta ornantia in the mock epic poem entitled A helység kalapácsa [‘The Hammer of the Village’], both in the source language text and in the Russian and English translations of the poem. The Petőfi text contains a multitude of epitheta ornantia, either in conjunction with proper names in fixed noun constructions or dispersed throughout the text. The latter adjectives serve as substitutes for proper names. The Russian and English versions of the proper names with epitheta ornantia are mainly equivalent to the source language versions. The proper names are primarily unaltered. In Russian, they are either transliterated or translated in meaning. The epitheta ornantia are usually word-by-word translations, sometimes with additions or omissions.

Személynevek és földrajzi nevek A Pál utcai fiúk fordításaiban

This paper presents decisions taken by translators concerning names in the novel A Pál utcai fiúk [‘The Paul Street Boys’]. It examines the extent to which the target language texts retain or domesticate the Hungarian names and explores the implications of these strategies. The central question is, what translation decisions are given preference in the rendition of a Hungarian work when translated into the language of a central culture? This analysis forms part of a broader research project in which the translation choices under investigation concern textual elements (e.g., sociopragmatic elements, realia and onomastic elements) that bear the spatial and temporal imprint of a particular period and culture.

Empowering legal justice with AI: A reinforcement learning SAC-VAE framework for advanced legal text summarization.

Automated summarization of legal texts poses a significant challenge due to the complex and specialized nature of legal documentation. Despite the recent progress in reinforcement learning for natural language text summarization, its application in the legal domain has been less effective. This paper introduces SAC-VAE, a novel reinforcement learning framework specifically designed for legal text summarization. We leverage a Variational Autoencoder (VAE) to condense the high-dimensional state space into a more manageable lower-dimensional feature space. These compressed features are subsequently utilized by the Soft Actor-Critic (SAC) algorithm for policy learning, facilitating the automated generation of summaries from legal texts. Through comprehensive experimentation, we have empirically demonstrated the effectiveness and superior performance of the SAC-VAE framework in legal text summarization.

Understanding Christian translation and its missiological relevance

Christian translation is integral to Christian missions that benefit the ingenious people and the gospel. Among early missionary activities, translations of the Bible to vernacular language have tremendous implications for the gospel propagation. Its roots are well spelt out in the early church, which endorsed Christianity as a universal faith. The researchers observe the historical and missiological perspective of Bible translation. They used library materials and internet sources to explain the meaning of translation, such as explaining a text language in the context of the recipients. This article contains a biblical basis for Bible translations, as it was from the early scriptures, and it concludes by explaining the relevance of Christian translation in terms of literacy, preservation of culture and freedom from slavery, among others. Christian translation has helped to create different versions of the Bible; the New Testament alone is available in 1551 languages out of over 7100 languages worldwide. Christian translation shows that Christian missionaries are not another form of a colonising agency because their activities resulted in actions that led to the end of colonisation in many parts of Africa. The author used a descriptive research method for this article.Contribution: From the analysis, Christian translation is a vital part of Christian missions that has many benefits for the ingenious people by preserving their cultural practices and language, among others. It also made Christianity not to be perceived as a foreign religion that has no link with the African Belief system. Christians are to seek to translate more materials, especially the Bible, into other peoples’ languages to have a lasting impact on the indigenous people.

Application Of the National Corpus Of The Kazakh Language In Linguistic Research

National corpora are essential tools in modern linguistics, offering valuable data for analyzing language structures and their connection to the world.The primary goal of this study is to enhance the perception and analysis of the Kazakh language. It introduces a methodological approach that deepens the understanding of the structure and features of Kazakh.The research utilizes frequency analysis, syntactic parsing, and statistical methods to examine Kazakh language texts. The results demonstrate that the National Corpus provides extensive data for studying linguistic patterns. Frequency analysis identifies the most common words and phrases, while syntactic analysis uncovers patterns and connections between words. The study also highlights the variation in word usage and constructions, showing the language's adaptability to modern communication.The findings are applicable to lexicography, semantics, and syntax studies of the Kazakh language. Additionally, they offer practical benefits in language teaching, lexicographic resource creation, machine translation, and natural language processing.In conclusion, the research provides valuable tools for in-depth analysis of the Kazakh language, with broad applications across linguistic studies and practical fields.

Automatic Semantic Annotation of Indonesian Language Phrase Using N-Gram Language Model

Building semantic data populations in unstructured data or text is challenging. In this type of data, several problems can be raised, some of which are difficult to analyze. Some groups of words or expressions cannot be defined according to their meaning and can be a source of ambiguity. It can have a different meaning depending on the context of its use. This work aims to automatically annotate Indonesian Language text, especially phrases, with the existing knowledge base. The result is text with semantic markup. Machines can automatically process this type of text because it describes its meaning. This work applies an n-gram language model to identify meaningful phrases and defines them as a unit so that every existing word or phrase is automatically semantically tagged. This work uses the DBpedia and schema.org knowledge base. The percentage of successfully labeled data in this job was 78% with 84.95% accuracy using DBpedia and 5.9% with 97.46% accuracy using schema .org. Some factors affect the accuracy score, including the availability of the required data with the data contained in the knowledge base, the system's ability in the POS tagging process, and many new terminology and local cultures that have not yet been contained in the knowledge bases, especially schema.org that is utilized as a standard for all search engines. This work will help the machine understand the semantics of text data. All pages obtained will be semantically tagged and, therefore, will be understood by machines. This ability will support the following processes.

DEVELOPMENT OF A LINGUISTIC DATABASE FOR SENTIMENT ANALYSIS

Sentiment analysis is a field of research that uses NLP/Artificial Intelligence techniques to determine thoughts, emotions, and attitudes expressed about an object or event. This means analyzing the tone or mood of the text, feelings and thoughts. Many sentiment analysis studies and linguistic resources have been developed for the English language. However, there are a limited number of studies on the Uzbek language. The reasons for this are insufficient data collection, direct translation of existing English language resources not being compatible with the Uzbek language, differences in the grammatical structure of the two languages, and regional, religious, and mental differences. The study aims to identify emotional-expressiveness units that express emotional evaluation and to develop a linguistic database for emotional analysis. It deals with the issues of developing the linguistic support for sentiment analysis of Uzbek language texts; the study of context-dependent factors in emotional analysis; and determining the best style for the Uzbek language. Attention is paid to the analysis of expressing emotional evaluation means specific to the Uzbek language levels.

The Pedagogical Tipiṭaka: OER & the Three Baskets of Ancient Language Instruction

Ancient languages present a unique teaching challenge: for spoken languages, common pedagogy recommends engaging students via dialogue; for ancient languages, no speakers survive with whom to practise. This paper highlights how the Linguistics Research Center at the University of Texas at Austin has approached this challenge by creating the Early Indo-European OnLine (EIEOL) collection, an online educational resource whose lesson series present early languages directly through original, unsimplified ancient texts. Currently accessed by over 20,000 users per month, EIEOL spans 18 languages, from Greek and Latin to Old Church Slavonic, Sanskrit, and other important languages of ancient Asia such as Hittite, Classical Armenian, Avestan, and Tocharian. Each series presents extensively annotated excerpts of original texts in the target language, with accompanying modules explaining grammar and context. The text-centred approach affords learners a direct path to understanding that suits a variety of experience levels and minimises the conceptual grammatical apparatus necessary to begin interpreting original texts. This format fosters theoretical flexibility, adaptable to different approaches and grammatical descriptions of ancient languages. It is also useful for languages whose grammatical structures have shifted dramatically over their history, like Tocharian, or remain hotly debated or under-described by experts. Finally, it facilitates applications to typologically diverse languages and language families, with early Mesoamerican, Semitic, and Sino-Tibetan language series already under development. The EIEOL infrastructure therefore provides a robust platform for free, text-centred, self-paced introductions to ancient languages from a variety of language families.

English Text Sentiment Analysis Network based on CNN and U-Net

Sentiment orientation analysis of English text is a core issue within the realm of natural language processing. Traditional methods of word segmentation often encounter ambiguity when processing English language texts. In light of this, the present study introduces an innovative approach to English text sentiment analysis that utilizes a convolutional neural network (CNN) coupled with a U-network (U-Net). This method employs parallel convolutional layers to grasp the relationships and interactions between word vectors, which are then fed into a hierarchical attention network based on the U-Net to ascertain the sentiment polarity. The experimental outcomes demonstrate that the model achieves an accuracy of 93.45% in bias classification on an English review dataset, outperforming many existing sentiment analysis models.

К ВОПРОСУ О ФОРМИРОВАНИИ ИНОЯЗЫЧНОЙ ТЕКСТОВОЙ КОМПЕТЕНЦИИ

The article is devoted to the characterization of textual competence as a complex linguistic ability integrating language experience in various types of speech activity. As a result of the analysis, the content and structure of the concept of «textual competence» are characterized, the stages of its formation are revealed. Textual competence is considered in the work as an independent competence that is not part of a more general communicative competence. The study emphasizes the mastery of textual competence as a basic elementary cultural skill. The key role of textual competence in the processes of personal socialization and intercultural communication is due to the consideration of the communication process as the implementation of a language system in texts. The foundations of textuality as a set of inherent text parameters are analyzed. In the structure of textual competence, knowledge of the language system, language units and the rules of their combination are highlighted, as well as mechanisms for generating speech utterance, taking into account communicative tasks, due to the nature of the communicative situation. The complex nature of textual competence is revealed, due to the multidimensional nature of the text as a linguistic phenomenon. The research material confirms that the formation of foreign language textual competence in the process of learning a foreign language is aimed not only at developing students’ skills to work with foreign language texts, but also intercultural competence.

Literature And Translation For Effective Teaching In Secondary School English Classes Of Arabic Students

This paper specifies that involving literary texts in the teaching class, especially in the context of the Arab world, is detrimental. Since major troubles are attributed to the negative transfer due to linguistic differences between Arabic and English, literary texts can be corrective and therapeutic. They provide the required contexts to socialize young learners with the language in use. The pragmatic function of language dictates much more than contrived examples to come to terms with its intended meaning. Literature-based teaching makes learning more natural than artificial through authentic language and make-believe situations. The flip side is that the language of literary texts may be troublesome, but this inconvenience can be wiped away by literary translation. According to the questionnaire respondents regarding the inclusion of translation in the teaching class, it can be applied without demur since Arab learners mechanically translate explicitly or silently throughout the lesson. As such, the blend of literature and English language teaching with the help of literary translation can be adequate pedagogic support for secondary school Arab learners.

Less than one percent of words would be affected by gender-inclusive language in German press texts

Research on gender and language is tightly knitted to social debates on gender equality and non-discriminatory language use. Psycholinguistic scholars have made significant contributions in this field. However, corpus-based studies that investigate these matters within the context of language use are still rare. In our study, we address the question of how much textual material would actually have to be changed if non-gender-inclusive texts were rewritten to be gender-inclusive. This quantitative measure is an important empirical insight, as a recurring argument against the use of gender-inclusive German is that it supposedly makes written texts too long and complicated. It is also argued that gender-inclusive language has negative effects on language learners. However, such effects are only likely if gender-inclusive texts are very different from those that are not gender-inclusive. In our corpus-linguistic study, we manually annotated German press texts to identify the parts that would have to be changed. Our results show that, on average, less than 1% of all tokens would be affected by gender-inclusive language. This small proportion calls into question whether gender-inclusive German presents a substantial barrier to understanding and learning the language, particularly when we take into account the potential complexities of interpreting masculine generics.

Readability Level of Spanish Language Online Health Information: A Systematic Review.

Introduction: Because there is limited online health information in Spanish and it is critical to raise health literacy among Spanish-speaking people, it is essential to assess the readability level of Spanish material. Method: This systematic review included all articles published up to January 3, 2024, and used the CINAHL, MEDLINE, and PubMed databases. The objective was to include the body of knowledge on published articles on the readability levels of Spanish-language, web-based health information intended for lay audiences. Results: There were 27 articles in the final review. Within these articles, 11 tools were used in the Spanish language text. Of the tools, INFLESZ was the most frequently used and the FRY formula, Flesch-Szigriszt Index, and Flesch Formula Index were least used. Most materials (85.2%) reported readability levels of online Spanish information above the 8th grade reading level. Conclusions: The findings show the lack of internet-based Spanish language health information and materials at a recommended (e.g., 5th to 8th grade) reading level. More research is needed to determine which readability tests are more accurate for calculating the readability of Spanish web health information.

Using conceptual maps when working with foreign language texts in foreign language classes at a non-linguistic faculty

Using conceptual maps when working with foreign language texts in foreign language classes at a non-linguistic faculty

Decoding The Controversy: An Investigation Into The Impact Of Frequent Texting Language Use On Undergraduate Students' Academic Writing

This study aims to explore the potential relationship between the prevalence of mobile phone text messaging (SMS) and the use of abbreviations in academic writing among students at a Nigerian University. Our investigation examines the hypothesis that the surge in SMS abbreviations in academic writing may not solely be linked to an increase in the students' use of abbreviations. Factors such as the context of the writing and the mental state of the students could also impact their decision to employ abbreviations. To gather data, a questionnaire-based survey was conducted with 62 students in 2015, probing their adoption of texting language and its influence on their written assignments. Furthermore, document analysis was carried out on 72 notebooks, 126 written tasks, and 85 examination scripts provided by the students' professor for validation and deeper insights. The hypothesis posited that the influence of texting on students' writing may not have a significant negative impact, and if present, it would be minimal. The results from the analysis revealed that while students were more inclined to use texting language for note-taking purposes, a substantial proportion utilized abbreviations in their assignments compared to examination scripts. This indicates that students demonstrated an awareness of the formal requirements associated with examinations and adjusted their writing style accordingly. The findings suggest that students integrated SMS abbreviations into their notes, written tasks, and exam scripts. However, it was observed that the abbreviations used in the written assignments predominantly comprised standard abbreviations widely accepted in dictionaries and within the realm of linguistics, the student's area of expertise. This research provides valuable insights into the complex dynamics between technology, language, and culture, contributing to a deeper understanding of the influence of texting language on academic writing in the context of Nigerian university students

Cancer-related Keywords in 2023: Insights from Text Mining of a Major Consumer Portal.

With the growing importance of monitoring cancer patients' internet usage, there is an increasing need for technology that expands access to relevant information through text mining. This study analyzed internet articles from portal sites in 2023 to identify trends in the information available to cancer patients and to derive meaningful insights. This study analyzed 19,578 news articles published on Naver, a major Korean portal site, from January 1, 2023, to December 31, 2023. Natural language processing, text mining, network analysis, and word cloud analysis were employed. The search term "am" (Korean for "cancer") was used to identify keywords related to cancer. In 2023, an average of 1,631 cancer-related articles were published monthly, with a peak of 1,946 in September and a low of 1,371 in February. A total of 132,456 keywords were extracted, with "cure" (2,218 occurrences), "lung cancer" (1,652), and "breast cancer" (1,235) being the most frequent. Term frequency-inverse document frequency analysis ranked "struggle" (1064.172) as the most significant keyword, followed by "lung cancer" (839.988) and "breast cancer" (744.840). Network analysis revealed four distinct clusters focusing on treatment, celebrity-related issues, major cancer types, and cancer-causing factors. The analysis of cancer-related keywords in 2023 indicates that news articles often prioritize gossip over essential information. These findings provide foundational data for future policy directions and strategies to address misinformation. This study underscores the importance of understanding the nature of cancer-related information consumed by the public and offers insights to guide official policies and healthcare practices.