Az epitheton ornansok Petőfi Sándor A helység kalapácsa című művében és fordításaiban

This paper discusses the metaphor categories and the translation strategies that are used in Twilight (2005) novel using Newark’s (1988) theory of metaphor categories and Larson’s (1984) theory of metaphor translation strategies. The acquired data consist of verbal data from Source Language (SL) text and Target Language (TL) text from both novels. This study is a qualitative study with note-taking technique library research, and observation. The library research and observation were applied to obtain information and evidence about the metaphor categories and the translation strategies used by the translator. The data then collected and noted using the note-taking technique, and there were 264 data gathered from SL and TL text which then analyzed to determine the categories and translation strategies of the metaphors. The analysis of the data then showed that dead metaphor is the main category that are found in SL and TL text with 172 data in SL text and 136 data in TL text. The next categories found is stock metaphor with 61 data in SL and 36 data in TL text, followed by cliché metaphor with 31 data in SL and 26 data in TL. There were no original, adapted, and recent metaphor categories found from the gathered data. In terms of metaphor translation strategies, there are four strategies used by the translator to translate metaphor as follows: (1) 150 data found translated using the strategy of metaphor/simile to metaphor/simile with the same image, (2) 9 data found translated using metaphor to simile strategy, (3) 56 data found translated by using metaphor to metaphor in the receptor language strategy, and (4) 150 data found translated using the strategy of metaphor to non-figurative language. The determination of metaphor categories and the translation strategies can help both the translator and the receptor language readers in a way that the categorization of the metaphor may assist the translator consider the most appropriate strategy to translate figurative language. Moreover, using the appropriate translation strategy can contribute to the accuracy, acceptability, and readability of the translation receptor language readers.

The current study aims to make an overall semiotic analysis of translation strategies used to reproduce the imagery and relevant cultural features in John Fowles’ “The Collector.” Regarding literary translation as a cross-cultural dialogue aimed to achieve both artistic and aesthetic effects contributes much to analyzing the semiotic features of the translated discourse and deciphering the relevant socio-cultural information decoded in the source language text. Therefore, it has been decided that translation is a communicative act that facilitates the transfer of meaning in a cross-cultural perspective and focuses on reproducing the source language semiosphere. The semiotic approach is well-established in translation studies with the subtlety of methods and criteria. Therefore, it was considered that the analysis of lexico-semantic, grammatical and stylistic translation strategies would usefully supplement and extend the scope of literary text research. In the current study, comparing the source and target language texts has shown that the translator employs various translation transformations to transmit the author’s pragmatic intent and socially relevant information in the target language.

The study empirically investigates the role of different sensory modalities interaction (kinesthetic, auditory and visual) in literary text comprehension and translation. Based on Interpretive Theory of Translation (ITT), the unity of the sensory system organization concept and modality as a though feature theoretical framework, the modality predicates in 6 target language texts were compared with those in the source language text. A total of 6 translators with different preferred modalities (2 kinesthetic, 2 visual and 2 audio) participated in the research. The tests by Stolyarenko and Efremtseva were used to measure preferred modality. The results suggest 1) the modality of predicates in the source and target language texts are not necessarily the same; 2) text comprehension and translation are provided by the interaction of modalities and the thought switching to different modalities; 3) the images and ideas in the source text are not mainly translated into target language in a translator’s preferred modality; 4) modality transformations used by translators reflect the peculiar nature of individual sense perception system organization. The role of modality interaction in literary text comprehension and translation is undoubtful.

This study tackles the translation of proper names in Naguib Mahfouz’s Trilogy from Arabic into English. A masterpiece of three volumes, namely, Palace Walk, Palace of Desire, and Sugar Street, was translated by Hutchins and Kenny (1990), Hutchins, Kenny and Kenny (1991), and Hutchins and Saman (1992), respectively. In the English translation of this trilogy, proper names were preserved in a process of transliterating, thus maintaining a foreignized sense of rendition. Such mere strategy constitutes an alternative among a spectrum of many others suggested in the domain of translating proper names, viz., creation, adaptation, addition, omission, among others. Nevertheless, the researcher used four proper names as case studies representative of the inadequacy of merely transliterating proper names in Mahfouz’s literary work. Mahfouz imbued his work with an enchanting style that became an emblem of his folkloric locality. Yet this folkloric touch was not faithfully depicted in the English translation mainly due to the linguistic and cultural gaps between the source language and the target one. The analysis of the four names that the researcher purposefully chose represents such loss. A charge of functional equivalence and intended irony was traced thereby. Correspondingly, a backup strategy to compensate this inequivalence between the original work and its English rendition proves to be missing in doing justice to such work. Key words: Naguib Mahfouz; Literary translation; Foreignization; Domestication; Transliteration

Functional cognitive linguistics and cognitive stylistics provide the linguistic background and methodological foundations of this paper. The most significant tenet of cognitive stylistics is the proposition that the formation of linguistic structures does not function merely as stylistic embellishments; instead, style represents an integral aspect of textual meaning. Names created by literary naming can be interpreted and analysed as defining elements of style. Following an introduction to the theory of language and style, the paper examines the fundamental issues of translating literary proper names. The most relevant question is whether it is necessary or possible to translate proper names in literary works. The following section presents an analysis of the significance of naming in Krúdy’s prose, followed by an examination of the main types of Krúdy’s names with ironic stylistic purpose. The third section analyses the German translations of Krúdy’s ironic names. In conclusion, it can be stated that the appropriate reproduction of Krúdy’s ironic names, which reflects the stylistic effect and meaning formation of the source language, is a particularly challenging task for translators. It is not uncommon to observe that connotational meanings and shades of meaning present in source language texts are not fully conveyed in translation. In certain instances, pre-existing linguistic coincidences (e.g., Hungarian Rezeda ‘reseda’ – German Reseda ‘reseda’) can assist in the translation process. In other cases, however, the translator’s professionalism, linguistic sophistication, and creativity are crucial to ensure such names’ accurate and effective translation.

Translation usually involves two languages, the source language, and the target language. However, there is a certain situation that compels the use of an intermediary language for translating a source language (SL) text into a target language (TL) text. For example, when the source language texts (such as texts in Chinese) are not easily available in the target language country (such as Indonesia). This paper analyzed the strategies and adjustments made by the translators in doing inter-language translation or translation through an intermediary language, from Chinese to English to Indonesian. The purpose of this research is to compare two versions of translation, the first being the Indonesian translation from English as an intermediary language (IT) and the second is the Indonesian translation directly from Chinese (DT). Research revealed that IT used loss strategy while DT used gain strategy in the form of syntactic and semantic adjustments because there are many culture-specific items of the source language text that are unknown to either English or Indonesian. The findings imply that the translators should have enough skill and knowledge to enable them to accurately communicate the message of the source text to the target text audience.

Translation is a process of translating messages from the source language to the target one by preserving the intended meaning of the original sources. This can be achieved by following three main stages: analyzing the message of the source language, translating and reconstructing message by re-expressing in target language so that the translated version is acceptable and readable in terms of form and style of the target language. Since source and target languages have their own type and grammatical rules, a good translations, therefore, should use natural forms of target language and communicate as much as possible the meaning intended by the source language into target language while preserving the ‘dynamics’ source language texts. Kata kunci : terjemah, linguistik, bahasa sumber, bahasa sasaran

Neural machine translation (NMT/MT) has recently developed by leaps and bounds through deeply learning human brain mechanism, and its effective use has been the focus of much attention. To generate high-quality target language (TL) texts, MT users or TL learners need to edit the source language (SL) text before applying NMT. The purpose of this study was to provide pedagogical implications on pre-editing for effective NMT use with Japanese as a SL. The participants were 23 Japanese students with intermediate TL (English) proficiency, and the targeted task was a Japanese (SL) written argumentative essay and the English (TL) output thereof. Three language researchers systematically examined and analysed issues with the NMT output to detect the problematic factors in SL texts causing the issues and developed pre-editing rules. The results demonstrated the following five principles users should be aware of: (1) simplifying statements, (2) clearly stating all necessary sentence elements, (3) noting the logical placement or setting of sentence elements, (4) paying careful attention to the semantic properties of lexical items in SL texts, and (5) considering appropriacy of genre-specific SL lexical items. These rules should be applied to improve the appropriacy of syntactic and semantic aspects of TL texts. They may also assist TL learners translating from Japanese to English independently, since the output of recent NMTs is largely considered close to human translations.

The present paper explores how a third language is dealt with in the translation from Arabic into English, illustrated with al-Qamar il-Murabaʻ: Qiṣaṣ Ghrāibyia by Syrian writer Ghada as-Samman (1994), translated by Issa Boullata (1998) as ʻThe Square Moon: Supernatural Talesʼ (SMST). The paper adopts particularized a theoretical praxis approach. The paper argues that the third language does not occur in a vacuum, but within the boundaries of discourse with an eye to the ideology inscribed in the language we produce, viz. enhancing feministic, narcissistic and nihilistic tendencies by the Source Language (SL) author. The paper shows that the wheels of communication in the SL pertain to the third language; it is then incumbent upon the translator to maintain the flow of the communicative thrust intended by text producer. The paper argues that the strategies of translating the third language oscillate between formally-based strategies and functionally-based strategies. The findings of the paper reveal that SL text may have (1) quasi-third language whereby textual occurrences are in the language of the main text; (2) full third language in which textual occurrences are not the main language of SL text as is the case with borrowings; and (3) zero third language which refers to total textual absence of the third language in the main language of SL text, but the third language comes to the fore in translation. The paper finally shows that the strategies employed are (1) quasi-third language in the SL is rendered into quasi- and/or full third language in the TL for translating 1; (2) full third language in the SL is translated into full third language in the TL for translating 2; and (3) zero third language in the SL is rendered into full third language in the TL for translating 3. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sal.0.23.4917

Translation or translating is a communicative activity or dynamic process in which the translator makes great effort to thoroughly comprehend a written message or text in the source language and works very hard to achieve an adequate or an almost identical reproduction in the target language version of the written source language message or text. The role of the knowledge base is essential in both comprehension and reformulation. The extent of knowledge acquisitions in each translation depends on the degree to which the translators knowledge base provides the information or knowledge required to deal with the source-language text. Terminology is where most practical problems lie in technical and scientific translation. Generally speaking, translators knowledge base in terminology is inadequate in comprehension and reformulation of terminology. So knowledge acquisition plays an important role in both the comprehension phase and the reformulation phase. This paper mainly explores significant role of information database as a knowledge acquisition tool in terminology translation, one of the most commonly encountered difficulties during technical translation and meanwhile offers useful suggestions of how to use information database and its search result to refine terminology translation

THE PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATING BOARD GAMES AS EXEMPLIFIED BY THE TRANSLATION OF SELECTED PROPER NAMES IN THE GAME EVERDELL INTO POLISH AND RUSSIAN The main aim of this paper is to analyse the Polish and Russian translations of selected proper names from the board game Everdell and its expansions, issued by Starling Games in 2018-2020. The author focuses on the theory of translating (transcreating) board game as a multimodal text and potential translation issues, as well as on the translator’s competences. The analytic part of this work consists of seven selected proper names translated into Polish by Monika Żabicka and into Russian by Daniil Yakovenko, Evgeniia Nekrasova and Stanislav Zagorodnyi: Everdell, Ever Tree, Corrin Evertail, Fynn Nobletail, Poe, Prophet Foresight and Pristine Chapel. The author shows their etymological, historical, and cultural background presented in the source language and then discusses their Polish and Russian equivalents and strategies chosen by the translators. As a result, we can see that the proper names in the Polish version are mostly adapted and relate to the Polish culture and history, whereas in Russian language version most of the proper names are not translated, just transcribed.

The paper attempts to list the dilemmas proper names present to literary translators based on the author’s own and others’ literary translations. There is no consistent rule governing whether or not to translate proper names in Hungarian. Generally names embedded in the text are dealt with according to the client’s requirements, the context and the literary translator’s resources. This is the case even if a name does not simply serve as an identifier, to separate an entity unambiguously, but has significant meaning, refers to something important or contributes to the overall ambience. There are arguments for and against the translation of proper names; using the originals is time-saving, cost-efficient and makes reference to the original easier, while translation provides the reader with extra information, to say nothing of the ’magical vibes’ of the name, the evoked feeling of unfamiliarity or familiarity, the atmosphere produced by it. As every case differs, a translator must take all significant factors into consideration and make a decision that will greatly influence the reception of a literary work. Although it may seem logical to expect consistency within a work, series or oeuvre, the paper attempts to show why consistency in dealing with proper names is something a literary translator aspires to, but never fully achieves.

This article attempts to identify ways of translating proper names from Yakut into Russian, in particular anthroponyms, toponyms, based on the translation of the novel by Nikolai Mordinov – Amma Achchygyya “Saski kem” (“Springtime”). The relevance of the research lies in studying the issue of the functioning of a proper name in fiction and the problem of transferring Yakut proper names into Russian. The problem of translating anthroponyms and toponyms with ethnic and cultural specifics is one of the controversial issues in translation studies. The translator faces a difficult task: the translation of a specific word that has no analogue in the target language, taking into account the phonetic, lexical and grammatical features in the literary text. The purpose of the work is to conduct a comparative analysis of real and fictional proper names in the original language and in the target language (Russian) in fiction. Descriptive, comparative, contextual methods of analysis were used during the work. As a result of the study, we propose a classification of the main methods of translating anthroponyms, such as transliteration, transcription, creation of a new word, descriptive and literal translations; dividing toponyms into real and fictional proper names. Having analyzed the translation of the proper names in the Mordinov’s novel “Springtime,” we came to the conclusion that the most common was the translation of the anthroponym using transcription, this method translated 43 of the proper names out of 72. Of the 27 toponyms, 6 are real geographic names. The author uses toponyms in the work to give specificity to the actions of characters in a real geographical location to show the scale of the civil war for the establishment of Soviet power in the central and northern regions of Yakutia.

Some of the errors in translating kitab are improper matching in the target language (TL), adding words or phrases beyond the source text, shifts in word level, omission of equivalent words and phrases, and errors identifying words in the source language (SL). The purpose of this study is to explain the translation process by analyzing the translation techniques that often appear in the Kitab Syarah Usfuriah and assessing the quality of the translation results on accuracy, acceptability and readability. This study uses a qualitative method. The subject of this research is the translation of Kitab Syarah Usfuriah by choosing two hadiths, namely the fourth hadith about the virtue of seeking knowledge and the forty hadith about people of the end of time. The translation technique used in this study is adaptation is used to replace the existing cultural elements in the source language (SL) into cultural elements similar to the target language (TL). Borrowing translation technique take a word or expression straight from another language. Established equivalent by translating the source language expressions into expressions that are commonly used in the target language (TL), and the terms of those expressions can include phrases, clauses, and idiomatic expressions. Literal translation by translating the source language (SL) text as it is without paying attention to context. Particularization which uses more concrete terms and special. The quality of the translation results each scored 3 on accuracy, acceptability and readability.

У статті розглянуто експресивність іншомовних слів, зокрема екзотизмів, варваризмів і агнонімів у сучасних українських тревелогах. Актуальність дослідження обумовлена поглибленням глобалізаційних процесів і, як наслідок, взаємопроникненням культур. Метою роботи є виявлення основних функцій іншомовних слів у текстах тревелогів. Основним завданням є виявлення стратегій уведення в текст іншомовних слів. У результаті дослідження з’ясовано, що іншомовні елементи вносять у текст своєрідну експресію — і ту, що вже існувала в цих одиницях у мові-джерелі, і ту, якою їх наділяє автор у процесі лінгвістичного осмислення подорожніх вражень.