„Hál’ Istennek abban a könyvben, amibe belekezdtem, nincs Rezeda Kázmér...”

This paper discusses the metaphor categories and the translation strategies that are used in Twilight (2005) novel using Newark’s (1988) theory of metaphor categories and Larson’s (1984) theory of metaphor translation strategies. The acquired data consist of verbal data from Source Language (SL) text and Target Language (TL) text from both novels. This study is a qualitative study with note-taking technique library research, and observation. The library research and observation were applied to obtain information and evidence about the metaphor categories and the translation strategies used by the translator. The data then collected and noted using the note-taking technique, and there were 264 data gathered from SL and TL text which then analyzed to determine the categories and translation strategies of the metaphors. The analysis of the data then showed that dead metaphor is the main category that are found in SL and TL text with 172 data in SL text and 136 data in TL text. The next categories found is stock metaphor with 61 data in SL and 36 data in TL text, followed by cliché metaphor with 31 data in SL and 26 data in TL. There were no original, adapted, and recent metaphor categories found from the gathered data. In terms of metaphor translation strategies, there are four strategies used by the translator to translate metaphor as follows: (1) 150 data found translated using the strategy of metaphor/simile to metaphor/simile with the same image, (2) 9 data found translated using metaphor to simile strategy, (3) 56 data found translated by using metaphor to metaphor in the receptor language strategy, and (4) 150 data found translated using the strategy of metaphor to non-figurative language. The determination of metaphor categories and the translation strategies can help both the translator and the receptor language readers in a way that the categorization of the metaphor may assist the translator consider the most appropriate strategy to translate figurative language. Moreover, using the appropriate translation strategy can contribute to the accuracy, acceptability, and readability of the translation receptor language readers.

The current study aims to make an overall semiotic analysis of translation strategies used to reproduce the imagery and relevant cultural features in John Fowles’ “The Collector.” Regarding literary translation as a cross-cultural dialogue aimed to achieve both artistic and aesthetic effects contributes much to analyzing the semiotic features of the translated discourse and deciphering the relevant socio-cultural information decoded in the source language text. Therefore, it has been decided that translation is a communicative act that facilitates the transfer of meaning in a cross-cultural perspective and focuses on reproducing the source language semiosphere. The semiotic approach is well-established in translation studies with the subtlety of methods and criteria. Therefore, it was considered that the analysis of lexico-semantic, grammatical and stylistic translation strategies would usefully supplement and extend the scope of literary text research. In the current study, comparing the source and target language texts has shown that the translator employs various translation transformations to transmit the author’s pragmatic intent and socially relevant information in the target language.

Observing literary names and fictional name translations is essential in applied onomastics, contrastive stylistics and literary comparatistics. This paper examines the significance and characteristic function of the proper names and epitheta ornantia in the mock epic poem entitled A helység kalapácsa [‘The Hammer of the Village’], both in the source language text and in the Russian and English translations of the poem. The Petőfi text contains a multitude of epitheta ornantia, either in conjunction with proper names in fixed noun constructions or dispersed throughout the text. The latter adjectives serve as substitutes for proper names. The Russian and English versions of the proper names with epitheta ornantia are mainly equivalent to the source language versions. The proper names are primarily unaltered. In Russian, they are either transliterated or translated in meaning. The epitheta ornantia are usually word-by-word translations, sometimes with additions or omissions.

Translation activity always involves two languages, namely the source language and the target language. In addition, the translation activity also can not be released with the cultural aspects, the cultural aspects of the source language and the target language cultural aspects. When these problems have been met, then the translation activity has met the basic requirements. The most important thing that must be understood in translation activities that translate activity is to transfer the message or information from the source language to the target language as closely as possible. Therefore, there is no absolute translation results are the same as the source language text. In other words, the translation results approximately equal to the source language at a certain percentage. The more expert translator, the better the translation because of this expertise covers various aspects such as skills, experience, and mastery of science translated. In particular, the religious text translator must also understand the ins and outs of religious sciences. Without mastery of disciplines according to the translated text, then the result will be very poor and likely to mislead. Another very important aspect in translating strategy in translating. The strategy here can be understood as a form of techniques, methods and tactics in doing the work of translating so as to produce translations with good quality. The quality of a good translation can be measured in parameter through readability, acceptability and high accuracy.

Translation is a process of translating messages from the source language to the target one by preserving the intended meaning of the original sources. This can be achieved by following three main stages: analyzing the message of the source language, translating and reconstructing message by re-expressing in target language so that the translated version is acceptable and readable in terms of form and style of the target language. Since source and target languages have their own type and grammatical rules, a good translations, therefore, should use natural forms of target language and communicate as much as possible the meaning intended by the source language into target language while preserving the ‘dynamics’ source language texts. Kata kunci : terjemah, linguistik, bahasa sumber, bahasa sasaran

Translation usually involves two languages, the source language, and the target language. However, there is a certain situation that compels the use of an intermediary language for translating a source language (SL) text into a target language (TL) text. For example, when the source language texts (such as texts in Chinese) are not easily available in the target language country (such as Indonesia). This paper analyzed the strategies and adjustments made by the translators in doing inter-language translation or translation through an intermediary language, from Chinese to English to Indonesian. The purpose of this research is to compare two versions of translation, the first being the Indonesian translation from English as an intermediary language (IT) and the second is the Indonesian translation directly from Chinese (DT). Research revealed that IT used loss strategy while DT used gain strategy in the form of syntactic and semantic adjustments because there are many culture-specific items of the source language text that are unknown to either English or Indonesian. The findings imply that the translators should have enough skill and knowledge to enable them to accurately communicate the message of the source text to the target text audience.

The study empirically investigates the role of different sensory modalities interaction (kinesthetic, auditory and visual) in literary text comprehension and translation. Based on Interpretive Theory of Translation (ITT), the unity of the sensory system organization concept and modality as a though feature theoretical framework, the modality predicates in 6 target language texts were compared with those in the source language text. A total of 6 translators with different preferred modalities (2 kinesthetic, 2 visual and 2 audio) participated in the research. The tests by Stolyarenko and Efremtseva were used to measure preferred modality. The results suggest 1) the modality of predicates in the source and target language texts are not necessarily the same; 2) text comprehension and translation are provided by the interaction of modalities and the thought switching to different modalities; 3) the images and ideas in the source text are not mainly translated into target language in a translator’s preferred modality; 4) modality transformations used by translators reflect the peculiar nature of individual sense perception system organization. The role of modality interaction in literary text comprehension and translation is undoubtful.

The paper analyzes the form of the noun phrase and its translation shift found in the novel “Budha, A Story of Enlightenment”. The shift in translation is stated as a major concept in a sentence analysis found in translation. The concept of shifting can be used in order to learn how a unit on a different level used to make interesting structures. This study has used the theory that is proposed by Catford (1978) and Quirk et all(1985). The qualitative method is applied to the research method by the researcher. In the data of noun phrases, it consists of the derived noun as head in the source language. In the translation process in this study, a shift occurred in the translation process from the source language into the target language. It can be seen that this study focuses on the translation strategies of the noun phrase. Those can be dictated by the structural discrepancies that occurred between the two language systems involved in this process. The optional ones (those that are dictated by the personal and stylistic preferences) and communicative rendition in source language text into another language. There are some shifts in translation occurred in the English noun phrases that are also translated into noun phrases in Indonesian as the target language. This study intends to: (i) identify the types of the noun phrase and its constituent structure found in the data source, (ii) analyze the types of translation shifts of the noun phrase in the translation process from the source language into the target language.

Translation is an effort of finding equivalent meaning of a text into the second language. We emphasis meaning equivalence since in translation meaning is the object to be rendered from the source language text into the target language text. In this case, translator is faced with a text as units of meaning in the form of sets of words or sentences.The main question in translation is of meaning which always appears in the process of translation, not translation as a product of the process. Translating a text from the source text(ST) must consider the closest natural equivalent meaning, it implies that the meaning of the target text must be equivalent with that of the source.Meaning is classified into two kinds, referential meaning and connotative meaning. A translator must be aware of which meaning is possibly intended by the author. Beside, it should also be paid attention on the components embedded in a certain unit of meaning. By understanding the components of meaning of the source language expressions a translator can make the best decision related to the components.

Translation is an effort of finding equivalent meaning of a text into the second language. We emphasis meaning equivalence since in translation meaning is the object to be rendered from the source language text into the target language text. In this case, translator is faced with a text as units of meaning in the form of sets of words or sentences. The main question in translation is of meaning which always appears in the process of translation, not translation as a product of the process. Translating a text from the source text(ST) must consider the closest natural equivalent meaning, it implies that the meaning of the target text must be equivalent with that of the source. Meaning is classified into two kinds, referential meaning and connotative meaning. A translator must be aware of which meaning is possibly intended by the author. Beside, it should also be paid attention on the components embedded in a certain unit of meaning. By understanding the components of meaning of the source language expressions a translator can make the best decision related to the components.

Neural machine translation (NMT/MT) has recently developed by leaps and bounds through deeply learning human brain mechanism, and its effective use has been the focus of much attention. To generate high-quality target language (TL) texts, MT users or TL learners need to edit the source language (SL) text before applying NMT. The purpose of this study was to provide pedagogical implications on pre-editing for effective NMT use with Japanese as a SL. The participants were 23 Japanese students with intermediate TL (English) proficiency, and the targeted task was a Japanese (SL) written argumentative essay and the English (TL) output thereof. Three language researchers systematically examined and analysed issues with the NMT output to detect the problematic factors in SL texts causing the issues and developed pre-editing rules. The results demonstrated the following five principles users should be aware of: (1) simplifying statements, (2) clearly stating all necessary sentence elements, (3) noting the logical placement or setting of sentence elements, (4) paying careful attention to the semantic properties of lexical items in SL texts, and (5) considering appropriacy of genre-specific SL lexical items. These rules should be applied to improve the appropriacy of syntactic and semantic aspects of TL texts. They may also assist TL learners translating from Japanese to English independently, since the output of recent NMTs is largely considered close to human translations.

Translation or translating is a communicative activity or dynamic process in which the translator makes great effort to thoroughly comprehend a written message or text in the source language and works very hard to achieve an adequate or an almost identical reproduction in the target language version of the written source language message or text. The role of the knowledge base is essential in both comprehension and reformulation. The extent of knowledge acquisitions in each translation depends on the degree to which the translators knowledge base provides the information or knowledge required to deal with the source-language text. Terminology is where most practical problems lie in technical and scientific translation. Generally speaking, translators knowledge base in terminology is inadequate in comprehension and reformulation of terminology. So knowledge acquisition plays an important role in both the comprehension phase and the reformulation phase. This paper mainly explores significant role of information database as a knowledge acquisition tool in terminology translation, one of the most commonly encountered difficulties during technical translation and meanwhile offers useful suggestions of how to use information database and its search result to refine terminology translation

Translation is an activity to transform linguistic information to another language. Translation product is a written text in a target-language (TL), which represents the result of a translation process, has been described by a comparison with the respective source-language (SL) text. The relation between the SL text and the TL text is a kind of the numerous and highly abstract models of equivalence (Koller 1978; 21983: 95; Ladmiral 1981: 393). In most cases, these models are very limited use for the practical translator. Problems in translating are caused at least as much by discrepancies in conceptual and texts use as by discrepancies in languages. Mankind has been engaged in transform for thousands of years, it affects the development of culture and language. “No language can exist unless it is steeped in the context of culture; and no culture can exist which does not have at its center, the structure of natural language.” Translation activities can promote exchanges between different cultures and languages, is also very important in the spread and development of religion. This study works for finding the discriminative features in Buddhist translation texts and other translation texts. Using these features can set up a training model for the identification of translator. Translator Identification is a process of examining the characteristics of translation texts to distinguish who is the translator. The similar processes had been used in authorship identification, writing forensics and similarity detection, which refer to statistical analysis of literary style.KeywordsDiscriminative FeatureIteration FilterLexical FeatureTranslation FeatureLiterary StyleThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

This study aimed to describe the error analysis of Indonesian - English made by the student of English Department of Unhas . This research is descriptive qualitative .The data collection by means of quistionaire distribution questionnaires , and the provision of translation tasks t made by the respondents . The subjects of this is students of English Department Unhas , while its object is tranted texts made by the students. Data analysis performed „ content analysis approach‟ concerning with grammatical errors and lexical errors . The results of the study indicate that translating Indonesian - English exts more difficult, compared to English - Indonesian taranslation. This relates to the level of English competence of the translator .In addition based on the analysis of the results of translation errors of students , the total number of lexical errors is little more compared to grammatical errors . The grammatical errors, include: structure , coherence and morphological aspects . While errors at lexical aspects include terminology , expressions , and cultural content . The study also found that the tendency of studentsin translating the Source language text, neglecting the the proper translation process, but they translate the texts directly from the source language into thetarget language . Keywors: translation, error analysis, lexical, grammaticalthe

The present paper explores how a third language is dealt with in the translation from Arabic into English, illustrated with al-Qamar il-Murabaʻ: Qiṣaṣ Ghrāibyia by Syrian writer Ghada as-Samman (1994), translated by Issa Boullata (1998) as ʻThe Square Moon: Supernatural Talesʼ (SMST). The paper adopts particularized a theoretical praxis approach. The paper argues that the third language does not occur in a vacuum, but within the boundaries of discourse with an eye to the ideology inscribed in the language we produce, viz. enhancing feministic, narcissistic and nihilistic tendencies by the Source Language (SL) author. The paper shows that the wheels of communication in the SL pertain to the third language; it is then incumbent upon the translator to maintain the flow of the communicative thrust intended by text producer. The paper argues that the strategies of translating the third language oscillate between formally-based strategies and functionally-based strategies. The findings of the paper reveal that SL text may have (1) quasi-third language whereby textual occurrences are in the language of the main text; (2) full third language in which textual occurrences are not the main language of SL text as is the case with borrowings; and (3) zero third language which refers to total textual absence of the third language in the main language of SL text, but the third language comes to the fore in translation. The paper finally shows that the strategies employed are (1) quasi-third language in the SL is rendered into quasi- and/or full third language in the TL for translating 1; (2) full third language in the SL is translated into full third language in the TL for translating 2; and (3) zero third language in the SL is rendered into full third language in the TL for translating 3. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sal.0.23.4917