Lack Of Effective Communication Research Articles

Conflicts and Delays in Mega Construction Projects – Kuwait International Airport Cargo City – Research

Mega construction projects in general require a lot of planning in terms of land acquisition, estimating material cost, human resources, financials, safety and many more. It is a common scenario with delays occurring in such mega projects attributing to increased project costs, delays in work completion. It leads to creating a negative impact on the prospects of the effective utilization of the project output in terms of space, facility and resources to commence work at that location. This study aims to identify the factors that could potentially contribute to project delays and possible methods of resolving the conflicts that have aroused. A case study on Kuwait International Airport Cargo City was conducted quantitatively as well as qualitatively. It is learnt that management conflicts have a major impact on creating project delays, due to poor management, lack of effective communication and ineffective utilization of resources.

Nursing practice in stroke rehabilitation: Perspectives from multi-disciplinary healthcare professionals.

In this qualitative, descriptive study, we explored the status of and factors related to nursing practice for stroke rehabilitation in China, considering the perspectives of multi-disciplinary healthcare professionals. Fifteen participants were interviewed in depth, followed by field observations at three healthcare institutions. Data were analyzed using ethnographic data analysis methods. Current nursing practice for patients with stroke emerged as a cultural domain that included nine patterns: coordination of nursing, basic nursing following nursing procedures, limited rehabilitation nursing care with varied functions, therapeutic function in rehabilitation care, the importance of nurses' involvement in rehabilitation, environments making rehabilitation nursing possible, inadequate staffing for the numerous clinical nursing practices, lack of effective communication with other healthcare professionals, and lack of policies regarding rehabilitation nursing practice. Nurses' role in stroke rehabilitation must be addressed by updating nursing practice. Further, stroke team leaders must recognize the constraints faced by nurses in fulfilling their stroke-rehabilitation roles.

Abstract LB-157: Impact of hurricane-related stressors and responses on oncology care and outcomes of women with gynecologic cancer in Puerto Rico

Abstract Objective: Cancer patients have increased risk of poor outcomes after disasters. On September 2017 Hurricanes Irma and María affected Puerto Rico (PR) and US Virgin Islands, causing the population to experience major disruptions in essential services and environmental health issues. Using qualitative methods, this ongoing study documents the stressors, responses, and experiences of patients, and providers/organizations involved in the receipt and delivery of gynecologic oncology care in PR, respectively. Methods: We conducted two focus groups (November-December 2018) among women ≥21 years with gynecologic cancer (n=12) and eight key-informant interviews among providers/stakeholders who offer services to these population in PR. Patients’ interviews addressed psychosocial and environmental stressors and multi-level responses experienced by the women in the aftermath of the hurricanes, and concerns regarding their condition. Key-informants’ interviews addressed problems encountered in their clinics/organizations in the aftermath of the hurricanes, perceived stressors and risks of patients, and recommendations for future preparedness efforts. Sessions were audio-recorded and transcribed to identify emergent themes. Results: The focus groups evidence that all patients faced lasting difficulties having a healthy diet and with communication, electricity and water services. Women under the Government Health Plan (GHP) faced longer time without essential services and were less prepared for the hurricanes than those with private health insurance. None received disaster preparedness information from their clinics/physicians and all expressed feeling environmental stressors such as heat, mosquitoes, humidity, noise and air pollution produced by household electric generators. All patients experienced delay in cancer treatment, but women in the GHP had longer delays, as most public hospitals were saturated or inoperable. Key-informants expressed that clinics/organizations did not have an emergency plan in place, services were saturated because the collapse of many facilities, and that some patients decided to interrupt their treatments, and others experienced recurrence. The biggest obstacle was lack of effective communication between the government and the health services, calling for interdependence of systems, but with better communication. Conclusion: Study results are guiding the topics that will be assessed in the subsequent quantitative phase of this NCI sponsored project, and the development of a disaster management plan for cancer patients in PR. Results show that all components of disaster management (planning, preparedness, response and recovery) failed. Disparities in preparedness and healthcare interruption in patients in the GHP could affect patient outcomes. NCI Grant #R21CA239457. Citation Format: Ana P. Ortiz, Mirza Rivera, Sandra I. Garcia-Camacho, William Calo, Guillermo Tortolero-Luna, Sharee Umpierre, Istoni Daluz-Santana, Pablo Mendez. Impact of hurricane-related stressors and responses on oncology care and outcomes of women with gynecologic cancer in Puerto Rico [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-157.

Деякі сучасні механізми взаємодії влади і громадянського суспільства в Україні: аналіз ефективності

У статті автор досліджує механізми взаємодії влади і громадянського суспільства на сучасному етапі розвитку України. Від ефективної взаємодії залежить якість державної політики, відсутність дієвої комунікації влади і суспільства призводить до ухвалення неефективних рішень в управлінні, розчарувань, зростання протестів у суспільстві у самих різноманітних формах. Тому аналіз практичності сучасних механізмів взаємодії потрібен протягом усього перехідного періоду від однієї моделі управління до іншої з метою їх корегування, модернізації та удосконалення.
 Метою дослідження є аналіз сучасних вертикальних і горизонтальних механізмів взаємодії влади і громадянського суспільства, а також з’ясування загальних негативних тенденцій, що впливають на стан та якість цієї взаємодії. Такий аналіз допомагає процесам реформ, сприяє модернізації системи публічного управління і розвиткові громадянського суспільства в країні.
 Наукова новизна статті полягає в сучасному переосмисленні функціональності діючих механізмів співпраці органів влади з інститутами громадянського суспільства, зокрема таких, як: механізм реалізації виборів; створення та діяльність консультативно-дорадчих органів при органах виконавчої влади та органах місцевого самоврядування; громадські слухання, публічні обговорення, конференції, семінари, «круглі столи»; підписання угод та договорів про співпрацю на міжрегіональному рівні; механізм фінансової підтримки проектів, програм, заходів об’єднань і організацій громадян; моніторинг громадської думки та проведення різноманітних соціологічних досліджень; просвітницький механізм формування громадянських компетентностей; механізм обміну інформацією тощо. Такий аналіз дозволяє виділити як позитивні зміни у динаміці їх розвитку і удосконалення, так і проблемні аспекти.
 Висновок. Співпраця органів влади з організаціями громадянського суспільства стала більш активною: від використання експертного потенціалу ОГС для вирішення проблемних питань – до залучення їх органами влади до розробки нормативно-правових актів. На сьогодні ця співпраця набула такого рівня, щоб ставити питання підвищення її результативності. Проблемними залишаються такі аспекти взаємодії, як: недостатні відкритість та політична незалежність; узгодженість інтересів; взаємна відповідальність щодо вирішення суспільно значущих питань; низький вплив громадських консультативно-дорадчих органів на ухвалення рішень; формальний підхід органів влади до співпраці; недостатній рівень комунікативних, професійних, фахових навичок у представників обох сторін тощо. Отже, у перехідний період від застарілої моделі управління до більш ефективної необхідно приділяти увагу питанням функціональності діючих вертикальних і горизонтальних механізмів взаємодії влади і громадянського суспільства з метою їх корегування та удосконалення.

Analisis Penggunaan Gadget Terhadap Pola Komunikasi Keluarga

Indonesia merupakan negara yang menempati urutan kedua didunia dalam penggunaan gadget. Semakin meningkatnya jumlah pengguna gadget di era modern ini, banyak menyebabkan efek negatif bagi manusia, dimana salah satunya yakni menurunnya pola komunikasi efektif antara anak remaja dengan orang tua. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui hubungan antara penggunaan gadget terhadap pola komunikasi dengan keluarga pada siswa-siswi kelas x di SMK Yabhinka Kota Cilegon. Desain penelitian cross sectional, penelitian dilakukan pada bulan juni 2018, dan responden 77 orang. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa dari 45 responden dengan penggunaan gadget sering terdapat 44 orang (97,8%) yang pola komunikasi dengan keluarganya kurang baik dan 1 (2,2%) yang pola komunikasi dengan keluarganya baik. 32 responden dengan penggunaan gadget kadang-kadang terdapat 5 orang (15,6%) yang pola komunikasi dengan keluarganya kurang baik dan 27 orang (84,4%) yang pola komunikasi dengan keluarganya baik. Berdasarkan hasil uji chi square menunjukan bahwa nilai p = 0,000 (< 0,05) dan nilai OR (Odss Ratio) 237. Kesimpulannya adanya hubungan antara penggunaan gadget terhadap pola komunikasi dengan keluarga karena ditemukan banyaknya responden yang menyalahgunakan gadget, yakni kecanduan gadget (bermain game disaat jam pelajaran berlangsung), mempunyai jiwa individual, minimnya komunikasi yang efektif, dan interaksi yang serba membutuhkan gadget sebagai medianya

LANGUAGE BARRIERS COMPLEXITY AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS WITH FATAL CONSEQUENCES IN AVIATION

This paper deals with language barriers and their direct interference in aviation accidents with fatality. The paper first gives the definition of language barriers in general, elaborating the reasons why they emerge, their intricacy and attainable solutions for minimizing them. Language cannot be isolated from culture and cultural competencies apply in principle to mutual understanding and minimize impedance and any misunderstanding. Language barriers cause many problems and nature of any communication is subject to misinterpretation and misunderstanding. The criticism given to this topic indicates that language barriers can sometimes cause misunderstandings that lead to conflict, frustration, offense and hurt feelings. Besides that, if people do not share the same language, misunderstanding might arise from language barrier complexity and people sometimes face serious consequences. Lack of communication and higher level of misunderstanding as a result of language barriers might lead to fatal consequences. Language barriers may appear even in monolingual areas as the result of complex terminology for specific scientific areas - phraseology. Miscommunication is viewed as one of the most frequent forms of error, whether made by one person or more, the repercussions can be catastrophic. Planes are the safest means of transportation, however, when a plane accident happens, fatal consequences are inevitable. Miscommunication between pilots and air traffic controllers produced by language barriers is considered as the major reason for many aviation accidents. The globalization of aviation is leading to a multicultural, multinational mix of crews. When different cultures and nationalities are obliged to work together, various miscommunications can arise. With differing ethnic and national backgrounds, pilots’ communicative styles also differ. Language barriers between pilots and air traffic controllers lead to deaths, experts say. English for the purpose of aviation was adopted as the international language of pilots and air traffic controllers in 2011, language barriers still cause many problems, impede any progress or halt it. Lack of effective communication between the members of the flight crew restricts the flow of safety-critical information, information which could prevent the occurrence of an aviation accident or incident. The paper also clarifies judgment and demeanor of several experts who have done some research covering the topic of aviation accidents and their possible solutions for minimizing language barriers that, despite modern technology, still play a significant role in fatality.

HSR19-089: Misperceptions Regarding Palliative and Hospice Care Among Cancer Patients: What Can We Learn from Patient-Reported Treatment Decision Making

Background: Despite NCCN Guidelines and clear definition of palliative care, patients often carry misperceptions about palliative care and how it can be beneficially integrated into a patient’s care plan. In order to better understand the misinformation about palliative and hospice care, this study aims to assess patient-healthcare provider (HCP) communication regarding treatment decisions. Methods: An online survey was conducted with individuals who have had a diagnosis of cancer (n=1,517) to better understand their healthcare experiences as well as the impact their cancer diagnosis had on their quality of life. Measures included agreement scale questions assessing patient information needs surrounding treatment decision making. Open-ended questions where respondents were prompted to provide a written response allowed researchers to further assess patients’ understanding of palliative and hospice care. Responses to agreement-scale questions were evaluated using descriptive statistics. Openended question responses were analyzed using Dedoose qualitative data analysis software. Results: Among patients with a diagnosis of cancer, there were a broad range of patient misperceptions regarding palliative care, hospice care, and how they are used in cancer care. The majority of respondents (81%) stated that their HCP played a role when deciding on their treatment plan. Despite this, only 46% were confident they knew about the treatment’s impact on their daily life, 56% were confident they knew about the potential side effects of treatment, and 57% felt they had all of the information they needed. Themes identified through qualitative analysis include: patient conflation of palliative and hospice care, belief that palliative and hospice care are only relevant to end-of-life decision-making, and uncertainty about whether quality of life can actually be improved. Conclusions: Institutions and HCPs are recommended to integrate palliative care into cancer care. However, as this research shows, oncology patients are often misinformed about the benefits of palliative care. This follows a parallel concern of patients making treatment decisions without optimal information. A potential factor behind this unmet need may be lack of effective communication between patient and HCP. Palliative care may be mentioned by the HCP, but not discussed with enough empathy or depth, leading to patient misunderstanding and lack of inclusion in treatment plans.

Multi-Scenario Species Distribution Modeling.

Correlative species distribution models (SDMs) are increasingly being used to predict suitable insect habitats. There is also much criticism of prediction discrepancies among different SDMs for the same species and the lack of effective communication about SDM prediction uncertainty. In this paper, we undertook a factorial study to investigate the effects of various modeling components (species-training-datasets, predictor variables, dimension-reduction methods, and model types) on the accuracy of SDM predictions, with the aim of identifying sources of discrepancy and uncertainty. We found that model type was the major factor causing variation in species-distribution predictions among the various modeling components tested. We also found that different combinations of modeling components could significantly increase or decrease the performance of a model. This result indicated the importance of keeping modeling components constant for comparing a given SDM result. With all modeling components, constant, machine-learning models seem to outperform other model types. We also found that, on average, the Hierarchical Non-Linear Principal Components Analysis dimension-reduction method improved model performance more than other methods tested. We also found that the widely used confusion-matrix-based model-performance indices such as the area under the receiving operating characteristic curve (AUC), sensitivity, and Kappa do not necessarily help select the best model from a set of models if variation in performance is not large. To conclude, model result discrepancies do not necessarily suggest lack of robustness in correlative modeling as they can also occur due to inappropriate selection of modeling components. In addition, more research on model performance evaluation is required for developing robust and sensitive model evaluation methods. Undertaking multi-scenario species-distribution modeling, where possible, is likely to mitigate errors arising from inappropriate modeling components selection, and provide end users with better information on the resulting model prediction uncertainty.

The current state of software license renewals in the I.T. industry

Abstract Context The software industry has changed significantly in the 21st century; no longer is it dominated by organizations seeking to sell products directly to customers, instead most multinational organizations nowadays provide services via licensing agreements. These licenses are for a fixed-duration; and hence, the question of their renewal becomes of paramount importance for the selling organization’s revenue. Objective Despite its financial impact, the topic of license renewal strategies, processes, tools, and support receives very limited attention in the research literature. Hence, it is believed that an interesting research question is: What is the state of current industrial practice in this essential field? Method To initially explore the topic of license renewals, this paper implements the Grounded theory method. To implement the method, semi-structured, cross-sectional, anonymous, selfreported interviews are carried out with 20 professionals from multiple organizations, later the Constant Comparative Method is used to analyse the collected data. Results This paper presents a synthesized picture of the current industrial practice of the end-to-end software license renewal process. Alongside, it also identifies a set of challenges and risk factors that impact on renewal decisions of customers, hence on the overall revenue of seller organizations. Finally, using structured brainstorming techniques, this paper identifies 11 future research directions, that can help organizations with the mitigation of the risks in the license renewal process. Conclusion It is concluded that lack of effective communication among stakeholders, the absence of customer trust, and scarcity of value generated from purchased licenses are among the primary drivers that influence renewal decisions. Also, there is a need to invest in intelligent automation along with artificial intelligence enabled analytics in order to enhance customer satisfaction.

Information on teeth whitening from employees at establishments in New York City

Teeth whitening (bleaching) is a popular cosmetic procedure in the United States and the potential side-effects are well-documented. Establishments offering whitening procedures in New York City were found online and 148 were successfully contacted to inquire about the benefits, side effects, and eligibility criteria of their whitening procedures. Most had no eligibility criteria and the only stated benefit was brighter teeth. Representatives from 25 businesses stated that there were no side effects. About half of the establishments used UV light and employees at these businesses were more likely to state that there were side effects. While limited in its cross-sectional design, this study demonstrates a lack of effective communication by employees regarding the side effects of teeth whitening. Future public health research on this topic would complement existing biological and clinical research.

Organizational loyalty as a characteristic of management quality for an energy company

Globalization leads to the diminishing of national economic systems boundaries, standartization of production processes and companies management, thus it is becoming more difficult to form competitive advantages. Research has shown that company’s competitiveness and its reputation depend on the management quality which is influenced by many factors including level of personnel loyalty. The problem concerning personnel loyalty is common for most Russian energy companies, the management stuff of which believe that employees should work efficiently as they get paid for it. Research shows that there are several problems in this field, namely: lack of effective communications between management stuff and employees, lack of workers interest in the results, low motivation for goals achievement, low-innovative behavior and so on. Managers consider these problems when it is too late and company faces bankruptcy and there is no time to alter the situation. Competencies in managing personnel loyalty defines important component of management quality – goodwill. Goodwill is a number of business elements and personal characteristics of workers, which stimulate clients to continue use of products and services of particular company and bring additional profit.

Barriers to cervical cancer screening faced by immigrant women in Canada: a systematic scoping review

BackgroundThe objective of this scoping study is to review the published literature and summarize findings related to barriers experienced by immigrant women in Canada while accessing cervical cancer screening.MethodsElectronic databases of peer-reviewed articles and grey literature were searched using comprehensive sets of keywords, without restricting the time period or language. Articles were selected based on the following criteria: (a) the study population consisted of Canadian immigrant women and healthcare providers and other stakeholders serving immigrant women, (b) the research focused on the barriers to accessing cervical cancer screening, and (c) the study was conducted in Canada.ResultsExtracted data were grouped and analyzed, resulting in barriers comprised of six themes: economic barriers, cultural barriers, language barriers, healthcare system-related barriers, knowledge-related barriers, and individual-level barriers. Lack of education, low income, preference for a female physician, lack of knowledge, lack of effective communication, and embarrassment were some of the most common barriers mentioned.ConclusionsImmigrant access to health services, including cervical cancer screening, is a complex issue concerning a wide range of barriers. Our findings offer insights into barriers to cervical cancer screening in immigrant communities in Canada that can be used to assist policymakers, healthcare providers, and researchers enhance the health and well-being of these populations by mitigating barriers and improving screening.

COMMUNICATION PROBLEMS IN MANAGEMENT

An array of studies identifies that effective communication is imperative in the workplace to increase employee productivity and organizational performance. Despite the benefits that emerge in the use of effective communication strategies within an organization, many organizations face numerous challenges that emerge in communication breakdowns and disconnects. These challenges affect performance and compromise success. The intent of this paper is to use a mixed method approach that includes a literature review and gathering of primary data from questionnaires and interviews to determine the communication problems in management. The data analysis is achieved through qualitative and quantitative strategies. The study identifies that lack of effective communication is centered on the perceptions that exist within the workforce. Managers perceive that their strategies are effective when in some cases they are not. The study also identifies that tech-assisted communication systems would increase productivity. From these insights, it is imperative that organizations implement changes that will foster effective communication throughout the organization.

Overcoming Issues in Occupational Safety and Health Compliance among Contractors in Paddy and Rice Industry

Issues related to occupational safety and health (OSH) in the agriculture sector is gaining extra attention, especially accidents that occur at workplace. This study is focusing in Selangor, Malaysia where the state shows the highest number of fatality accident rate in 2014 for this sector. The aim of this study was to propose strategies for improvement of OSH compliance among contractors in paddy and rice industry based on their main problems. A set of questionnaire was distributed to 40 registered and active contractors’ company in paddy and rice industry with a response rate was 100%. Total of 10 interview sessions were conducted in order to collect information on their issues and opinions into details. The result shows that the lack of attitude of workers towards OSH; inappropriate and inadequate of OSH training among workers; and lack of effective communication between the company and its employees were the three main problems faced by these contractors. The study was then successful in identifying the 10 main necessary steps to be taken in improving the level of OSH based on the three main problems faced by these contractors.

Prioritizing challenges of agile process in distributed software development environment using analytic hierarchy process

AbstractSoftware organizations are increasingly combining agile methodologies and distributed software development (DSD) for efficiently and effectively built software products. There are numerous challenges associated with scaling agile methods in a distributed environment. Our study is intended to explore and prioritize the challenges for scaling agile practices in the DSD environment. This study was divided into 3 stages. In the first stage, 22 challenges were identified from literature review and grouped into 4 categories: management, team, technology, and process based on discussion with experts. In the second stage, an online questionnaire study was conducted to validate the identified challenges. Finally, analytic hierarchy process method was used to prioritize challenges and their categories based on their relative importance. The results highlighted that management is a most significant category as compared with the other categories. Similarly, lack of management commitments, lack of effective communication, lack of knowledge sharing, etc are identified as the most significant challenges that need to be focused by the organizations for scaling agile methodologies. On the basis of the research findings, we could conclude that the identified challenges along with their categories provide a robust framework to scale agile methodologies in the DSD environment.

Lack of effective communication by the staff as a risk factor for postpartum blues in an obstetric unit of a Base Hospital in Sri Lanka

Introduction Postpartum blues (PB) occur in 30-75% of postpartum mothers within the first 10 days of delivery. It has been suggested that changes in hormone levels soon after delivery and psychosocial stressors may contribute to this condition. Lack of support and reassurance from clinical staff may be another such factor. The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between lack of effective communication by staff and the occurrence of PB. Methods An interviewer administered questionnaire examining demographics, clinical details and current symptoms of PB was administered among 100 postpartum women within 2 weeks of delivery, who were consecutively referred to the Psychiatry Unit of Base Hospital, Mahiyangana. The presence of PB were diagnosed by a specialist in psychiatry. Communication by staff was assessed via an interviewer rated Likert scale, derived from the Health Care Communication Questionnaire and the Communication Assessment Tool. Results PB was present in 55% participants at the time of interview. Lack of communication by staff was identified as a risk factor among 83.63% (n=46). While the effectiveness of communication average score had significant negative association (r-0.75, p Conclusions There appears to be a significant association between failure to communicate with and reassure postpartum women by staff in Obstetric Units and the occurrence of PB. Increased awareness and the training staff on communication may help reduce this occurrence. Other risk factors and confounders need to be addressed.

Self Injury yang Tercermin Pada Tokoh Ayumu dalam Manga Raifu Karya Keiko Suenobu

This research’s title is “Self Injury Reflected in Ayumu Character on the Manga Raifu by Keiko Suenobu’s”. This research aims to determine the characteristics of self injury, factors cause and the impact of self injury reflected on Ayumu character. This research used theory of literary psychology by Wellek and Warren (1993),self injurious behaviours theory by Walsh (2006), and semiotics theory by Danesi (2011). The results of this research showed that there were three characteristics of self injury experienced by Ayumu character, namely hatred to herself, depression dued to trauma or severe stress triggered by a person’s loss, sexual abuse, oppression, and tendency to avoid others. The factors that cause Ayumu to became self injury characters were the lack of affection and attention in the family, the lack of effective communication, and the feeling of neglection.. Moreover, two negative impacts from self injury on Ayumu character, were found the addicted characters against self injury action and anti-social personality.

Ask the Right Questions: What Do Non-Caregiving Adult Children Need From Health Care Providers?

Extended healthy life spans are a relatively recent phenomenon that increase the amount of time families spend with older adults in non-caregiving roles. As the emphasis of health care moves to population health and health prevention, nurses caring for older adults must be knowledgeable about this family life stage. To learn more about the lived experience of non-caregiving adult children, 16 non-caregiving adult children were interviewed. The purpose of the current article is to share what needs non-caregiving adult children have from the health care system as they obtain care for themselves and accompany their parent for health care visits. Content analysis of transcribed interviews revealed three main themes: Lack of Holistic Care, Lack of Effective Communication, and Fragmented Care and Need for Better Care Management. Participants suggested interventions that are patient- and family-centered and culturally safe. Nurses can use findings from the current study to research interventions using family-centered care strategies to improve health outcomes for older adults. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 44(5), 26-31.].

Identification of Causes and Effects of Poor Communication in Construction Industry: A Theoretical Review

Construction industry is characterized in nature as complex, fragmented, dynamic and involves many parties therefore effective communication is essential to overcome these challenges. Many researchers found that the industry faces major challenge to ensure effective and successful communication throughout the lifecycle of the project which therefore resulted to project failure. Poor communication in construction industry had been addressed in previous research studies; however, this paper presents and examines the identification of causes and effects which lead to poor communication. Further investigations on previous literature were conducted to extract the causes and effects which contributed to poor communication in construction industry. Similarity technique was applied to avoid duplications in the identified causes and effect of poor communication. Using the frequency technique, from the 33 causes of poor communication it was found that the most dominant cause is lack of effective communication. Whereas, out of 21 effects from poor communication, it was found that highly repeated effect is time overrun. These findings will serve a good platform for further investigation on the relevancy of causes and effects to the local construction practitioners.

Vaccination Coverage and Perceived Barriers to Immunization as Identified by Mothers of Under Five Children in Rural Areas of Udupi District, Karnataka, India

Introduction: Vaccines are the most effective and safe public health interventions available to prevent serious disease and death of children. Maternal knowledge regarding immunization is very important for increasing the immunization rate, and for decreasing immunization errors.Aim: The survey was conducted to find out the immunization compliance of children under the age of five and to identify the perceived barriers for immunization among mothers of children under five years in selected rural areas of Udupi district, Karnataka, India.Materials and Methods: Quantitative approach with descriptive survey design was used for the study. Study was conducted in four Primary Health Centers (PHC) and 22 Anganwadis of Udupi district. Participants were selected by non-probability purposive sampling method. Data was collected by providing questionnaires from January 10th to February 15th of 2017.Results: Out of 310 mothers, 74.2% had taken their children to PHC for immunization and 64.5% of mothers were not aware on due vaccine of their child. Immunization coverage was highest for BCG and least for DPT second dose i.e. 98.6% and 54.2% respectfully. Children who received measles vaccine among them, 96.3% and 90.1% had received first and second dose respectively. The reasons for incomplete immunization were related to knowledge and organizational factors. Barriers related to knowledge among mothers included poor awareness of immunization schedule and vaccine preventable diseases. Immunization was delayed due to common childhood illness. Barriers to utilization of immunization services included economic constraints, long distance to health care facility, and lack of effective communication with health personnel.Conclusion: Regular health education sessions and reminders among mothers will solve the problems of immunization.