Labor Intensity Of Work Research Articles

Перспективы технологического развития нефтесервиса для освоения нефтегазовых месторождений арктического Севера

The article discusses the key challenges associated with the economic development of the oilfield service industry within the climatic, geological, and infrastructural conditions of the Arctic. The evaluation of the Arctic's contribution to the total hydrocarbon production in Russia is an important research problem, which is particularly relevant amidst the current international political tensions. The study aims to unveil aspects of research and development (R&D) prospects of oilfield services in Russia's Arctic regions and adjacent territories. The research identifies characteristic features of economic development associated with economic activity risks. These include infrastructure and technological constraints linked to the distance from federal R&D and industrial centers; insufficient financial resources and experience for large project implementation by local authorities; the intricacy and labor intensity of work, coupled with a shortage of specialists possessing the necessary skills. The study establishes that the complexity of developing Arctic oil and gas fields is mitigated by the application of innovations and highlights the vulnerability of domestic companies to import supplies, which are currently inaccessible due to Western sanctions. The results presented offer a comprehensive view of the promising facets of the innovation-driven and technological development of the oilfield services industry in the Arctic. They propose specific measures geared towards enhancing production efficiency in the oil and gas and oilfield services sectors for implementation by the government. The study's conclusions constitute its scientific novelty and affirm that the sector under consideration is characterized by the following aspects: 1) the demanding nature of work necessitating substantial financial assets and professional competencies of often scarce labor market participants, alongside the utilization of innovative technologies to curtail production costs; and 2) a constrained pool of oil and gas market participants diminishing competition in the oilfield services market and enabling vertically integrated oil companies to dictate prices to service organizations, thus limiting opportunities for the industry's innovation-driven and technological development. The study's conclusions hold significant practical potential and are recommended for incorporation into territorial, regional, and federal programs for the social and economic development of Arctic regions. These findings contribute to the innovation-driven and technological revitalization of the oilfield services industry, an integral element in developing the resource base of Northern territories. Additionally, they provide avenues for further scientific exploration, delving into logistic, financial, technological, corporate, and other economic aspects specific to participants in forthcoming development processes.

MIXED-INTEGER MODEL OF OPTIMIZATION OF PRODUCTION AND TECHNOLOGICAL CAPACITIES OF REGIONAL SERVICE CENTRES FOR THE REPAIR OF COMPONENTS AND ASSEMBLIES OF AVIATION EQUIPMENT

The problem of developing an algorithm for structural-parametric optimization of production and technological capacities of regional service centers for the repair of components and assemblies of aviation equipment is considered. A mixed-integer model has been formed, where integer variables determine the composition of maintainable components (MF) of aviation equipment and repair levels, and continuous variables are indicators of the cost and labor intensity of work with them. It is shown that the problem under consideration relates to difficult combinatorial optimization problems, that is, there is no polynomial algorithm for solving it in a reasonable time. However, taking into account the specifics of the task, in some cases, allows you to build calculation schemes that provide sufficient accuracy of the solution and an acceptable time. The criterion for choosing the optimal solution is proposed - costs for ensuring technical operation, which are necessary to achieve a given operational readiness coefficient. An algorithm for calculating the best variant of the service center structure, which is based on the dependence of the specific weight of the decision to repair each product in the service center, has been developed. The specific weight reflects the difference between the costs of using the service center exclusively as an intermediate warehouse for storing each type of component parts with their repair at the manufacturer, and the costs of creating a repair infrastructure in the service center of the components warehouse for the repair of component parts and performing repairs before the development of the assigned product resource. Options for organizing the maintenance, repair, overhaul (MRO) system of a typical product in the traditional way are consistently considered, where it is assumed to organize a two-level warehouse system and with the deployment of regional service centers by industry for the repair of components and aggregates. The possibility of reducing the costs of MRO for the product life cycle by up to 15 % due to a reduction in the level of stocks of expensive MF, as well as the costs of their repair and transportation is show, the results of calculations are presented.

О точности разбивочной сети для строительства высокоскоростной железнодорожной магистрали

Geodetic support for the construction and operation of high-speed railway lines requires high-precision geodetic work both at the construction stage and during the operation of the facility. The ge-odetic setting-out network, being the basis for the construction of the highway, requires special care and high measurement accuracy for its creation. An analysis of the studies performed in this area shows their insufficiency or incorrectness, and a comparison of current regulatory documents shows their inconsistency. In this article it is calculated on the basis of the results of existing scientific works what should be the required accuracy of building a planned setting-out network for the construction of a railway with speeds up to 400 km/h. The correctness of the result obtained has been proved based on the analysis of existing regulatory documents of various countries providing high-speed rail communication. Based on the findings, practical recommendations on methods for constructing a planned setting-out network for the construction of a high-speed railway and fixing its points are given, which can significantly reduce the cost and labor intensity of work on its creation. The imperfection of the Russian regulatory framework in the field of construction of such facilities as well as the direction of further necessary research in the field of geodetic support for their construction are shown.

Structural and Parametric Analysis of the Geometric, Physical and Mechanical Characteristics of the Support Surface

Cross -country ability is the actual problem of modern mechanical engineering. This parameter affects the ability to deliver various goods to hard-to-reach and remote places. Since the cross-country ability of vehicles is largely determined by the technical solutions and parameters implemented in the design, and cannot be significantly improved if necessary for off-road transportation, despite the labor intensity of work on arranging the route almost only for a single passage, it often remains the only available way to align the cross-country ability level with real traffic conditions. The scheme for modeling physical and mechanical characteristics considered in the work has a feature that simplifies the calculations: statistical estimates of the cross-country ability can be carried out on a complex of related to each other in time and space separate states that are not on independent realizations of random functions of the macro-, micro-profile and physical and mechanical properties of the soil.

Organization and technology of arranging access roads with asphalt-concrete pavement in the preparatory period of construction

Purpose. The study analyzes the formation of indicators and criteria for the effectiveness (quality) of the use of certain modes of transport. Methods. System analysis, logical and mathematical modeling, systems theory, as well as methods of operations research, economic and mathematical methods, economic and visual modeling, research methods of operations. Results. Development of criteria for assessing intelligent systems of economic efficiency of the use of information modeling technology in the organization of construction production of transport systems (automobile and road complex). Conclusion. The construction of permanent access roads with asphalt-concrete pavement, which after the subsequent current repair and modification remain at the construction project site for further operation, is advisable to organize in stages, thus making adjacent temporary roads shorter. This approach makes it possible to reduce significantly the overall labor intensity of works and the energy intensity of production operations, and to increase the level of labor mechanization. The arrangement of asphalt concrete pavements of temporary and access roads is in many respects similar to the arrangement of road surfaces of streets. This paper reviews the basic principles of repair of street roads, outlined in the flow charts, which are applicable to road construction.

МОДЕРНИЗИРОВАННАЯ УСТАНОВКА ДЛЯ ФИЗИЧЕСКОГО МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЯ ПРОМЫВКИ ЗАСОЛЕННЫХ ПОЧВ

The purpose of the study is to improve the design of the installation through the use of soil moisture concentration sensors and digital LCR meter XJW01. The digitalization of hydrotechnical melioration of agricultural lands in the Russian Federation requires the active use of mathematical models for the movement of moisture fl ows, nutrients, air, and heat in the soil profile. The parameters of these flows in the laboratory are determined by the methods of physical modeling. Improving the design of installations for the physical modeling of soil processes increases the accuracy of measurements and reduces the labor intensity of work. The modernized facility for physical modeling of saline soil leaching includes electrical sensors for measuring the concentration of soil moisture. The sensors are equipped with conductive plates and conductive windings. Digital LCR meter XJW01 automatically detects the sensor as an electrical oscillatory circuit and fixes its quality factor. The quality factor of the sensor depends on the concentration of soil moisture that fi lls its body. The operating prototype of the installation was tested. In the concentration range of NaHCO3 solution from 0 to 350 mmol/dm3 , the quality factor of the sensors varies from 282±2.1 to 221±2.7 (signifi cance level P = 0.99, number of degrees of freedom k = 4, and Student’s test t = 4.60).

Classification of the Non-Chernozem Zone regions of Russia by Agro-Climatic and Soil Indicators

Agro-climatic and soil conditions are fundamental factors for effective agricultural production, which must be taken into account when determining the priority directions for the development of agriculture in the regions. The Non-Chernozem Zone of Russia includes regions, some of which are similar in agro-climatic and soil conditions, others are very different. To facilitate the task of setting targets, it is advisable to classify the regions. At the same time, to develop a classification, it is sufficient to use a certain number of indicators characterizing agro-climatic and soil conditions. When classifying the subjects of the Non-Chernozem Zone of Russia, two methods of cluster analysis were considered and described in the article: the method of hierarchical tree classification and K-Mean cluster based segmentation method. The results obtained by the two methods almost completely coincided, which indicates the objective existence of the identified groups of regions. The subjects of the Non-Chernozem Zone were divided into four groups; each significantly differs from another in terms of agro-climatic and soil indicators underlying the classification. The suggested classification can serve as a starting point in designing a state program for the development of agriculture, as well as the basis for further analysis of the efficiency of agriculture, while the labor intensity of work will be significantly reduced due to the compression of the information environment.

АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ОБОСНОВАНИЯ ТРУДОВЫХ ЗАТРАТ В СЕБЕСТОИМОСТИ ВОЕННОЙ ПРОДУКЦИИ НА РАЗЛИЧНЫХ СТАДИЯХ ЖИЗНЕННОГО ЦИКЛА

Based on the experience of checking the validity of prices for military products supplied within the frame-work of the state defence order, problematic issues of rationing of labor costs have been identified. The im-perfection of the current regulatory framework in the field of substantiating the labor intensity of work is shown. Proposals for the standardization of labor at various stages of the life cycle of weapons, military and special equipment are reasoned.

Organizational and technological solutions during the production facade works

The article deals with the organizational and technological features of construction. Currently, based on foreign and domestic experience, a significant number of regulatory and methodological documents have been developed for the use of facade systems, but these works do not fully disclose organizational and technological issues and contain only general recommendations for the production of work. In particular, the existing recommendations for the installation of facade systems, for the most part, describe the constructive solutions of facade systems, technological issues related directly to the installation of the facade system, while not disclosing in sufficient detail the organization of the construction site, the issues of choosing the necessary means of paving, the issues of standardizing the labor intensity of work, issues of quantitative and qualitative selection of the composition of workers for the production of work. The organization of construction production for the installation of hinged facade systems with an air gap during the construction of buildings is associated with coordination with general construction works. Often, construction management projects developed at the design stage are adjusted taking into account the current conditions. These changes can occur both before the start of work and during the production of work. The introduction of organizational and technological changes in the production process of work can lead to a significant decrease in technical and economic indicators. In this regard, it is relevant to resolve the issues of assessment and selection of effective organizational and technological solutions for the device of facade systems.

Methodological foundations for the analysis of organizational and technological perfection of building public administration bodies

The methodological foundations for the analysis of the perfection of the organizational and technological structure of public administration bodies and the organization of their management activities are presented. The analysis methodology consists of two relatively independent blocks: a block for analyzing the organizational structure of the constituent elements of public administration bodies, a structural decomposition of their elements with the identification of the functions and tasks performed to achieve the set goals and a block for analyzing the technological and process support for the implementation of administrative work in public administration. Both blocks are formed and implemented by the authorities empowered to control the timeliness of the completeness and quality of the functions and tasks performed, the results of which depend on the organizational excellence and organizational maturity of public authorities. A model for analyzing the organizational structure of public administration bodies and the organization of their activities is proposed. For the analysis of organizational excellence and technological and process support for the implementation of management activities, which form organizational maturity, the definition and decomposition of the content of management activities according to the model of an agreed technological process is proposed. It is presented as a combination of agreed, harmonized types, content, state of development and methodological support of their related elements, the joint implementation of which ensures the achievement of target results of the tasks being solved due to their joint synergy. The analysis involves the determination of the main types of existing technological processes and their grouping according to the main types of activity, the time and qualifications of the performers, the determination of the structure of the performers of work in terms of the number and professional composition, the labor intensity of work, the factors of the emergence of self-organization processes, the ratio of labor and financial resources spent with their standard level and planned results of work and other indicators. It is proposed to use the results of the analysis to obtain new scientific knowledge and practical skills to modernize the structures of government bodies, maintain the level of organizational maturity and organizational perfection of the public administration system, increase and ensure the productivity and efficiency of management activities. The analysis technique can be used to analyze the organizational excellence of not only public administration authorities, but also the analysis of any managed systems.

О совершенствовании бесцеликовых способов охраны повторно используемых выемочных выработок

The key problem of underground mining of mineral deposits is to ensure the stable condition of the rock mass that contains the mine workings when conducting second working and preparatory works. To do this, it is necessary to create conditions that dictate strict requirements for maintaining the working section of workings. Active and often uncontrolled displacement of rocks in the interface zones leads not only to changes, but also to a significant deterioration in the operational condition of the workings, reducing the efficiency and safety of production processes. Known methods and means of securing workings have a limited scope of application due to the high cost, labor intensity of work or insufficient efficiency. Given the current state of the coal industry and the lack of financial support from the state, the main feasible ways to solve the problem of reducing production costs in the conditions of deep mines in the Eastern Donbass should include increasing the level of spatial concentration of work, as well as the use of less material-intensive and cheaper types of support for excavation workings. To solve the issue of maintaining the development workings of the extraction area and the possibility of non-pillar coal seam mining, a method of securing is proposed. It involves the placement of a rigid cast strip in a transport working and a rigid reusable security structure (multiplier) at the interface between the second and development workings. The structure is installed behind the sections of the mechanized and individual lining or in combination with other security structures (wood chocks and organ timbering, bollards of reinforced concrete blocks), with or without them, but with a mandatory combination of a multiplier with individual support stands.

The efficiency of the coal industry based on the factor of labor productivity growth

Relevance. Insufficiently high labor productivity at coal mining enterprises actualizes a study to increase the efficiency of their activities based on the factor of productivity growth. Purpose – substantiation of a possible increase in labor productivity with a change in the ratio of open and underground mining methods. Methodology – analysis of changes in labor intensity with various options for the share of open and underground development methods, as well as assuming an increase in production. Results. Issues of effective production and economic activity of coal industry enterprises are considered taking into account the factor of increasing labor productivity of workers. For the efficient functioning of coal mining enterprises, certain correlations should be fulfilled between the rates of change in the volume of coal production, labor productivity and the cost of coal production. Changes in coal production can be achieved mainly by the ratio of underground and open-cast mining. An approach to determining the level of labor intensity of work in the coal industry with a change in the ratio of underground and open coal mining methods is proposed; with a corresponding increase in labor productivity, the unit cost of production in the planning period is determined. The factors of growth of labor productivity in the coal industry are given: an increase in the utilization rate of combines for sewage treatment and bucket excavators for opencast mines; progressive changes in the design and operational characteristics of the main coal mining equipment; the use of imported equipment only in economically feasible mining conditions; the possibility of growth of stimulating factors to ensure the corresponding labor productivity of coal mining workers; increase in the share of coal from mines and opencasts with low cost of coal mining. Conclusions. The approach developed by the authors to determine the level of reduction in the labor intensity of work in the coal industry can be used in conditions of changing the ratio of open and underground mining methods, and accordingly, the change in the cost of production of one ton of coal as a whole for the joint-stock company can be forecasted.

Use of formwork systems in high-rise construction

Erection of high quality buildings and structures within a reasonable time frame is the crucial factor for the competitiveness of any construction organization. The main material used in high-rise construction is insitu reinforced concrete. The technology of its use is directly related to the use of formwork systems. Formwork systems and formwork technologies basically determine the speed of construction and labor intensity of concreting operations. Therefore, it is also possible to achieve the goal of reducing the construction time and labor intensity of works performed by improving the technology of formwork systems use. Currently there are unresolved issues in the area of implementation of monolithic technology projects, and problems related to the selection of a formwork technology, high labor intensity of works, poor quality of materials and structures, etc. are the main ones. The article presents organizational and technological measures, by means of which introduction it is possible to shorten the duration of construction. A comparison of operations performed during formwork installation according to the conventional technology and taking into account the implemented organizational and technological measures is presented. The results of a comparative analysis of economic efficiency assessments are also presented on the example of a specific construction project before and after the implementation of the above mentioned measures. The study showed that introduction of the proposed organizational and technological model taking into account optimization of reinforcing and concreting works significantly improves the efficiency of a high-rise construction project. And further improvement of technologies for the use of insitu reinforced concrete is a promising direction in the construction of high-rise buildings.

AUTOMATED MEASURING COMPLEX FOR ACCEPTANCE TESTING OF DC AND UNDULATED-CURRENT TRACTION MOTORS

Purpose. In the paper it is necessary: 1) to familiarize the reader with the modern classification of measurement and diagnostics, familiarize with problems of automating the measurement of basic parameters during program execution of qualification tests of traction motors; 2) to make recommendations to improve the measurement ac-curacy, reduce labor intensity of work for carrying out measurements, and reduce the requirements for the qualification of the staff; 3) to provide practical implementation of measurement system, built on the basis of the practical recommendations contained in the article. Methodology. The work presents the classification of measurement and diagnostic tools. The author considered a list of equipment that can be used in measurement systems, as well as third-party options for measuring complex and measuring complex using stand management system. Their functional schemes were proposed. The author compared the advantages and disadvantages of these schemes to make recommendations on areas of their optimal use. Findings. Having analyzed the functional scheme of measuring systems, it was found that the use of the control system microcontroller as a measuring complex is expedient if the measurements have largely a test process control function. The use of a third-party measuring complex is more appropriate in cases when it is required: to eliminate dependence on the stand management system, to provide high mobility and reduce the requirements for the qualification of the staff. Originality. The work presents a brief over-view of the measurement means. The author developed the functional schemes of measuring systems using stand management system and third-party measuring complex, proposed the criteria for evaluating their optimal use. Practical value. Based on the proposed functional diagram, the measuring system on National Instruments hard-ware and software basis was set up. The sensors by LEM Company were used as primary transducers for the measurement of currents and voltages. Thanks to chassis compact size, it was united in one body with the power supply for sensors. Thus, it was possible to reduce the size of the entire complex, simplify and speed up its preparations for the measurements.