Kinds Of Wounds Research Articles

Formulation and standardization of calendula officinalis for wound healing

The treatment alternatives are accessible for the administration of most kinds of wounds which intense just as incessant. One operator that has been utilized for a long time for the treatment of dermatological issue and has a numerous quantity of pharmacological activities that are valuable to wound mending that is Calendula officinalis, or pot marigold. Home grown plants give a rich source to social insurance to forestall and treat diverse neurotic states. Calendula officinalis, the pot marigold, normal marigold or Scotch marigold, is a plant of the family Asteraceae. The fundamental synthetic segments found in the flowers are saponins, triterpenes, liquor triterpenes, unsaturated fat esters, carotenoids, flavonoids, coumarines, basic oils, hydrocarbons, and unsaturated fats. Calendula officinalis is a plant that has numerous pharmacological activities like injury mending, aggravation, eye disease, menstrual period issues, ulcer, stomach upset etc. In this investigation, the ethanolic extract methodology is done to acquire the concentrate of calendula officinalis herb just as the tender Thin Layer Chromatography profile of calendula officinalis leaf, blossom and stamps of the plant. This exploratory examination will uncover that calendula officinalis introduced calming properties acting in a positive manner on the provocative of the mending procedure. Extractive value and Ash value also determine the quality of the crude drug and that crude drug ethanolic extract use for the formulation of herbal cream and further evaluation process to be used to test calendula officinalis extract ethanolic herbal cream.

Optimized production of carboxymethyl cellulose/guar gum based durable hydrogel for in vitro performance assessment

An important objective of researchers is to develop a perfect wound dressing that can effectively treat different kinds of wounds. Natural substances with beneficial qualities, such as plant extracts and biopolymers are an ideal aid for wound care. Hydrogels based on biopolymers offer a lot of promising applications for topical use and are biocompatible, hydrophilic and non-toxic. When employed alone or in conjunction with other active agents, herbal extracts have a great deal of use in the healing of wounds. This study comprises Ruellia tuberosa extract loaded with carboxymethyl cellulose and guar gum hydrogels that have potential anti-bacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hemocompatibility. Using mouse fibroblast cells (L929), the MTT (3- (4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) test was conducted to assess the biocompatibility. Furthermore, the scratch wound assay using the L929 fibroblast cell line of mouse was employed to assess the in vitro wound healing potential of the synthesised composite hydrogels.

DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OF AN EMULGEL CONTAINING SILVER NANOPARTICLES AND VITAMIN D-3 FOR ITS POTENTIAL TO ACCELERATE THE HEALING OF WOUND

Objective: The aim of this research work was to prepare a topical emulgel based dosage form incorporated with vitamin D-3 and silver nanoparticles to reduce the wound healing time in any kind of wound. Methods: Central Composite Design (CCD) was applied for the optimization of emulgel by using Design expert software. Three responses (pH, viscosity, and in vitro drug release) and two factors (Carbopol concentration and stirring duration) were chosen, and Statistical Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed that all the factors were significantly affecting the responses. Silver Nanoparticles (SNPs) was prepared with Green Tea Extract (GTE) and evaluated for particle size, Poly Dispersity Index (PDI), zeta potential and Fourier Transform Infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy and revealed that SNPs of desired range and stability have been synthesized. Here excision wound model was used to evaluate the wound healing activity of formulation in vivo. Results: Maximum in vitro release 88.2±2.1 has shown by the optimized formulation F13, pH and viscosity were also found in optimum range i.e., 6.2±0.4 and 1672±33 respectively, followed by Korsmeyer and Peppas model. Total eight groups were designed for animal study and silver sulphadiazine was used as marketed formulation. F13 formulation was further evaluated for in vivo data, it was revealed that emulgel loaded with high dose of vitamin D-3 along with silver nanoparticles has shown 100.5±1.7% wound contraction, while marketed formulation has shown 103.7±1.1% wound contraction, which was much similar with test formulation. Cytotoxic cell study was done using assay on chicken egg, formulation has not shown any cytotoxic behaviour like haemolysis and cell damage on chick embryo’s blood vessels. Accelerated stability study of the optimized formulation was also performed to check whether the formulation was stable or not and it was revealed that optimized formulation was found stable for the period of six months. Conclusion: It was revealed that emulgel loaded with high dose of vitamin D-3 and SNPs found suitable to accelerate wound healing and showed almost similar response in wound contraction on comparison with marketed formulation. This emulgel promised to controlled the delivery of the drug for the longer duration.

Insect chitosan/pullulan/gallium photo-crosslinking hydrogels with multiple bioactivities promote MRSA-infected wound healing

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and other drug-resistant bacteria have become more common in recent years, which has made it extremely difficult to treat and heal many different kinds of wounds and caused enormous financial losses. Because of its unique “Trojan horse” function, Ga3+ has been recognized as a new possible candidate for inhibiting and eradicating drug-resistant bacteria. Furthermore, natural polysaccharide materials with outstanding biological characteristics, such as insect chitosan (CS) and pullulan (PUL), have attracted significant interest. In this study, we used quaternized-catechol chitosan (QDCS-PA), methacrylate-dialdehyde pullulan (DPUL-GMA), and gallium ion (Ga) to create a multi-crosslinked photo-enhanced hydrogel (Q-D/Ga/UV) with antimicrobial, hemostatic, self-healing, and injectable properties for promoting MRSA-infected wound healing. In vitro, the Q-D/Ga/UV hydrogels demonstrated good mechanical properties, antioxidant capabilities, biocompatibility, hemostatic properties, and antibacterial activity. The addition of gallium ions enhanced the hydrogels' mechanical properties, hemostatic capabilities, antibacterial activity, and ability to induce wound healing. Q-D/Ga/UV hydrogel significantly promoted wound contraction, collagen deposition, and angiogenesis while also suppressing inflammation in a whole-skin wound model of MRSA-infected rats. In conclusion, Q-D/Ga/UV hydrogels demonstrate significant promise for healing wounds infected with drug-resistant bacteria.

Raw, Unadulterated African Honey for Ulcer Healing in Leprosy: Protocol for the Honey Experiment on Leprosy Ulcer (HELP) Randomized Controlled Trial.

Leprosy leads to nerve damage and slow-healing ulcers, which are treatable with routine therapy. There has been a recent resurgence of interest in the use of honey for the treatment of different kinds of wounds. The aim of this study, Honey Experiment on Leprosy Ulcer (HELP), is to evaluate the healing properties of raw, unadulterated African honey in comparison with normal saline dressing for the treatment leprosy ulcers. This is a multicenter, comparative, prospective, single-blinded, parallel-group, and 1:1 individually randomized controlled trial to be conducted at The Leprosy Referral Hospital, Chanchaga in Minna, Niger State, North Central Nigeria, and St. Benedict Tuberculosis and Leprosy Rehabilitation Hospital in Ogoja, Cross River State, South-South Nigeria. Raw, unadulterated honey will be used in the ulcer dressing of eligible, consenting participants in the intervention group, whereas those in the control group will be treated by dressing with normal saline. The main outcomes will be the proportion of complete healing and the rate of healing up to 84 days after randomization. Follow-up will be conducted 6 months after randomization. We aim to enroll 90-130 participants into the study. Blinded observers will examine photographs of ulcers to determine the outcomes. The recruitment of trial participants began on March 14, 2022, and has been continuing for approximately 24 months. Our study will provide an unbiased estimate of the effect of honey on the healing of neuropathic ulcers.

Biphasic photobiomodulation of inflammation in mouse models of common wounds, infected wounds, and diabetic wounds

Bidirectional photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy is an active research area. However, most studies have focused on its dependence on optical parameters rather than on its tissue-dependent effects. We constructed mouse models of wounds in three inflammatory states (normal, low, and high levels of inflammations) to assess the bidirectional regulatory effect of PBM on inflammation. Mice were divided into three groups to prepare common wounds, diabetic wounds, and bacteria-infected wounds. The same PBM protocol was used to regularly irradiate the wounds over a 14 d period. PBM promoted healing of all three kinds of wounds, but the inflammatory manifestations in each were significantly different. In common wounds, PBM slightly increased the aggregation of inflammatory cells and expression of IL-6 but had no effect on the inflammatory score. For wounds in a high level of inflammation caused by infection, PBM significantly increased TNF-α expression in the first 3 d of treatment but quickly eliminated inflammation after the acute phase. For the diabetic wounds in a low level of inflammation, PBM intervention significantly increased inflammation scores and prevented neutrophils from falling below baseline levels at the end of the 14 d observation period. Under fixed optical conditions, PBM has a bidirectional (pro- or anti-inflammatory) effect on inflammation, depending on the immune state of the target organism and the presence of inflammatory stimulants. Our results provide a basis for the formulation of clinical guidelines for PBM application.

Pharmacognostical (Ingredient Analysis) and Pharmaceutical Evaluation of Yashtimadhu Taila (Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.)

Abstract Context: In Ayurveda, Yashtimadhu is being used as one of the healing drugs in the management of different kinds of wounds. The preparations made from Yashtimadhu such as Churna, Ghrita, Taila, and Malahar are being practiced in wound care unit to treat different kinds of wounds as local application. Multiple treatment modalities are mentioned in Sushruta Samhita for the management of various types of Vrana. Aim and Objective: This study was to standardize the finished product Yashtimadhu Taila to confirm its identity, quality, and purity. Yashtimadhu Taila is standardized using different parameters like pharmacognostical study including organoleptic characters such as color, odor, and taste. Subjects and Methods: Yashtimadhu Taila is prepared as per Sneh Kalpana mentioned in Sharangdhara Samhita. The pharmacognostical study includes organoleptic characters such as color, odor, and taste. The pharmaceutical study of Yashtimadhu Taila includes specific gravity, acid value, saponification, iodine value, and refractive index by the following standard procedures as per the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, and chromatographic examination includes high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) study. Results: All the physicochemical parameters show acid value (0.4883), saponification (178.7), iodine value (82.91), and refractive index (1.4820). HPTLC profile of the methanolic extract of the drug showed 14 spots at 254 nm and 8 spots at 366 nm. Conclusions: This study will be helpful to establish the safety profile, efficacy, and acceptance of classical parameters for further research studies.

Nanomaterials based on cerium oxide nanoparticles for wound regeneration: a literature review

Objective: to analyze data on the synthesis and properties of cerium oxide nanoparticles, as well as the prospects of its application in regenerative medicine for wound healing. Methodology. World literature was reviewed using PubMed, SCOPUS, ResearchGate, CyberLeninck, and Elibrary databases, as well as manual searches for authors and reference lists. Key search terms were «cerium oxide» AND nano* AND (healing OR regeneration OR repair) AND wound». The timeline was from the date of publication through August 2023. Results. The final analysis included 59 sources containing information on the synthesis and size of nanoparticles (and/or other physicochemical characteristics), methodology and results of in vivo and in vitro studies on the efficacy and/or safety of nanoceria for wound regeneration. It is shown that despite the progressive growth of research interest over the last 15 years, the actual use of nanoceria in practical medicine is still not widespread. This is due to a wide variety of non-standardized synthesis methods and conditions, resulting in the variability of physicochemical parameters of nanoparticles (size, form), thereby affecting the safety and biomedical efficacy of nanoceria. Regeneration mechanisms, including the antioxidant-prooxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects of nanoceria, which contribute to accelerated wound healing, are discussed. The severity of the regenerative effects depends on the method and conditions of synthesis, hence the resulting physicochemical characteristics of the nanoparticles. Therefore, after each batch, newly synthesized nanoceria needs physicochemical and biomedical experimental tests. Conclusion. Nanoceria has great potential in tissue engineering for regenerative medicine, particularly for healing of various kinds of wounds. Having developed a technology for standardized synthesis for effective and safe nanoceria (of the right form and size) on a production scale, it can be introduced in medicine, possibly improving the outcomes of treatment of many diseases and pathologies. The authors present conclusions on the results of the study of nanoceria for accelerating qualitative regeneration and the requirements for nanoparticles obtained during synthesis.

Pharmacotherapeutic Management of Pressure Wound in Sushma Koirala Memorial Hospital

Background: Pressure ulcers are the serious kinds of wounds that get developed within the skin tissues. They affect larger surface areas of the body resulting severe pain in the infected body parts of the patients. Pressure wound, thus has been presented as one of the major health problem worldwide. This study was aimed to find out different aspects of pressure ulcer cases and outcomes in Sushma Koirala Memorial Hospital (SKMH). Along with this, the study was targeted to study major affected body part, role of diet in healing wounds, grades of pressure ulcers and medicines used during the management and treatment of such chronic wounds.
 Methods: A descriptive, unicentric, retrospective study was conducted in 2018 at Sushma Koirala Memorial Hospital. A total of 163 patient records from October 2016 to October 2018 were reviewed. The data was entered in SPSS 16 version for analysis.
 Results: Pressure ulcers were common among people from the age group 21-40 years. The males were more vulnerable than female. Most people stayed for 41-60 days while the most affected body part in many patients was the sacral region. Third grade sacral region pressure wound was mostly found in the admitted patients. Wounds and injuries were common cause for development of pressure ulcers. The usage of third generation cephalosporin- ceftriaxone was predominantly found during surgery as well as post-surgery. During surgery, most commonly used medications include fentanyl, paracetamol, midazolam and propofol. After surgery, analgesics like ketorolac, combination of ibuprofen and paracetamol were frequently used. For post-surgical condition, ceftriaxone, ascorbic acid, ranitidine and pantoprazole were mostly used. Patients with pressure ulcers were advised to take high protein diet.
 Conclusion: This study showed sacral region was most affected body part and grade 3 pressure wound were predominant in most of the admitted patients. Ceftriaxone was mostly prescribed antibiotics and combination of paracetamol and ibuprofen was mostly prescribed for analgesic effects.

In vivo Performance of a Hydrogel of Tribulus terrestris in Alloxan induced Diabetic Rats

Abstract: Background: Diabetes is one of the most important factors in chronic injuries. The gold standard for treating diabetic foot ulcers includes debridement of wounds, management of all infections, revascularization when indicated, and non-loading of ulcers. Traditionally, the aerial parts of Tribulus terrestris L. (Zygophyllaceae) are used in the folklore for the treatment of various kinds of wounds. Materials and Methods: Based on the evaluation of phytochemicals, a hydrogel of the hydroalcoholic and the aqueous of T. terrestris were prepared in this study. It was subjected to evaluation of the different parameters. The hydrogel of hydroalcoholic extract and aqueous extract was brown in color, uniform and non-irritant. It was further evaluated for pH, spreadability and viscosity. Furthermore, the in vivo performance of the hydrogel was evaluated in alloxan monohydrate induced diabetic rats. Results: In excision wound model and incision wound model topical application of 5% hydroalcoholic extract hydrogel in diabetic Wistar albino rat showed remarkable repair effects. It significantly (***p<0.001) enhanced the rate of % wound contraction. It also exhibited significant (***p<0.001) content of hydroxyproline and extremely high tensile strength (***p<0.001) as compared to the diabetic control group. It may be due to enhanced collagen synthesis. The histopathological examination of 5% hydroalcoholic extract hydrogel of T. terrestris L. treated rats showed skin architecture which was comparable to the normal group. The diabetes-induced group rats’ wounds failed to heal even 25 days post the infliction of the wounds. Our model precisely reproduced the pathophysiology of diabetic ulcers and can serve as a valid alternative model for diabetic foot ulcer and to explore new therapies. Conclusion: The results strongly support that the hydrogel of the hydroalcoholic extract of T. terrestris seems to be a novel and promising biomaterial used for wound healing applications. Keywords: Diabetes, Tribulus terrestris, Wound healing, Alloxan, Hydroxyproline, Hydrogel.

The role of probiotics as wound healers: an overall view

A wound is an injury to the skin or damage to the body tissue. The healing process differs between various kinds of wounds. Treatment of hard-to-heal (chronic) wounds becomes challenging for healthcare practitioners, especially if patients have underlying health complications such as diabetes. Infection of wounds is another factor that interferes with the healing process and extends its duration. Active research is being conducted into the development of advanced wound dressing technologies. These wound dressings are intended to manage the exudate, reduce bacterial infection and speed up the healing process. Probiotics have been receiving much attention because of their potential application in the clinical field, especially in diagnostics and treatment strategies of various infectious and non-infectious diseases. The host immune-modulatory response and antimicrobial activity of probiotics are expanding their role in the development of improved wound dressing technology.

The legacy of Renaissance surgeon Giovanni Andrea Dalla Croce on the history of military surgery and neurosurgery.

Giovanni Andrea Dalla Croce was a Venetian physician who lived in the 16th century and was famous for his treatment of wounds, which was surprisingly modern. He was the military surgeon of the Venetian Republic's naval fleet. In 1537, he published the Chirurgiae universalis opus absolutum (The absolute work on universal surgery) in Latin, then expanded and translated into vernacular Italian and published in 1574 with the title Cirugia universale e perfetta di tutte le parti pertinenti all'ottimo chirurgo (Universal and perfect surgery of all the parts necessary for the optimal surgeon). This monumental work was a comprehensive handbook of surgery, medicine, and the treatment of many kinds of wounds with techniques to be used on the battlefield. It is also notable for the inclusion of illustrations of various weapons and projectiles, for the most comprehensive description and illustrations of surgical instruments at that time, and for the first illustrations of a surgeon performing trephination of the skull in an operating room. Dalla Croce also considered the writings of his surgical forebears in formulating his own ideas. Dalla Croce was a leader of traumatology, a universal surgeon who exemplified the erudite Renaissance man, and left a tremendous legacy to military surgery of the 16th century and beyond.

Structural, rheological and therapeutic properties of pluronic F127 hydrogel and beeswax based lavender oil ointment formulations

Since ancient time, Lavender oil (LO) is being used in aromatherapy as antimicrobial, anxiolytic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents. More recently it has been observed that its topical application heals various kinds of wounds by expediting epithelialization and neovascularization processes. Its wound healing characteristics with different delivery systems are however, scarcely reported. The aim of the present study was to evaluate how its healing abilities are manifested when it is applied in the form of beeswax-oil and pluronic F127 hydrogel based ointments. The ointments were prepared by solubilizing or dispersing LO in pluronic F127 hydrogel, beeswax-olive oil, and beeswax-coconut oil based bases. Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) studies suggest that the prepared ointments are composed of LO solubilized beeswax-oil and F127-water based self- assembled structures. The rheological and spreading properties of the ointments are found to be suitable for topical applications. The ointments do not exhibit any noticeable antimicrobial actions on gram positive and gram negative bacteria presumably due to entrapment of LO within the self-assembled structures formed in them. Studies on efficacies of the ointments on full thickness mice wounds show that healing ability of LO is manifested only from F127 hydrogel in the form of faster epithelialization and neovascularization at the wound site. Such selective manifestation of wound healing efficacies of LO suggests that choice of ointment base is important for effective harnessing of its wound healing abilities.

Clinical Evaluation of a Synthetic Hybrid-Scale Matrix in the Treatment of Lower Extremity Surgical Wounds.

Lower extremity operative wounds can be difficult to treat and are associated with social challenges. New treatment options are needed to mitigate the clinical and social challenges and potentially lower the treatment cost and time. A synthetic hybrid-scale fiber matrix, which has an architecture similar to native tissue, a tailored resorption rate, and excellent durability and handling characteristics, is gaining popularity due to its effectiveness in treating different kinds of wounds. In this retrospective study, nine patients with a total of nine lower extremity wounds and multiple comorbidities were included. The hybrid-scale fiber matrix was cut to wound size, fenestrated as deemed appropriate, and secured to the wound bed using staples or sutures. Wound healing was monitored at subsequent visits, and the synthetic fiber matrix was re-applied as needed. Healing was considered complete when 100% epithelialization and closure of the wound site occurred. Overall, seven out of nine wounds exhibited complete healing and wound closure. For fully healed wounds, the average time to heal was 135.6 days, and good scar quality was observed. This retrospective case series demonstrates the versatility of synthetic hybrid-scale fiber matrices as part of an effective treatment regimen for difficult-to-treat lower extremity operative wounds.

Chronic wound assessment: Cultural and linguistic adaptation for European Portuguese of RESVECH-2 scale

IntroductionIn order to assess and to follow up the evolution of chronic wounds, it is advisable to apply measurement scales. This procedure allows clinicians to verify the appropriateness of their activities and whether the healing process is evolving as expected. AimTo conduct a cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric analysis of Portuguese version of RESVECH 2.0. MethodsA quantitative and correlational study was designed and, to perform the cross-cultural adaptation of RESVECH 2.0, we followed the classic sequential approach for linguistic equivalence to European Portuguese. The study occurred at a Portuguese oncology hospital and the sample encompassed 281 patients with multiple chronic wounds. ResultsRESVECH 2.0 is a practical measurement instrument, easy to use, and well accepted by nurses to know all kinds of wounds’ etiologies. The reliability test revealed an acceptable internal consistency and high proportion of agreement between two raters assessing the same patient.Construct validity was considered average/good and the principal component factor analysis with varimax rotation obtained six factors corresponding to 59.5% of explained variance.When comparing the domains from RESVECH 2.0 with those from BWAT we found statistically significant correlations. ConclusionThe adapted version of RESVECH 2.0 scale presents a good internal consistency and is valid for the Portuguese language and culture, being useful and effective in clinical practice.

CMC-based hydrogels loaded with Hypericum perforatum nanoemulsion for potential wound dressing applications

Wound healing is a complicated process requiring appropriate environment to accelerate healing process. In the recent years, many wound dressings have been developed for treating various kinds of wounds. In this study, we aimed to develop a novel dressing with high ability of burn wound healing and minimum side effects. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) based hydrogels containing Hypericum perforatum were developed by grafting methacrylic acid and acrylamide onto CMC to produce a good mechanical strength dressing. Covalent crosslinking, which is responsible for stable mechanical structure, led to a 3D structure with appropriate water vapor transmission rate (2950 g/m2/day), controlled drug release (33% in 78 h), and great burn healing ability (almost complete healing in 10 day). The hydrogel has proper antimicrobial activity against the tested microorganisms. Zone of inhibition against E.coli was the higher in comparison with S. aureus and Candida. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for C. albicans, S. aureus, and E. coli were as 6, 4, and 5 mg/ml of H. perforatum. In vivo experiments on rats revealed that wound healing process by loaded hydrogels was faster in comparison with control group. All the results indicated that prepared hydrogel has the capability to accelerate burn wound healing process.

Incidence of Surgical Site Infections and its Associated Factors: A Cross Sectional Study

Aim: To determine the incidence of surgical site infections and its associated factors Study design: Cross sectional study Place and duration: This study was conducted at Bolan Medical Complex Hospital Quetta Pakistan from January 2020 to February 2021. Methodology: Patients who underwent general surgical procedures were included in the study. Pus or purulent discharge from the incision, together with pain, any two cardinal symptoms of inflammation were used to assess surgical site infections. For data entry and analysis, SPSS version 21 was utilized. A P-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Following the operation, 240 people were included in the current study. The average age of the study participants was 39.33 ± 2.74 years. Infections at the surgical site were found in 9.16 % (n=22) of the patients. As participants' age increases, the surgical site infection rate rises significantly. Diabetes was found to be substantially linked to surgical site infection (P &lt; 0.001). According to wound categorization, infection rates were higher in filthy wounds, 22.22 % versus clean wounds, 3.57%, and this difference was statistically significant (P&lt;0.0001). Conclusion: In this study, 9.16% patients were diagnosed with surgery site infection. Age, diabetes, type, duration of surgery, kind of wound, hospital stay and presence of drain were all risk factors for surgery site infection. Keywords: Diabetes, Infection, Surgical Site infections, operation

Hydrogel adhesives for generalized wound treatment: Design and applications

AbstractWound refers to the place where human body is injured and ruptured. So, wounds in a broad sense include not only skin wounds, but also damages of muscle, corneal, heart, and lung, etc. As “gold standard” of wound closure, suture and staple cause secondary damage to the tissue, and require professional skills and equipment, so noninvasive hydrogel adhesives have been developed as an alternative to close and treat different kinds of wounds. However, the existing reviews mainly discussed the research of hydrogel adhesives for skin wounds, and the focus is mostly on its types and adhesion mechanisms, but a review comprehensively discusses the design and application of hydrogel adhesives on generalized wounds for wound closure and wound healing and the unique needs of various wounds for hydrogel adhesives is still lacking. In this review, the types and adhesion mechanisms of hydrogel adhesives will be briefly described, then the research progress of hydrogel adhesives in wound treatment is reviewed in detail from two aspects: the comprehensive design principles and the unique requirements of different types of wounds. Overall, we expect that this review will provide guidance for the development of hydrogel adhesives as new avenues for generalized wound care and treatment.

Representations of Poverty and Mental Health in Charles Mungoshi’s Fiction

This article analyses the confluence between poverty and mental health as reflected in Charles Mungoshi’s fiction. Drawing on Crick Lund’s work, it evaluates the impact of low education, food insecurity, inadequate housing, low social class, low economic status, financial stress, low self-esteem, and depression in terms of the mental illness that afflicts many of Mungoshi’s characters. The factors that Lund highlights provide a working definition of poverty that is discussed in this study, through a close analysis of the major figures in Mungoshi’s novel Waiting for the Rain and his collections of short stories Coming of the Dry Season, Some Kinds of Wounds and Other Short Stories, and Walking Still. I also draw on some concepts analysed by Johannes Haushofer and Erns Fehr, and Augustine Nwoye’s definitions of categorical poverty and status-failure anxiety. Intellectual poverty is discussed in terms of certain cultural assumptions that determine the thoughts and actions of characters, as well as the poverty of leadership at the political level delineated by Mungoshi. The patriarchal nature of the societies depicted in the stories draws attention to the entrenched gender roles that prevail.

Protective efficacy of Tephrosia purpurea against Aflatoxin B1 induced oxidative damage in rats

Tephrosia purpurea (TP), commonly known as wild indigo, has a unique quality of healing all kinds of wounds and it is also an important ingredient of many Ayurvedic formulations. Thus, the present investigation was designed to validate and evaluate protective efficacy of ethanolic extract of Tephrosia purpurea (TP) against Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) induced renal dysfunction. The ethanolic extract of Tephrosia purpurea was prepared by Soxhlet extraction method. For present study female rats (Wistar strain) were randomly divided into 6 groups with 6 animals in each group. The entire regime was of 28 days. AFB1 was administered at 200 µg/kg dose and TP was administered at three different doses (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg). 24 hours after last treatment the animals were euthanised various biochemical test were performed. AFB1 exposure significantly elevated uric acid, urea, creatinine in serum and lipid peroxidation in renal tissue indicating cellular damage. On the other hand, decline in activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and reduced glutathione suggests exhaustion of endogenous defence system. Treatment with TP extract offers protection at all the three doses (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg). Although, maximum recovery was seen with 300 mg/kg dose of TP.