Jamming Interference Research Articles

Effect of Diversity and Filtering on the Performance of Wavelet Packets Base Multicarrier Multicode CDMA System

In Wavelet Packets Based Multicarrier Multicode CDMA system, the multicode (MCD) part ensures the transmission for high speed and flexible data rate, the multicarrier (MC) part ensures the flexibility of handling multiple data rates, and wavelet packets modulation technique contributes to the mitigation of the interference problems. The CDMA system can suppress a given amount of interference. In this paper, the receiver employs suppression filter (SF) to mitigate the effect of narrow-band jammer interference and diversity techniques to reduce multiple access interference. The framework for the system and the performance evaluation are presented in terms of bit error rate (BER) over a Nakagami fading channel. Also, we investigate how the performance is influenced by various parameters, such as the number of taps of the SF, the ratio of narrow-band interference bandwidth to the spread-spectrum bandwidth, the diversity order, the fading parameter and so on. Finally, the performance of the system is compared with the performance Sinusoidal (Sin) based MC/MCD CDMA system.

High Order Differential Frequency Hopping: Design and Analysis

This paper considers spectrally efficient differential frequency hopping (DFH) system design. Relying on time-frequency diversity over large spectrum and high speed frequency hopping, DFH systems are robust against hostile jamming interference. However, the spectral efficiency of conventional DFH systems is very low due to only using the frequency of each channel. To improve the system capacity, in this paper, we propose an innovative high order differential frequency hopping (HODFH) scheme. Unlike in traditional DFH where the message is carried by the frequency relationship between the adjacent hops using one order differential coding, in HODFH, the message is carried by the frequency and phase relationship using two-order or higher order differential coding. As a result, system efficiency is increased significantly since the additional information transmission is achieved by the higher order differential coding at no extra cost on either bandwidth or power. Quantitative performance analysis on the proposed scheme demonstrates that transmission through the frequency and phase relationship using two-order or higher order differential coding essentially introduces another dimension to the signal space, and the corresponding coding gain can increase the system efficiency.

Performance of WSNs under the Effect of Collisions and Interference

This paper proposes a methodology for calculating the energy consumed by a Wireless Sensor Network as well as its throughput under the effect of a jamming node modelling interference to account for collisions and retransmissions. Accordingly, the proposed methodology takes into consideration retransmissions and data dropped due to interference and collisions simultaneously. Simulations are conducted using OPNET to model various scenarios utilizing off-the-shelf wireless communication standards, namely ZigBee, Wi-Fi and Low Power Wi-Fi. A figure of merit is developed to offer more representative results for applications with different requirements. In achieving different requirements for a given application, there is a clear trade-off between energy consumption and throughput.

GNSS Multipath and Jamming Mitigation Using High-Mask-Angle Antennas and Multiple Constellations

Multipath and jamming interference affects the accuracy, availability, and continuity of global navigation satellite systems. The U.S. Global Positioning System and the Russian Global'naya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema (GLONASS) are being joined by the European Galileo and the Chinese BeiDou. An increasing number of satellites in multiple constellations enable users to use high-mask-angle antennas (HMAAs) to mitigate interference signals coming from a low-elevation angle. This paper studies the optimal antenna mask angle that maximizes the suppression of interference but still maintains the performance of a single constellation with a low-mask-angle antenna. This paper first proves a novel lower bound on the expectation of dilution of precision (DOP) and derives closed-form formulas that relate the lower bound to the antenna mask angle and the number of satellites. Then, through extensive simulations, a variety of optimal mask angles are obtained with respect to different constellation settings, different DOP metrics, and different assumptions of range accuracy. The numerical results highly agree with our theory. Both of them show that two constellations can match the performance of one constellation with a 5 $^{\circ}$ –14 $^{\circ} $ higher mask, and three constellations can match the performance of one constellation with an 11 $^{\circ}$ –23 $^{\circ} $ higher mask, depending on the DOP metric and the range error model used. The numerical results also show that using HMAAs is more beneficial to users interested in positioning accuracy than to users interested in time transfer accuracy.

An Innovative Architecture of UTC GPS/INS System with Improved Performance under Severe Jamming

Ultratightly coupled (UTC) architecture is believed to be the best architecture for Global Positioning System (GPS) and Inertial Navigation System (INS) integration system due to the advanced data fusion strategy and effective mutual assistance between the subsystems. However the performance of UTC GPS/INS system will be degraded by severe jamming interference, especially when low-grade inertial measurement unit (IMU) is used. To solve this problem an innovative architecture of UTC GPS/INS system is proposed. Since GPS receiver’s antijamming ability is closely related to tracking loop bandwidth, adaptive tracking loop bandwidth based on the fuzzy logics is proposed to enhance antijamming ability for GPS receiver. The bandwidth will be adapted through a fuzzy logic controller according to the calculated carrier to noise intensity ratio(C/N0). Moreover, fuzzy adaptive integration Kalman filter (IKF) is developed to improve estimation accuracy of IKF when measurement noises change. A simulation platform is established to evaluate the innovative architecture and results demonstrate that the proposed scheme improves navigation performance significantly under severe jamming conditions.

Severe Performance Effects of Combined Jamming Interferences and Rayleigh Fading with Mitigation using Joint Complex Spreading and MIMO

In communications systems under jamming interference, it is customary to employ spread spectrum techniques to combat performance degradation. In systems with fading, spatial diversity techniques such as MIMO schemes are usually used to mitigate the problem. Here, we analyze and show the extremely severe effects on BER performance of the combined jamming signals and Rayleigh fading of a system undergoing both conditions at the same time. Then, we analyze and derive the performance of systems employing joint MIMO and complex spreading schemes to combat both Rayleigh fading and jamming and note the significant mitigation improvements.

Single-Pulse System of Radar Anti-Aimeds Jamming Performance

In modern warfare, electronic jamming air defense missile weapon system is the greatest threat to the seeker for terminal guidance radar interference is an important aspect of electronic interference. Successful interference allows the weapon system hit rate to reduce or even out of control. Therefore, analysis of the impact of interference on radar seeker to intercept and track the performance of meaningful analysis and modeling, this paper mainly targeting blanket jamming interference and interference conditions of the monopulse system radar seeker performance were analyzed.

An energy‐efficient anti‐jam cognitive system for wireless OFDM communication

SUMMARYIn this paper, anti‐jamming capabilities are proposed for a generic OFDM‐based wireless communication system. The performance of a wireless system may severely degrade in presence of jamming or intentional interferences. A malicious entity can send strong interference or noisy signals in the same transmit frequency band thus preventing the intended receiver to correctly decode the transmitted data. As a countermeasure, our work proposes algorithms and techniques to restore the system performance in presence of such malicious entities. Proposed anti‐jamming system consists of an adaptive framework that adapts itself to varying jammer behavior and wireless environment, and then, it chooses an optimal strategy to effectively cancel out the effect of jamming and channel fading. Optimization problem is formulated as a multi‐objective criterion for maximization of system throughput and minimization of energy consumption. Simulation results computed in Rayleigh fading channels with different wideband jamming modes and powers show that the proposed system effectively cancels out the jamming and channel fading effects thus maximizing the system performance and minimizing cost of energy consumption. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Robust transceiver design for wideband MIMO radar utilizing a subarray antenna structure

In this paper, we investigate the possibility to suppress interference in wideband multiple-input multiple-output radar. The idea is to employ tunable filters at the transmitter and the receiver sides, and to derive filter coefficients that result in optimal transmitted signals from a system performance point of view, for a given radar scenario. The system performance is measured in signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) at the receiver output, from which the filter properties are derived. The focus is to suppress active jamming interference, and especially deceptive jamming interference. We discuss two ways to derive the transmit and the receive filters. Each procedure utilizes two different power constraints related to the transmit filters. To incorporate imperfections in the given scenario, a robust extension to the design problem is proposed. Two different robust methods are evaluated: one that utilizes a Taylor series expansion of the SINR, and one that exploits a worst-case SINR maximization. Numerical validation illustrates the possibility to suppress interference without actually forming a spatial null in the direction towards interference, and the necessity to design transmit filters that are robust to uncertainties in the given scenario.

Narrow-band interference suppression in wavelet packets based multicarrier multicode CDMA overlay system

The wavelet packets based multicarrier MC multicode MCD code-division multiple-access CDMA transceiver consists of the MCD part, which ensures the transmission for high speed and flexible data rate; the MC part contributing to robustness to frequency-selective fading and flexibility for handling multiple data rates; and wavelet packets WPs modulation technique, which contributes to the mitigation of the interference problems. As WPs have lower sidelobes compared with sinusoidal carriers, this system is very effective in reducing the problem of inter-carrier interference. Of course, like any CDMA system, the system can suppress a given amount of interference. This paper considers an interference suppression scheme which will enhance the performance of the system. The receiver employs suppression filters to mitigate the effect of narrow-band jammer interference. The framework for the system and the performance evaluation are presented in terms of the bit error rate and the outage probability over a Nakagami fading channel. Also, we investigate how the performance is influenced by various parameters, such as the number of taps of the suppression filter and the ratio of narrow-band interference bandwidth to the spread-spectrum bandwidth. Finally, the performance of the system is compared with the performance of sinusoidal based MC/MCD-CDMA system denoted Sin-MC/MCD-CDMA. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The use of civilian-type GPS receivers by the military and their vulnerability to jamming

We considered the impact of external influences on a GPS receiver and how these influences affect the capabilities of civilian-type GPS receivers. A standard commercial radio frequency signal generator and passive GPS antenna were used to test the sensitivity of GPS to intentional jamming; the possible effects of the terrain on the propagation of the jamming signal were also tested. It was found that the high sensitivity of GPS receivers and the low strength level of GPS satellite signals combine to make GPS receivers very vulnerable to intentional jamming or unintentional radio frequency interference. Terrain undulation was used to shield GPS antennas from the direct line-of-sight of the jamming antenna and this indicated that terrain characteristics can be used to mitigate the effects of jamming. These results illuminate the vulnerability of civilian-type GPS receivers to the possibility and the ease of disablement and establish the foundation for future work.

The Semi-blind Source Extraction Algorithm for Array Radar Signal

A semi-blind source extraction algorithm for noisy mixtures based on a linear predictor is proposed. The novel algorithm is firstly validated using the benchmark data and then is applied to extract array radar signal suffering from jamming interference. The results showed that the novel algorithm can effectively extract the target signal in radar echo. Thus, it has practical application prospect in array radar for increasing anti - jamming interference ability.

Calculating Outage Probability of Block Fading Channels Based on Moment Generating Functions

Block fading channels present a realistic model in many communication scenarios. We propose a method by which the outage probability of block fading channels can be evaluated in a straighforward and computationally efficient manner by utilizing the moment generating function of a single block's mutual information. The flexibility of moment generating functions helps obtain outage probabilities in various cases such as wideband noise jamming and multi-access interference. The effect of discrete input alphabets on outage is also investigated and turns out to be vital especially under interference.

Reduced-rank space-time adaptive interference suppression for navigation systems based on QR decomposition and approximations of basis functions

This paper presents a novel reduced-rank space–time adaptive processing (STAP) algorithm for interference suppression in global positioning system (GPS) receivers with low computational complexity for protection against the multipath and jamming interferences. The proposed STAP algorithm is based on the least-squares (LS) criterion to jointly optimize a projection matrix, which is used for dimensionality reduction, and the reduced-rank filter. The main novelties are the design of the projection matrix based on approximations of basis functions, the pattern matching between the projection matrix and the received data, and the derivation of a QR decomposition-based reduced-rank recursive LS algorithm for practical implementations. The proposed scheme works on an instantaneous basis, i.e. at each time instant, the most suitable pattern and the rank of the projection matrix are selected to reduce the dimensionality of the received data aiming at minimizing the squared error, while using an improved search algorithm to save the effort in finding the best projection matrix. Simulation results in a GPS system show that compared to existing reduced-rank and full-rank algorithms, the proposed algorithm has a much lower computational complexity, and remarkably better performance for interference suppression. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Spectrally Efficient Jamming Mitigation Based on Code-Controlled Frequency Hopping

This paper considers spectrally efficient anti-jamming system design based on code-controlled frequency hopping. Unlike conventional frequency hopping systems where hopping patterns are determined by preselected pseudo-random sequences, in the proposed scheme, part of source information is passed through a block encoder, and used to determine the selected frequency bands for signal transmission. By exploiting the redundancy provided by the block coding, the receiver can retrieve the hopping pattern without a priori knowledge. Through an integrated decoding-and-encoding process, the receiver can also perform partial jamming detection. It is observed that due to the combination of dynamic frequency hopping and coding diversities, the proposed system can effectively mitigate random jamming interference while maintaining high spectral efficiency.

Anomaly Detection in Electronic Shelf Label Systems

This paper proposes a lightweight, fast and efficient method for the detection of jamming attacks, interference, and other anomalies in electronic shelf label (ESL) systems and wireless sensor networks (WSNs) with periodic data transmission. The proposed method is based on the thresholding technique, which is applied to selected parameters of traffic and allows discrimination of random failures from anomalies and intrusions. It does not require the installation of additional hardware and does not create extra communication costs; its computational requirements are negligible, since it is based on statistical methods. Herein recommendations are provided for choosing a thresholds type. Extensive simulations, made by Castalia simulator for WSNs, show that the proposed method has superior accuracy compared to existing algorithms.

재밍 채널에서 효과적 채널 추정과 PAPR 저감을 위한 주파수 도약 DFT-Spreading OFDM 시스템

It is important to use the comb type pilot allocation for the continuous channel and efficient processing. And DFT-spreading OFDM is used a lot to solve high PAPR problem of OFDM system. However, PAPR is increased again when comb type pilot is used to estimate channel characteristics. So, in this paper, we employ a new SLM method to DFT-spreading OFDM system to reduce increased high PAPR. And we suggest an effective method to transmit side information without additional bandwidth. Pilot and side information must be preserved from jamming or intentional interferences since those are very important in DFT spread OFDM system using SLM. So, in this paper, we like to analyze and simulate the performance of DFT spread OFDM system based on SLM against jamming signal. To remedy the vulnerable shortcomings of DFT spread OFDM about jamming or intentional interferences, we employ FH(Frequency Hopping) method and analyze system performance under the several jamming conditions such as MTJ(Multi Tone Jamming) and PBJ(Partial Band Jamming).

Secure Collision-Free Frequency Hopping for OFDMA-Based Wireless Networks

This paper considers highly efficient antijamming system design using secure dynamic spectrum access control. First, we propose a collision-free frequency hopping (CFFH) system based on the OFDMA framework and an innovative secure subcarrier assignment scheme. The CFFH system is designed to ensure that each user hops to a new set of subcarriers in a pseudorandom manner at the beginning of each hopping period, and different users always transmit on nonoverlapping sets of subcarriers. The CFFH scheme can effectively mitigate the jamming interference, including both random jamming and follower jamming. Moreover, it has the same high spectral efficiency as that of the OFDM system and can relax the complex frequency synchronization problem suffered by conventional FH. Second, we enhance the antijamming property of CFFH by incorporating the space-time coding (STC) scheme. The enhanced system is referred to as STC-CFFH. Our analysis indicates that the combination of space-time coding and CFFH is particularly powerful in eliminating channel interference and hostile jamming interference, especially random jamming. Simulation examples are provided to illustrate the performance of the proposed schemes. The proposed scheme provides a promising solution for secure and efficient spectrum sharing among different users and services in cognitive networks.

재밍 채널에서 고속 통신을 위한 주파수 도약 SC-FDMA 통신 시스템의 성능 분석과 보상

OFDM(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) 시스템은 고속의 데이터 전송에 유리한 통신 방식이다. 하지만 OFDM 시스템은 높은 PAPR(Peak to Average Power Ratio)이 문제이다. PAPR 저감을 위한 방법으로 DFT(Discrete Fourier Transform)-spread 방식의 SC-FDMA(Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access) 기술이 제안되었으며, 큰 관심을 받고 있다. 본 논문에서는 재머나 의도적인 간섭에 취약한 OFDM 방식의 단점을 보안하기 위해 스펙트럼 확산 방식 중 하나인 FH(Frequency Hopping)방식을 도입하였고, 부분 대역 재밍과 톤 재밍이 있는 채널 환경에서는 FH 방식의 SC-FDMA 시스템의 성능을 비교 분석한다. 그리고, SC-FDMA 방식은 ICI(Inter sub-Carrier Interference)에 민감한데, 특히 주파수 오프셋이나 위상 잡음에 의해 발생하는 ICI는 시스템 성능을 열화시킨다. 본 논문에서는 OFT-spread OFDM을 기반으로 하는 SC-FDMA 기술에 PNFS(Phase Noise and Frequency offset Suppression) 알고리즘을 적용한 등화기를 사용하여 위상 잡음이나 주파수 오프셋 등에 의해 발생하는 ICI의 영향을 분석하고, 보상한다. 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션을 통하여 성능 개선을 확인하였다. FH system is very robust to the jamming interference. OFDM system is very good for the high speed communication system. But, it has high PAPR. SC-FDMA system based on OFT-spread OFDM was proposed to reduce high PAPR. Therefore, in this paper, we like to introduce the FH system into SC-FDMA system, which can be best solution to the jamming hostile environment and for the high power efficiency. Also, OFDM is very sensitive to ICI. Especially, ICI generated by frequency offset and phase noise breaks the orthogonality among sub-carriers, which seriously degrades the system performance. We analyze the performance of the FH SC-FDMA system in the PBJ and MTJ channel. In this paper, the ICI effects caused by phase noise, frequency offset and Doppler effects are analyzed and we like to propose the PNFS algorithm in the equalizer to compensate the ICI influences. Through the computer simulations, we can confirm the performance improvement.

Suppression of smeared spectrum ECM signal

Three electronic counter‐countermeasures (ECCM) techniques for suppressing smeared spectrum (SMSP) jamming, a new electronic counter measures (ECM) technique, are presented. The analytical representations of the SMSP ECM signal in the time domain and the frequency domain are first derived, and then the differences between the SMSP jamming signal and the radar linear frequency modulation (LFM) signal are analyzed. Based on the differences, a jamming suppression system specifically for SMSP jamming interference excision is designed, which applies three different signal processing tools, i.e. fractional Fourier transform (FRFT), Fourier transform (FT) and atomic decomposition (AD). The jamming suppression performance of the presented methods is evaluated through simulations. The simulation results show that the presented methods can successfully suppress SMSP jamming.