Irrigation Water Supply Research Articles

Design of Automatic Irrigation Water Supply Monitor and Control System

Design of Automatic Irrigation Water Supply Monitoring and Controlling System was pursued to create an automatic irrigation controlling device for efficient water use and turning pumping motor ‘On’ or ‘OFF’ by sensing the moisture percentage in the field surface throgh moisture sensor. Objective was to reduce the involvement of man power for field irrigation monitoring purposes and reduce water requirement. This method can insure the proper use of water without wastage and save water for future. With the konwledge of moisture value in soil, we can estimate how much and when to irrigate crops. When the moisture content level on the output of the sensor or soil becomes less than 30% (desired value), then sensor generated an alarm and turns the motor on automatically. Displayed as ‘motor On’in the LCD display and soil level was shown as ‘dry soil’. Per hour machine data was received and shown in data table. A digital LCD Thermometer hygrometer Humidity Temperature sensor was also used to detect the temperature and relative humidity of the atmosphere with moisture content level was shown. Different field tests with crop and without crop were done. Total design cost was 4790 taka. Wet soil was tested with oven dry method to get accurate moisture level of the soil. Almost similar moisture percentage with moisture sensor was found. Temperature and relative humidity was also observed with weather station and found similar with sensor reading. Overall designed control and monitoring system was found satisfactory with minor errors.

Use of centrifugal pumps with canned asynchronous motors in sprinkler irrigation systems in a finely dispersed mode of operation

The formation of new high-tech markets in the agro-industrial complex should be based on a systematic approach to achieve a number of goals, including meeting the mid-spatial needs of crops for water and dissolved nutrients. The use of such technologies in irrigation involves the design and subsequent technical implementation of the system, taking into account the achievement of a number of goals, in particular, the ability to control the irrigation process by meeting the specific needs of individual plants, and not irrigation, in which the process parameters are averaged over the entire sown area. The paper presents a scheme and algorithm for the operation of a sprinkler irrigation system with hydraulic, electric and reciprocating machines, which makes it possible to obtain the required target values of integral performance indicators, uniformity of water supply and relative infiltration rate for the irrigated area in the process of its practical implementation. Taking into account various combinations of parameters of the main mechanisms of the irrigation system under study, equilibrium and material balance equations are written for dynamic models corresponding to these mechanisms. For the accepted ratio, which determines the kinetic energy of a drop per unit area, an expression is obtained for calculating the speed of a drop in air with a variable mass. The given scheme of the network makes it possible to ensure the supply of water for irrigation, taking into account the degree of remoteness of the irrigated area from the source of water supply and, secondly, the possible combination of options for its operation in relation to two irrigation methods: gravity and mechanical water supply using a diesel pumping unit and a sealed centrifugal pump with a canned asynchronous motor.

Modes of operation of network pumps with shielded asynchronous motors in small irrigation systems with artificial pressure

The paper proposes a scheme and describes the operating modes of pumping equipment for a finely dispersed irrigation system with artificial pressure for the operating ranges of the performance of sprinklers in terms of flow. For the accepted ratio, which determines the kinetic energy of a drop per unit area, the law of drop motion in air under the action of gravity is obtained. The above network diagram in the process of regulation provides water supply for irrigation, taking into account the measured values of the sprinkler performance over time. Regulation using a centrifugal pump with a shielded asynchronous motor of the current values of water flow in the distribution pipeline connected to the sprinkler provides the technical possibility of implementing the mode corresponding to the inverted (turbine) mode of operation of the pump. The transfer of the engine to the generator mode of operation, allows you to get an autonomous three-phase source of electrical energy for the system’s own needs.

A socio-ecological model of the Segura River basin, Spain

The Segura River basin in South-East Spain is home to aquatic and dry-land ecosystems of regional significance. Pressurised, over the course of the last five decades, by interests of agricultural origin, the basin is caught up in a persistent water crisis traversed by conflict and socio-ecological deterioration. This article presents a socio-ecological-system characterisation of the Segura River basin with a focus on the interactions between institutional performance and expectations on irrigation water supply. The contribution of this research is twofold: first, it provides a model that develops a conceptual articulation of a socio-ecological framework in the idiom of Systems Dynamics; second, it generates (both numerical and qualitative) policy-relevant insights into the basin's crisis, in a way that fully reflects its complexity. Our results indicate that ∼333.100 ha of drylands and agro-natural landscapes were lost to agriculture, and that groundwater overexploitation reached ∼500 Hm3 within the 1960-2021 modelling horizon. Our work accurately models the pervasive impacts of intensive agriculture expansion in the Segura basin and portrays some of the socio-ecological consequences of the hydraulic paradigm in Spain, raising crucial doubts on the dominant forms of water governance in the region.

Water supply to a mountain village (Drave, North Portugal): historical overview, current scenario, and future perspectives

Throughout the world, mountain populations have developed specific agroecosystems, with different types of water supply for irrigation and domestic use. The Drave mountain village (North Portugal) has, for centuries, faced harsh hydrological, hydrogeological, and hydropedological conditions. Since the second half of the twentieth century, the nature of water demand in Drave has drastically changed. The research objective is to understand the evolution of water demand and supply in the village of Drave, from the sixteenth century to the present day, and to present a possible solution to meet future water needs. A sampling network, comprising surface water and groundwater points, was established. Then, a sampling campaign took place in the dry season, and another one in the wet season. Laboratory analysis encompassed major inorganic ions, Potentially Toxic Elements, and microbiological parameters. Groundwater vulnerability to pollution was assessed through the DRASTIC index and GVTool, a Geographic Information System open-source application. Two historical periods were identified concerning the Drave water demand and supply: (i) from the foundation of the village until the second half of the twentieth century; (ii) from the mid-twentieth century on. The current scenario consists of using water resources with chemical and microbiological contamination to supply the needs of temporary inhabitants. Groundwater vulnerability to pollution ranges from extremely low to moderately low, with the most vulnerable areas corresponding to valley bottoms. A possible solution to meet the future water demand consists of abstracting and treating only surface water during the wet season and taking advantage of the hydrological regime of stream alluvial deposits during the dry season.

A Numerical Assessment and Prediction for Meeting the Demand for Agricultural Water and Sustainable Development in Irrigation Area

The demand for agricultural water is a growing problem in irrigated regions across the globe, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. Changes in the level of groundwater in irrigation districts will affect the flow of surface water connected to the aquifer, which may damage the sustainability of water resources and ecosystems. In this study, a two-dimensional unsteady flow model based on MODFLOW was constructed and three scenarios were established to assess the demand for agricultural water in the Jiaokou Irrigation District. The results show that the groundwater in the study area is basically balanced. However, the supply of irrigation water for summer irrigation is insufficient. The results of the model prediction indicate that when groundwater is primarily used for irrigation (scenario 1), the maximum water level decrease is 25 m, which is beyond this limit (15 m). When the ratio of groundwater to surface water is 2:1 for irrigation (scenario 2), the largest decrease in water level is approximately 10 m. Scenario 3 is proposed based on the Hanjiang-to-Weihe River Valley Water Diversion Project to prevent the salinization of soil owing to the rise in water level, and its result shows that the maximum decrease and buried depth are approximately 5 m and above 3 m, respectively, indicating that the scenario is more reasonable and sustainable. These findings provide theoretical guidance to protect water resources and prevent water pollution and should serve as a reference for rationally allocating water resources in other irrigation districts in arid and semi-arid areas.

Евапотранспірація та врожайність соняшнику і нуту за краплинного зрошення

Goal. Set the parameters of irrigation regimes, evapotranspiration (ETc) and crop and chickpea yields depending on the designs of drip irrigation systems and water supply regime. Methods. Shortterm field experiments, analytical and statistical methods of experimental data processing. The results. It has been proven that the method of laying irrigation pipelines of drip irrigation systems significantly affects the parameters of evapotranspiration, the water regime, and the yield of sunflower and chickpea in the conditions of the Dry Steppe. Thus, sunflower evapotranspiration parameters were at the level of 2,94–3,05 thousand m3/ha in non-irrigated conditions, 4,36–4,62 thousand m3/ha with underground placement of irrigation pipelines (at a depth of 0,3 m) and 4,73–5,24 thousand m3/ha for the above-ground placement of irrigation pipelines. The same parameters for growing chickpeas were: 3,15 thousand m3/ha in non-irrigated conditions, 5,47–5,76 thousand m3/ha under subsoil drip irrigation and 6,23–6,99 thousand m3/ha — for the above-ground placement of irrigation pipelines. The amount of evapotranspiration when implementing the pulse water supply regime was 4,85 thousand m3/ha and 5,69 thousand m3/ha for sunflower and chickpea, respectively. Conclusions. The introduction of subsurface drip irrigation is more appropriate for the cultivation of sunflower and chickpea, which is explained by their drought resistance. The variant with subsurface laying of irrigation pipelines of drip irrigation provided almost identical yield parameters with lower plant water consumption coefficients. Thus, the minimum water consumption coefficients (1077,8 m3/t — sunflower, 1329,7 m3/t — chickpea) were obtained under the condition of implementation of the pulse water supply mode. The same version of the experiment provided the highest level of crop yield — 4,50 t/ha for growing sunflowers and 4,28 t/ha for chickpeas.

Обґрунтування напрямів модернізації систем зрошення в Україні на основі оцінки їх енергоефективності

Goal. To assess the energy efficiency of water supply for irrigation, taking into account the technical condition of inter-farm engineering infrastructure and to determine the main directions of its modernization. Methods. The research was conducted on the basis of a systematic data analysis of technical and financial reports of the State Water Agency of Ukraine, inventory, technical, energy and financial and economic audit. Results. The results of the analysis of the current state are presented, the main problems and directions for the development of irrigation in Ukraine are established, a comprehensive analysis of the technical condition and potential for the use of reclamation infrastructure, in particular, the inter-farm engineering infrastructure of irrigation networks, is carried out using the example of the Lower Dniester Irrigation System (LDIS). It was established that the equipment of the LDIS pumping stations has long been amortized and is in a very poor technical condition, water losses during transportation are 32–35% of the primary water intake, the engineering infrastructure has practically exhausted its resource and does not meet the required level in terms of technical condition and parameters. The average specific costs of electricity for water pumping were determined, it was established that the operation of outdated equipment is carried out in conditions of a severe deficit of budgetary funding, there are practically no financial opportunities for current and capital repairs of equipment and structures. Based on the results of the technical and economic analysis and the energy audit, the total need for investments for the project of modernization and reconstruction of the NDSS was calculated. Conclusions. The current state of irrigation in Ukraine does not meet today's requirements either in terms of the amount of use of the available potential or in terms of the energy efficiency of the irrigation water supply process. Further effective use of the existing irrigation potential is possible only if investment projects for the modernization of irrigation systems are developed and implemented. The implementation of such projects will increase the energy efficiency of the water supply process by at least 30% and ensure the expansion of irrigation areas to the level at which the costs of operating irrigation systems can be covered by fees for supplying water for irrigation and other needs.

The zooplankton and environmental characteristics of Yardantsi Reservoir, Gusau, Nigeria

Zooplankton play an important role in the faunal biodiversity of aquatic ecosystems as they assist in transferring algal energy to higher trophic levels through grazing and also eliminate harmful algae from water. The zooplankton and environmental characteristics of Yardantsi Reservoir were studied in order to provide essential information on this important ecosystem that serves as domestic and irrigation water supply, and fishing ground. Samples for water quality and zooplankton analyses were collected from the reservoir from May, 2015 to April, 2017 using standard methods. Three groups of zooplankton (Copepoda, Cladocera and Rotifera) comprising of thirteen genera were encountered. Rotifera (36.69%) and Cladocera (34.44%) were numerically dominant during the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. The highest zooplankton abundance (5646), species richness (11), Shannon-Weiner index (2.25) and Margalef's index (1.16) were observed during the rainy season. Axes 1 and 2 of the principal component analysis (PCA) explained 74.82% and 11.89% of the zooplankton-environmental variable relationship. Diaphanosoma sp, Eubranchipus sp, Kellicottia sp and Macrothrix sp were mostly influenced by NO3, BOD, depth, pH and dissolved oxygen while Cyclops sp and Daphnia were mostly influenced by changes in alkalinity, hardness and chloride. Brachionus patulus, the dominant species in the reservoir was mostly influenced by PO4-P. The study shows that the reservoir is slightly polluted and it is essential to adopt effective management strategies such as reduced agricultural run-offs and riparian animal grazing to prevent further deterioration of water quality.

Cool- and Warm-Season Turfgrass Irrigation with Subsurface Drip and Sprinkler Methods Using Different Water Management Strategies and Tools

This study compared the performances of subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) to sprinkler irrigation (SI) of cool-season turf mix (CS) and warm-season (WS) turfgrass species while investigating their response to different irrigation scheduling strategies. Moreover, the suitability of crop water stress index (CWSI) for monitoring water stress and scheduling irrigation was tested. Irrigation was applied up to the field capacity when 30%, 50% and 70% of total available water was consumed. All parameters, including color, quality, fresh yield, dry matter yield, irrigation water productivity, water productivity, vegetation height and mowing, differed significantly for different irrigation methods and water supply strategies for both species. The best visual turf was maintained under non-limiting soil moisture conditions (30%) in all main and sub-treatments. At this irrigation threshold, maximum and minimum amounts of irrigation water were applied in SI CS treatment (523.5 mm) and SDI WS treatment (298.6 mm), respectively. Warm-season turf required up to 40% less water than cool-season turf mix. In the water-scarce regions, 50% treatment for cool-season and 70% treatment for warm-season can be suggested for acceptable visual quality, lower water consumption and less frequent clipping. The mean CWSI before irrigation, representing irrigation threshold, ranged between 0.22–0.70.

Operationalizing equity in multipurpose water systems

Abstract. Participatory decision-making is a well-established approach to address the increasing pressure on water systems induced by growing multi-sectoral demands and increased competition among different water users. However, most existing approaches search for system-wise efficient solutions and do not quantify their distributional effect among the stakeholders. In this work, we investigate how to operationalize equity principles to design improved water systems operations that better balance efficiency and justice. More specifically, we explore the extent to which the inclusion of equity principles reshapes the space of efficient solutions. Numerical experiments are conducted on the Lake Como system, Italy, operated primarily for flood control and irrigation water supply while also providing recreation and river ecosystem services. Our results show how incorporating equity considerations into the design of water system operations enriches the solution space by generating more compromise solutions than those obtained using a traditional multi-objective optimization. Moreover, we find that including equity in the operating policy design can indirectly improve the performance of marginalized sectors, such as recreation and ecosystem, which are not explicitly considered by the current lake operation. Lastly, we illustrate how the aggregation of multi-sectoral interests into an equity index strongly shapes our results. Thus, eliciting the preference structure of stakeholders and policymakers becomes paramount for the identification of a fair balance across competing interests. This work bridges the gap between multi-objective optimization approaches and equity-informed decision-making for real-world water resources planning and management, providing an effective tool to promote efficient and equitable policies.

Evaluation of Delbo Small Scale Irrigation Scheme Performance Southern, Ethiopia

Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region have launched a number of small-scale irrigation projects to help farmers achieve food self-sufficiency. However, because their systems' performances have not been assessed, it is unknown what level of performance they are capable of. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of the Delbo small-scale irrigation system in southern Ethiopia. The result revealed that, the output per cultivated hectare was between 7668.96 and 31585.36 birr/ha, and the output per season's unit command area ranged between 5560 and 21583.33 birr/ha. The irrigation supply output per unit ranges between 1.0 and 3.32 birr/m3. The relative water supply (RWS) and irrigation water supply (RIS) were 2.03 and 2.75, respectively. This indicated that irrigation water was not in limited supply, and more water was diverted to the Delbo irrigation facilities. The average application efficiency of the chosen farmer's field was 53.3%, storage efficiency was 61.73%, distribution uniformity was 75.58%, and conveyance efficiency was 73.4%. Field I was more effective than Field II in terms of irrigation water management, while Field III was the least effective. One issue that must be addressed to ensure the sustainability of the schemes is to increase the management abilities of the users in order to improve the scheme's water use.

Carbon footprint of Vidraru hydropower development

Large hydropower developments are not considered to be environmentally friendly due to large landscape flooded by their reservoirs. There is a certain carbon footprint related to this, in the phase of construction and of the operation of the reservoirs. This paper presents GHG emissions related to an iconic reservoir from Romania, Vidraru, and demonstrate that values are close to those determined around the world and that comparing with other conventional power plants producing electricity is the best environmental option. Furthermore, must be considered the other water uses related to reservoirs as flood mitigation, water supply for population, irrigation, and industry, where reservoirs cannot be replaced by anything else.

Система регионально-адаптированных индикаторов для целей устойчивой интенсификации орошаемого земледелия

Purpose: to develop and substantiate a system of regionally adapted indicators reflecting geospatial patterns, relationships and vulnerabilities of the irrigated farming systems functioning, for its sustainable intensification. Materials and methods. The study was carried out on the basis of a systematic approach using the principal component method, rating and scoring methods, cluster analysis, proportional costs method, and estimation scales. The database for calculations was formed on the basis of data from federal and regional institutions of the Russian Federation, the portal of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Water Supply Systems “Raduga”, enterprises and administrations of municipal districts of Western Siberia. Results. A system of regionally adapted geospatial indicators for sustainable intensification of irrigated agriculture, which includes two blocks: structural-functional and geoecological, has been developed. The principles for selecting indicators adapted to the regional scale and tested at the macro-regional, landscape-provincial, basin and district territorial levels of Western Siberia are substantiated. The structural-functional block includes 45 indicators reflecting both the main driving forces, factors and vulnerabilities of the irrigated farming systems functioning, as well as the processes of their cause-and-effect relationships with higher-order systems, which contributes to the study of regularities of spatio-temporal differentiation and identifying areas of interest. The geoecological block combines 40 indicators that help assessing and planning the development of irrigated agriculture, taking into account the geoecological limitations. Conclusions: the proposed system of regionally adapted indicators is an effective tool strategic decision support for the implementation of regional policies of sustainable intensification of irrigated agriculture.

ИНТЕГРАЛЬНАЯ ОЦЕНКА ГЕОИРРИГАЦИОННОЙ ОБСТАНОВКИ И УРОВНЯ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ АЛТАЙСКИХ ОРОШАЕМЫХ ЗЕМЕЛЬ

Purpose: to reveal the patterns of spatial differentiation of irrigation land use with the help of an integral assessment of geo-irrigation situation and the level of use of the Altai irrigated lands. Materials and methods. The study was conducted by aggregation of the rating of key indicators of agricultural land use with the determination of the Irrigation Land Use Index (ILUI) based on a system approach. The database for calculations was formed on the basis of information from federal and regional institutions of the Russian Federation, the portal of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Irrigation and Farming Water Supply Systems “Rainbow”, as well as administrations and enterprises of the Altai municipal districts. Results. Four types of irrigation land use with ILUI index from 0.640 to 17.373 have been identified, varying in the level of irrigated land use and the degree of favorable combination of geo-irrigation parameters. A comparative analysis of the identified types structure with the specifics of the functioning of the regional system of agricultural land use for 31 districts of the Altai Territory and the Republic of Altai showed that the most favorable geo-irrigation situation and the highest level of irrigated land use (ILUI over 5.600) are typical for suburban areas with potato and vegetable specialization of land use and areas in which high values of livestock are observed in combination with a high moisture deficit during the growing season, and agricultural land use is characterized by a lack of natural fodder land and a high share of fodder crops in the crop acres. Conclusions: aggregation of the ILUI evaluation index with the rating of agricultural land use indicators is an effective tool of strategic decision support for implementation of the regional policy of sustainable intensification of irrigated lands.

The global challenges facing the water resources and irrigation sector

Population growth has significantly increased while the water resources have not. In 1950, per capita water share was 12,050 m3/year, reduced to 7,310 m3/year in 2000 and is expected to be 4,580 m3/year by 2050. This is a significant reduction of 62% in per capita water share within a century. At the same time, water consumption is expected to increase by 50% by 2050. There is an urgent need for more water supply. In addition, according to the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, DESA (www. un.org/en/desa), the world population is expected to increase from 8 billion in 2022 to 9.8 billion in 2050 and to 11.2 billion in 2100. Subsequently by 2050, the food demand is expected to increase by 100% requiring more irrigation water (globally, on average, irrigation consumes 70% of freshwater resources). More efficient irrigation networks and irrigation systems, as well as water saving technologies, are needed to meet this challenge. The future climate change predicts more frequent extreme events of flood and drought. Irrigation and food production requires a steady water supply throughout the year. Climate change predicted increased and reduced rainfall in different parts of the world. Reduced rainfall leads to reduced runoff, river flow and groundwater recharge. Steady water supply for irrigation and food production can only be met by more storage reservoirs. Currently, there is a gap between water supply and demand and it is continuously increasing. By 2030, a 40% overall gap between global water supply and demand is expected and this will increase further by 2050. The gap between water supply/availability and future demand is widening over time. We will need to increase water supply by using non-conventional water resources, increasing rainwater and runoff harvesting and store water in reservoirs. Dams and reservoirs provide a steady flow for the whole year enabling us to apply integrated water management for agriculture and food production under changing climate. For the future, multipurpose dams and reservoirs for water and energy security are preferred over single use dams and reservoirs. Improving the irrigation application and conveyance efficiencies by lining the canal network and reservoirs will help in reducing losses by seepage and leakage. Using more efficient irrigation systems can also help in water saving. Adopting the concept of Water-Energy-Food Nexus is necessary for a holistic management to produce more crop per drop per kilowatt per unit area of land.

Environmental aspects of subsurface irrigation and development of a mathematical model of a double-circuit solar heating system

This article discusses the method of subsurface irrigation of agricultural crops. A technological system for subsoil irrigation has been developed using an industrial base for the production of perforated polyethylene pipes of small diameter. In the first moments of water supply for irrigation, when the soil has low initial moisture, the flow through the perforations is maximum. This leads to an intensive increase in the humidification circuit. As the water flow stabilizes, the increase in the size of the circuit in the horizontal and vertical directions practically stops, and further deformation of the humidification circuit occurs mainly due to gravitational forces. When the hydrostatic head at the entrance to the subsurface irrigation system increases above 70 cm, the spread of moisture in the soil in the horizontal and vertical directions increases slightly, but this can lead to the danger of soil destruction and water wedging out on the soil surface. A mathematical model of thermohydraulic processes in a thermosiphon system designed for watering the cultivation layer in solar greenhouses during the cold season according to the subsoil irrigation scheme has been developed. The dynamics equations of all functional blocks were taken into account in accordance with the accepted assumptions.

ЭНЕРГОСБЕРЕЖЕНИЕ ПРИ ПОЛИВЕ МНОГООПОРНОЙ ДОЖДЕВАЛЬНОЙ МАШИНОЙ «ВОЛГА-СМ»

Multi-bearing sprinkling machines "Fregat" are widely used in our country and have a significant mass and high metal consumption, and high pressure is required for irrigation, which makes it necessary to use high-energy-intensive units at pumping stations. The purpose of the study is to determine the directions for improving the design of the machine to reduce the high metal consumption and energy intensity of irrigation. The article presents the technical and energy characteristics of irrigation of the multifunctional sprinkling machine of the cable-stayed design "Volga-SM" with a polyethylene pipeline. Based on the required pressure values for the optimal operation of the hydraulic drive of the last trolley and the end sprinkler, as well as taking into account the pressure losses along the length of the steel and polyethylene pipeline, the pressure values at the machine inlet were determined depending on the modification of the machine and water consumption. The use of a double pipeline (steel, for supplying water to the hydraulic drives of carts and polyethylene, for supplying irrigation water to sprinklers), will reduce the pressure at the machine inlet from 0,47-0,7 MPa to 0,35-0,45 MPa, depending from the length of the machine and its modification. Energy saving for watering DM "Volga-SM" reaches 34-55%. The design features of the machine are substantiated, which will allow the application of aggressive fertilizers and chemicals only through a polyethylene pipeline and near-surface irrigation devices. This will prevent the ingress of aggressive chemicals into the steel pipeline and structural elements of the machine, reduce their corrosion and increase the service life. Installation of butterfly valves in front of polyethylene pipelines will exclude the supply of irrigation water into sprinklers, which will ensure the movement of the machine across the field without irrigation. Technical solutions are given to further reduce the pressure at the inlet to the machine to 0,2-0,28 MPa and reduce the consumption of electricity for irrigation.

ПЛАНИРОВАНИЕ СИСТЕМНОГО ВОДОРАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ: СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ И ПРИОРИТЕТНЫЕ НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЯ

Purpose: analytical assessment of the current methodological approaches to the systemic water distribution planning and determination of priority areas for its improvement. Materials and methods. The research material was the regulatory-procedural, legal-regulatory framework, publications on the planning and implementation of water supply for irrigation, the results of scientific research work on assessing the current state of system water use, data of fund documents and own author's research. The methodological basis of the work was: information-analytical approach, systemic and comparative analysis, heuristic forecast. Results. The necessity of methodical and technological improvement of system planning of water distribution, which guarantees water supply stability and the equality of each water consumer, is revealed. Based on the results of the information analysis, the priority tasks of scientific methodological substantiation, development, implementation and maintenance of water use procedures are classified, which will contribute to the development of irrigation that meets the requirements of innovative agricultural production. The following tasks have been identified: enhancing the use of existing solutions, improving the current provisions of theory and practice, preparing the breakthrough solutions for planning water use measures. Priority measures to improve the efficiency of water use control actions are proposed, including the replacement of the traditionally accepted decade water supply planning with daily planning, the organization of irrigation water supply from the end user, multi-criteria consideration of the diverse interests of the water use process participants based on digitalization. Conclusions. Implementation of the research results will require a large-scale consolidation of efforts and capabilities of both specialists in the field of land reclamation science and education, and practicing farmers, but the predicted effect of the water use system transformation will exceed their price.

Climate Change in a Semi-Arid Environment: Effects on Crop Rotation with Dairy Manure Applications

Highlights Spring wheat yields increase with high temperatures and the minimal impact of increased CO2. At high temperatures and increased CO2, spring barley yields increase; yields decrease at only high temperatures. Potato and sugarbeet yields decrease with climate change. Climate change had little impact in soil nitrogen processes. Abstract. Agricultural crops grown in the irrigated semi-arid region of southern Idaho account for almost two-thirds of the median household income in the region. The impacts of climate change on cropping systems and the availability of water for irrigation would be a serious challenge for the state's economic dependence on agriculture. The objective of the study was to simulate the future impact of climate change on a crop rotation of spring wheat-potato-spring barley-sugarbeet grown in the semi-arid region of southern Idaho using conventional management practices and a high dairy manure application. The Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM2) simulations used bias-corrected and spatially disaggregated projections from the World Climate Research Program’s coupled model inter-comparison project phase 5 to generate 40 GCM projections for the time from 2071-2099. The 28-yr scenarios were designed to simulate the impact of temperature and CO2 regimes on crop production, soil nitrogen mineralization, nitrogen seepage, deep seepage of water, and nitrous oxide emissions. Data from a field experiment in southern Idaho with conventional fertilizer practices and annual applications of 52 Mg ha-1 dairy manure with a crop rotation of spring wheat-potato-spring barley-sugarbeet were used in the RZWQM2 simulations. Results were compared to a baseline scenario of conventional management practices, historical weather data, and ambient CO2. Spring wheat yield increased by 22% and 16% for manure and fertilizer treatments, respectively, compared to the baseline scenario. Using the same comparison, potato tuber yield decreased by 65% and 60% in the manure and fertilizer treatments, respectively, for the highest temperature and CO2 increase scenarios. Spring barley produced a 33% higher yield with increased temperature and CO2. However, yield decreased when temperature increased, but CO2 remained unchanged. Sugarbeet yields decreased by 16% and 18% for manure and fertilizer treatments, respectively, compared to the baseline scenario. Nitrogen mineralization, N seepage from the profile, and nitrous oxide emissions were strongly influenced by the manure applications, and there was little simulated impact of climate change on these processes. These simulation results indicate that genetic enhancements or alternative management will be needed to maintain potato and sugar beet production levels in semi-arid areas, while spring barley and wheat yields may increase, assuming adequate irrigation water supplies are available. Keywords: Nitrogen Mineralization, Potato, RZWQM2, Spring Barley, Spring Wheat, Sugarbeet.