Piece Of Iron Research Articles

Hygienic Chemical Studies of Water Supply : Disappearance of Residual Chlorine and Presence of Ferrous Compounds in the Water during Contact with Model Iron Material

Changes in th quality of domestic tap water during contact with model iron materials were investigated by chemical and instrumental analyses. When neutral chlorinated water was placed in contact with pure iron pieces at 20°, the concentration of residual chlorine (free and combined) and solved oxygen in the water decreased rapidly with time, and pH of the water was lowered in the presence of free chlorine, but rose in the presence of combined chlorine. Dissolution of Fe2+ from iron pieces into the water was accelerated by residual chlorine suddenly followed by oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ precipitate. After disappearance of free Cl, however, presence of Fe2+ compounds in the water was found in a higher concentration. The rate of disappearance of free Cl, combined Cl, and dissolved oxygen in the water showed a linear relation with logarithm of each concentration. Rate constants for the disappearance of free Cl, combined Cl, and dissolved oxygen in the neutral water at 20° were about 3.2×10-2, 2.7×10-2, and 1.5×10-2M/dm2 (Fe)/min, respectively, when the concentration of these substances and SO42- was less than 10 ppm.

Iron Thresholds as a Protection

THE belief in iron as a protection against the approach or intrusion of witches, fairies or other evil influences is widespread.' I was therefore interested when I noted the large iron threshold slab set in front of the main door of the 15th century Priest House at West Hoathly, Sussex (TQ 36253250). This consists of a very rough and pitted piece of cast iron, forming an irregular rectangle measuring approximately Im x 35cm, which would probably have come from one of the nearby 16th century blast furnaces. A second example was found in the adjacent parish of Danehill, where another iron threshold has recently been taken up from a small cottage in process of renovation. This property (TQ 40852790), known as Pepper Alley, with documentary evidence going back to 1662, was probably enclosed from common land. The iron slab measures 50cm x 30cm x 4cm, and is known to have been in position for the last 90 years. A further example also occurs at Danehill at a house dating from 16th century, known as Sedges (TQ 41062885). Here the threshold outside the main door is composed of five pieces of tabular ironstone (iron ore) ranging in size from lm x 40cm downwards, mixed with similar pieces of local sandstone. While the main purpose of this note is to put the above on record, I hope it may prompt others to look for further examples of what seems to be an attempt to protect a house from evil. I should perhaps add that, whilst cast iron was no doubt freely available in the area in the 16th century, there was also a stone quarry in each of the parishes concerned and stone would probably have been a much cheaper material.

Seven swords of the Renaissance from an analytical point of view

IN an earlier paper in Gladius , I discussed methods of producing hardened steel sword blades in the Middle Ages; most of the specimens illustrated came from the period 1000-1500 A. D. Comparatively little has been written about Greek and Roman sword blades but a good deal about the pattern-welding of those blades which succeeded them in Western Europe. This was a method (practised between the 3rd and 10th centuries A. D.) of making large sword blades out of numerous small pieces of iron, producing, in addition, a decorative effect which was much prized, at least as much as any improvement in hardness. With the revival of the employment of large shaft furnaces, larger pieces of iron could be made, and pattern-welded blades went out of use around the l0th/11th century. Many blades of the Middle Ages were simply made by forging out a single bar of iron, edge-carburising it and then hardening the steeled edge by some form of heat-treatment, of which an example is specimen. No. 1. Other blades were made by forging together layers of steel and iron to give a steel cutting-edge (on a softer core) which could then be hardened.

Eddy current losses in solid iron pieces under three-dimensional magnetic field

This paper deals with a method to compute eddy losses in the massive magnetic pieces of electrical machines when the magnetic field near the material surface has three components. The flux outside the massive pieces is computed assuming that there are no eddy currents. This is normally satisfactory because the very weak coupling between magnetic and non-magnetic areas. Time dependence is neglected and only peak values are considered. Inside the material, the eddy currents concentrate the flux in a very thin skin depth. The local losses depend on that flux or the associated magnetic field. They are analytically calculated assuming a one-directional geometry. Time dependence, which may be sinusoidal or not, and the iron saturation is now considered. The internal flux path is determined, taking into account the iron piece shape, by solving a two-dimensional quasi-Poissonian equation. Computed and experimental figures of magnetic field and losses are compared at the same locations in a 20 MVA transformer.

Lipoperoxide formation in the retina in ocular siderosis.

Insertion of iron nail into the vitreous cavity provoke the formation of lipoperoxide in the retina. In acord with the increase in lipoperoxide in the retina, ERG began to decrease. In vitro experiment using isolated retina, lipoperoxide was found to be increased in the presence of ferric or ferrous ions, while it was inhibited by adding antioxidants or ethylenediamine tetraacetate. From these results, direct cause of retinal degeneration in siderosis could be ascribed to the formation of lipoperosice by iron-ions liberated from the piece of iron, resulting into the degeneration of the visual cell layers of the retina.

The Deformation of Metals at High Temperatures

The blacksmith is an almost legendary figure now, standing by his glowing fire and hissing bellows as he hammers a piece of red-hot iron into shape with skillful blows. Today the hotworking of metal is on the scale of a heavy ingot, weighing many tons and being shaped by a huge pneumatic hammer, a hydraulic press or a rolling mill. More than 80 percent of all metal products undergo high-temperature deformation at some stage in their processing. The products are as diverse as seamless tubes, turbine blades, railroad-car wheels, stainless-steel knives, concrete-reinforcing rods and the sheet steel from which many products are made by further working without heating.

Supergene alteration of the Mt Windarra nickel sulphide ore deposit, Western Australia

Three main zones of progressive oxidation, termed the transition, violaritepyrite and oxide zones, can be delineated in the supergene profile of the Mt Windarra massive/matrix ore deposit. In the broad transition zone from pure primary ore, pentlandite is progressively oxidised to an iron rich violarite of composition Co0.02Fe1.38Ni1.60 S4, releasing Fe2+ and Ni2+ ions into solution. Up to 43% of this Ni2+ moves to nearby pyrrhotite margins which are replaced firstly by nickeliferous smythite and then by a second lamellar-textured violarite with an even higher iron content but lacking in cobalt (approximately Fe1.6Ni1.4S4). On completion of violaritisation of the pentlandite, violaritisation of the pyrrhotite also ceases and the remainder of the pyrrhotite is rapidly replaced by secondary pyrite/marcasite, siderite and void space, this reaction defining the top of transition zone. Both sulphur and nickel are extracted from solution and further Fe2+ ions are released into solution. The violarite-pyrite zone is characterised by the absence of pentlandite and pyrrhotite and continued stability of violarite and secondary iron disulphides. Most, if not all, of the iron generated by these oxidation reactions precipitates as magnesian siderite at the expense of magnesite, giving rise to solutions containing mainly Mg2+ and Ni2+ ions. At and just above the water table atmospheric oxygen is reduced while the sulphides are oxidised to sulphate and hydroxides. Much of the iron remains in situ as characteristic goethite relicts while nickel and copper are leached, producing the enrichment below the water table. The overall genetic model proposed is electrochemical and is analogous to the corrosion of a piece of metallic iron partially immersed in differentially aerated water.

Determination of nitrogen-15 by combined system of sealed tube pyrolysis and mass spectrometer

A combined system of sealed tube combustion of nitrogen-containing sample and a simple mass spectrometer for detecting 14N-14N and 15N-14N has been established for the ultramicro sampling scale.A sample was placed in a heat-resistant glass tube having a capillary tip at one end as illustrated in Fig. 1, and highpurity oxygen from a stainless steel tube was passed through the glass tube for 8 min to purge the air, then the glass tube was sealed by a small hydrogen flame. The sealed tube was heated in a cylindrical electric furnace at 650°C for 90 min to ensure complete decomposition. The tube was introduced into the bottom of an inverted L-shaped tube as shwon in Fig. 2, while an iron piece was placed at the horizontal part. The inlet system was then evacuated and the iron piece was dropped onto the capillary end of the sealed tube to extract the combustion gas through the broken tip.A simple mass spectrometer, Yanaco Isotope Analyzer Model MSI-10, with the maximum M/e=200, the scan was between M/e = 28 and 29, where 14N-14N+, 14N-14N+ ions were determined. It has been found that an excessive signal response was obtained when the combustion time of the sealed tube was less than 50 min at the heating temperature of 650°C, probably because by incomplete combustion. The analytical results for approximately 10 μg of nitrogen with the proposed method was accurately coincided with those of the Rittenberg method using wet combustion, the latter being carried out by using at least 200 μg of nitrogen.

鼠鋳鉄のころがり軽摩耗―アムスラー式摩耗試験機による研究―

In order to study the rolling wear of gray cast iron accompanied by sliding, the mild wear tests were carried out under the dry condition using the upper and lower test pieces of gray cast iron of the same quality. A modified Amsler wear testing machine was used with the load of 3∼60 kg, and at the sliding velocity of 0∼0.27 m/sec combinating the test pieces of various diameters. Results are summarized as follows. (1) The wear process within this experimental limits is understood as the oxidative wear, and the mechanical wear, or mixed, but does not lead to the scuffing. (2) There is a critical point (P=14 kg/mm2) between the wear loss and the stress (maximum Hertz stress), and the wear loss shows a rapid rate of increase beyond it. (3) At the stress higher than 11 kg/mm2, the amount of wear loss of the lower piece is greater than that of the upper one. (4) Chemical analysis of wear particles by means of X-ray diffractometer shows that the amount of Fe2O3 is larger than 50% in weight in the oxidative region, 10∼50% in the transient region and almost zero in the mechanical region.

Medieval Iron-Workings in Minepit Wood, Rotherfield, Sussex

FROM 1965 TO 1967 detailed excavations were carried out in Minepit Wood, Rotherfield, Sussex, on what proved to be a complete and undisturbed iron-working site of the 14th and 15th centuries. Two periods were distinguished. Except for part of the roasting-furnace nothing survived of the earlier structures. The remains of the later period (which followed closely on the earlier) included a dump of natural ore prepared for roasting; a stone-built roasting-furnace with attendant heap of ore-roasting refuse; a stone and clay smelting-furnace and slag-heap; the groundwalls of a timber-framed building, which had been partly roofed and enclosed the smelting-furnace and supplies of roasted ore and charcoal; the ground- walls of a small ancillary building; and a few pieces of iron and contemporary pottery. One of the many minepits, which gave the wood its name, was also shown to be late medieval.

Modifications in the Automatic Diver Balance Technique

ABSTRACT The automatic electromagnetic diver balance, described by Larsson & Løvtrup (1966), is based on the principle that a diver with density less than the surrounding medium is prevented from rising to the surface by an electromagnetic force acting on a small piece of iron placed in the diver. Since it was first introduced, the balance has displayed certain imperfections which have hampered experimental progress. The primary causes of these disturbances have been traced to temperature oscillations in the flotation medium, to details in the electronic design and to the magnetic materials used in the core and in the diver. In the course of the work to remedy these sources of trouble our understanding of the theory of the method has greatly improved and as a consequence we have been able to devise other innovations which enhance the precision of the method. This report presents in brief outline the theory and the various modifications introduced.

Some Wooden Scraper Handles From the Great Plains and The Southwest

Adze-shaped scraper handles of antler are well known from the Plains area. Tools of the same pattern, of wood, are less well known and are virtually unmen tioned in the literature and the tool in both antler and wood is unmentioned from the Pueblo area. Data on size and distribution of large group of these objects in wood, from both the Plains and the Pueblo area are presented here, with some discussion of their possible origin. An object found in all large ethnological collections from the Plains area is the tool variously known as an elk-antler scraper handle, hide chipper or antler fleshing adze. This tool is an adze-like, L-shaped object made from the main beam of an elk antler with short length of tine projecting from one end. The tine remnant has been modified until it projects at right angle from the handle and the inner face has been flattened, giving it somewhat wedge-like shape. The end of the handle from which the modified tine projects has been cut on curve, accentuating the wedge-like appearance of the scraper arm. When complete this arm was shod with short, flat, iron blade lashed to the inner face. The surface roughness of the antler was ground away over the entire tool, leaving it smooth and polished. These tools and the method of using them have been described by Mason (1891:510) who says ... when the hide was dry the woman stretched it again upon the ground, and pro ceeded to make it thinner and by using another implement. . . which she moves toward her after the manner of an adze. This instrument was formed from an elk horn, to the lower end of which was fastened piece of iron (in recent times) . . . when the hide was needed for summer tent, leggins, or summer clothing of any sort, the [tool] was applied to the hairy side. This description is given for the method of tanning used by the Sioux, but few pages later he describes the same method and the same tool in use by the Pawnee, ... the hide is extended upon the ground and with an instrument resem bling an adze . . . the adherant portions of dried flesh are removed and the skin rendered much thinner and lighter (Mason 1891:572). J. Owen Dorsey (1884:311, Fig. 28) describes the tanning process of the Omaha in much the same words, illustrates an example of the tool and describes it as being made from an elk horn. The use of the antler scraper handle is reported for virtually all Plains tribes of the historic period but archaeological mention of them is rare. Wedel (1936:82) has reported them from historic Pawnee site in Nebraska, and Lehmer (1954:112) found them in an earlier South Dakota site attributed to the Arikara. Lehmer (1966:58) has also reported their presence in other sites on the Middle Missouri in associations which suggest they may have appeared during the Fort Yates phase of the Extended Middle Missouri horizon. His estimated age for this phase is A.D. 1100-1500 (Lehmer 1966:56). I suspect, on the basis of present evidence, that they appeared late, rather than early in the phase. Whether found archaeologi cally or collected from living peoples these tools show little variation in size, shape or decoration. Until recently I had seen none of these handles made of material other than antler, nor had I heard of their use in the Pueblo area. Inquiry among number of Plains anthropolo gists revealed that I was not alone in assuming that they were always made of antler and that their use was confined to the Plains. Wooden examples have, however, been mentioned in the literature. Mooney (1910:592) has described this tool as a sort of adze, made of wood or elkhorn, with blade of stone or iron set at right angle to the handle. For the Wichita, Dorsey (1904:5) says that ... for dressing hides they used flesher similar in shape to that used by the other Plains tribes; the handle, however, was of wood and beautifully fashioned. A third mention of

The effect of powder metallurgy process parameters on mechanical properties of micro and nano-iron powder

The ever-increasing development of applying the iron pieces made by powder metallurgy in car industries and other usages depends on making pieces with high density and consequently acceptable physical and mechanical properties. Regarding the effect of decrease in the powder bits’ size on improvement of the mechanical characteristics and on decrease in the temperature of sinter, the experiments on the pure iron powder with the bits’ size of 5, 45, 63 micron in which 20% of iron nanopowder was added to the powder with the bits’ size of 45 micron, have been studied. Mere iron nanopowder also was applied for experiments. Pieces are compacted under 300-850 MPa and lubricants by0.4 and 0.6 percent of the total weight was mixed with the powders. Various amounts of sintering time and sintering temperature were considered for the sintering of the samples. The survey suggested that applying micro powders resulted in an increase in the linear density and the strength at the relatively high temperatures and high keeping times. Sintering temperature and shrinkage has declined considerably with the decrease in the powder size and as a result the strength increases. High strength for products made by smaller powders under high pressures and low sintering temperatures using lubricated frame wall are obtained. SEM pictures from the fracture junctions of the samples show the decrease in porosity due to the close impact of the smaller powder size.

Simple physics in a complex world

I nearly entitled my lecture 'Many body problems' and probably would have done so, but for the fact that, in modern theoretical physics, the term 'many body problems' has become much too highbrow for the kinds of problems, both in and out of physics, that seem to have come my way. The many body world is complex and this is because the many bodies which make it up — whether atoms in a piece of iron, rods of uranium and blocks of graphite in a nuclear reactor, plants and animals in a woodland, people in society, departments in a government, nations in the world — these bodies all act upon one another in a tremendous tangle of interconnections.

Crystallization and Torsional Oscillations of Superdense Stars

The nuclei of a piece of iron compressed to a density of 108 g cm3~ will arrange themselves into a body centred cubic lattice with a melting temperature near 2 × 108 °K, corresponding to a thermal energy about 1 per cent of the coulomb repulsion between neighbouring nuclei1. For matter near the end point of thermonuclear evolution compressed to still higher densities the dominant nuclear species shift towards very neutron rich nuclei, with Z between 30 and 50, which arrange themselves into crystal lattices with an even greater melting temperature. Crystallization among nuclei can occur up to densities close to that of conventional nuclear matter where those protons that remain cluster into very neutron-rich nuclei which are surrounded by and exchange neutrons with an ambient degenerate neutron sea. Because canonical neutron star interiors are estimated to cool to an average temperature below 5 × 108 °K in less than 103 years2–4, the outer regions of such stars should be solid.

The early years of the power transformer

The transformer has attained a high degree of sophistication since Faraday and his contemporaries experimented with massive pieces of iron and miles of wire. However, neither the basic materials nor the fundamental design have seen much change in the past 50 years.

溶融シアン化ナトリウムの分解反応と窒化能

There are many reports on practical problems about the case-hardening of iron and steel by nitriding in fused salts, but there are some unknown points about the mechanism of the reaction of salts and others. In this paper the changes in compositions of pure fused sodium cyanide (NaCN) and cyanate (NaCNO) salts were investigated during heating at 575°C in oxygen or argon atmosphere by means of chemical analysis of the remaining cyanide. Also, the amount of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) was measured by the gas-chromatographic technique. On the basis of the obtained results, an attempt was made to clarify the behavior of decomposition of the fused salts and also to correlate it with its nitriding effect for steel.The results gained are as follows:(1) NaCNO was decomposed in accordance with the following reaction:(This article is not displayable. Please see full text pdf.) \ oindentIf pieces of iron exist in the salt, the disappearing decomposition rate of NaCNO was accelerated several hundred times. In this case the nitriding of steel can be performed most effectively, because the above reaction (\ efeq1) proceeds on the surface of steel and active nitrogen is much available for that use.(2) With the blow of oxygen gas the following reaction becomes predominant:(This article is not displayable. Please see full text pdf.) \ oindentNevertheless, its nitriding effect is not so strong.(3) The reaction from NaCN to Na2CO3 seems to be a so-called consecutive process producing NaCNO salt as an intermediate product.(4) As the estimation of the nitriding effect is possible from the measurement of CO2 gas evolved during the reaction, the gas-chromatographic technique would be useful to study the reaction in this case.

A Study on Aqueous Corrosion of Metals

The measurement of polarization in metals in electrolytic solutions is an effective method of determining the corrosion rate and its mechanism because the local action of the cell on the metal surface, which is one of the typical electrochemical phenomena, is considered to be the causative of aqueous corrosion of metals in general. To this general statement, however, there are limitations as follows:(1) That even with perfect polarization of the metal its active sites on the surface remain constant.(2) That the mechanism of the anodic and the cathodic reactions remain as it is for a wide range of polarization.Through experiments of examining iron pieces of different species, for their contamination at 40°C, in aqueous solution of sulfuric acid, as it was or in the same solution with ferrous ion, the parameters of hydrogen electrode reactions on the metal cathode, their Tafel coefficient, and their exchange current density were obtained as well as their static potential and corrosion current density. The hysteresis on the potential vs. current density curve with increasing and decreasing current was observed in all the sample species while the potential vs. log current density curve made a straight line when the surface of the electrode was sufficiently stabilized by electrolysis at high current density in pure solution of the acid.The report of the experiments is concluded with demonstration to prove that the measurement of polarization is still an effective method of corrosion test.

Distribution of mechanical forces in magnetised material

Although the total force on a piece of iron in a magnetic field is calculable by well known methods, the factors governing its distribution over the iron are less well understood. It is shown that the conceptions of iron as an aggregation of dipoles or of current loops are both inadequate for this purpose, but a combination of the two can be used under certain conditions and leads to the Helmholtz force formula. Maxwell's formula, based on the dipole concept, is in error. The effect of nonlinearity in the iron characteristic is discussed, and also that of a permeability which varies when the material is deformed. The latter aspect is developed for a particular ideal material, several examples being discussed; it is thereby shown that the variation of permeability with deformation is crucial in determining the distribution of forces.

Forsøg på rekonstruktion af fortidige smedeprocesser

Forsøg på rekonstruktion af fortidige smedeprocesser