Abstract
The blacksmith is an almost legendary figure now, standing by his glowing fire and hissing bellows as he hammers a piece of red-hot iron into shape with skillful blows. Today the hotworking of metal is on the scale of a heavy ingot, weighing many tons and being shaped by a huge pneumatic hammer, a hydraulic press or a rolling mill. More than 80 percent of all metal products undergo high-temperature deformation at some stage in their processing. The products are as diverse as seamless tubes, turbine blades, railroad-car wheels, stainless-steel knives, concrete-reinforcing rods and the sheet steel from which many products are made by further working without heating.
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