Piece Of Iron Research Articles

Catching the inner core in a spin

The inner core of the Earth, a solid piece of iron 2,400 kilometres in diameter, is rotating faster than the rest of the planet. At its equator, it moves under our feet by more than 20 kilometres a year.

Review of power in '95

The new 800 pp. 1895 General Electric Co. Catalogue offered dynamos, motors, arc lamps, `Robertson' incandescent lamps, cookers, heaters, switches, cables, carbons, insulators, telephones, bells etc. The Institution debated motors, steam engines, railway lighting, house wiring, induced current in massive iron pieces, hysteresis loss measurement, gold extraction and telephone switchboards. The author reviews the activities in power engineering for 1895 including: a dynamo, hysteresis losses measurement, railway yards lighting, steam engines, and electric wiring.

An Approximate Calculation Method of Magnetic Attractive Force between an Electromagnet and an Iron Piece using FEM.

Force between an electromagnet and an iron piece is usually calculated with a equation of Maxwell's stress, and for the exact result, the integration of stress is made along a route away from the iron. It, however, is necessary to calculate magnetic flux density components paralell to the integration route as well as perpendicular ones.The authors propose a new method of calculation using FEM. This method presents that the integration of Maxwell's stress is made on the surface of an iron piece, and magnetic flux is regarded perpendicular to the iron surface. Calculated values of magnetic force, attractive force and restoring force under small parallel displacement to pole face, have been compared with measured ones on an experimental model. The following results are obtained. (1) The magnetic force is calculated using the results of FEM analyses where the number of nodes has been less than 1000. The differences between the calculated and the measured values are smaller than 5%. (2) To obtain the above results, it is necessary that relative permeability of the iron piece is larger than 100 and the side length of each triangle element near the iron corner is less than 2% of the gap length.

Aproximación teórica y metalográfica a la reducción de hierro en la Prehistoria partiendo del trabajo experimental

The starting point of this paper is the description of an experimental iron reduction developed using a reconstruction of a shaft kiln based upon finds dated to the Danish Iron Age. A chemical and archaeological perspective on the experience is given. A metalographical study of the resulting metal was also made, both to check the iron obtained and to get pictures that may be useful in the future investigation of historical pieces of iron.

２．４ｔ／日 石灰直接水添液化反応器内における固体粒子の沈積

Solid accumulation characteristics was examined in a 240mm dia. and 2720mm high reactor of 2.4ton/day NKK direct coal liquefaction process. The characteristics was largely influenced by gas flowrate. No solid accumulation was observed at gas feedrates higher than 400Nm3·h-1. At a low gas feedrate of 300Nm3·h-1, the axial temperature profile in the reactor was not uniform and solid accumulation occurred due to insufficient fluid mixing. The accumulated solids were found to be mainly composed of two types of compound, which were small pieces of metal iron generated from ball mill for coal slurry prearation and agglomerates of sulfides of liquefaction catalyst and metal iron. The composition of solids obtaind in the present reactor was diffrent from those in other coal liquefaction plants, which mainly arised from formation and agglomeration of mineral matter such as CaCO3. The characteristics of solid accumulation was well simulated by a sedimentation-diffusion model with densities and linear velocities of gas and liquid under coal liquefaction condition, which were estimated on the basis of gas-liquid equilibrium. It was suggested from the model that ash accumulation is more hardly to occur in the present reactor under the conventional operating conditions than in the other coal liquefaction reactors.

Microstructural changes associated with vibratory prepared weldments

The solidification of grey cast irol~L [1] under imposed vibration shows a varying microstructure. Kou and Le [2] showed experimentally that under lowfrequency vibration there is improvement in the microstructure and mechanical properties of aluminium weldments. Researchers [3-6] have proved that solidification of castings under vibratory conditions shows a refinement in grain size, metaUographic refinement and reduction in various casting defects. This letter pertains to the microstructure of the weldments prepared under stationary and vibratory conditions. Micrographs show an appreciable improvement in the grain refinement of the weldments prepared under vibratory conditions. Two mild steel workpieces were clamped with the help of C-clamps and angle iron pieces on a vibrating table (Fig. 1). The vibrating table rested on shafts which were supported on bearings. This table was rigidly coupled to an electrodynamic vibrator. A three-phase a.c. transformer and futile-coated mild steel electrodes were used for welding. A oscillator/ power amplifier and vibration meter were used for

A self-heated iron bromide (?=452.9 nm) laser with Ne-HBr buffer gas

A self-heated multikilohertz laser is reported which operates on the 452.9 nm cyclic transition of atomic iron. The iron atoms are provided by dissociation of iron bromide donor molecules, formedin situ by passing Ne-HBr buffer gas over iron pieces in the laser-discharge active region. The output characteristics of the laser are described. Laser oscillation predicted by Walteret al. (IEEE J. Quantum Electron.QE-2 (1966) 474) for the 583.4 nm transition of rhenium was searched for using the same laser device, but was not realized.

ＢＣｌ３‐ＮＨ３ガスを用いたプラズマＣＶＤ法による鋼表面でのボロン化合物の生成

Experiments were conducted on the formation of boron compounds on pure iron and stainless steel substrates using BCl3 and NH3 as the reaction gases and Ar as the diluent gas. Samples were prepared by machining pieces of various iron and steel materials to a diameter of 6mm and a thickness of 1mm, and polishing the surfaces with diamond paste. Samples were heated in an infrared ray furnace. The following results were obtained.1. For pure iron, S45C, SK3 and SKH55, the thickness of the boron compounds formed by reaction with the substrate material increased linearly with the length of the treatment time and with the reaction temperature. In the case of SUS304, however, peeling of the surface layer occurred, while in the case of SCM415, peeling occurred during polishing of the cross-section, making it impossible to obtain an accurate measurement of the thickness of the layer formed.2. Disuniformities and vapor holes were observed on the surface of the layer of compounds formed, as the result of the vaporization of salts of Fe and Cr in the reaction tube. As a result of this, the concentration of Ni and Cr in the surface layer in the case of SUS304 was found to have increased relative to that in the inside of the surface layer.

Radiocarbon Dating of Iron Artifacts

During the late 1960s, N. J. van der Merwe (1969) obtained 14C measurements on 11 iron pieces, ranging in carbon content from medium carbon (0.22%) wrought iron (1.2 kg used) to high carbon (3.2%) cast iron (30 g), thereby demonstrating the feasibility of the technique for 14C dating iron. In the early 1980s, Sayre et al. (1982) repeated two of van der Merwe's measurements, and carried out two analyses on a recently rediscovered Elizabethan(?) iron bloom. Thirty grams were required of this medium carbon wrought iron to obtain an age using small proportional counters. A number of iron artifacts have recently been analyzed by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) at IsoTrace. Samples ranged in size from 3.4 g of a medium carbon (≃0.4%) wrought iron bloom to 274 mg for a high carbon (1.79%) wootz steel fragment. AMS now permits analysis of samples that previously were too small or too valuable to be analyzed. For larger samples, multiple analyses can reveal variations that may aid the evaluation of sample history.

ステノン管断裂の一治験例

An accidental blow with a piece of iron caused a crushing injury of the left cheek of a 52-year-old woman. The patient had emergency surgery at a nearby hospital. Starting the next day there was bulging of the left cheek after eating. Since pressure bandaging for 10 days did not reduce the swelling, she was referred to our hospital. A 70mm wound was present along the midline of the left cheek. No salivary flow was seen from the ostium of Stenon's duct. Facial paralysis was not present. A sialogram and sialo-CT scan demonstrated obstruction of Stenon's duct and a sialocele. Under general anesthesia reoperation was performed. It was found that the distal end of the severed Stenon's duct had been ligated with silk and a sialocele had formed in the superficial part of the parotid gland. A silicone tube was introducted through the duct, and an end-to-end anastomosis of Stenon's duct was accomplished. The ruptured parotid gland was closed with silk sutures. On the 10th day the tube was removed, and salivary flow could be observed. A sialogram on the 14th day demonstrated slight constriction of the anastomosis. 99mTc scintigraphy indicated functional recovery of the left parotid gland 3 months after the operation.

Magnetic fields calculated by INTMAG compared with analytical solutions and precision measurements

Abstract The computer program INTMAG [R. Becker, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B42 (1989) 303] calculates magnetostatic fields by integrating the contributions of real filaments, which result from splitting up solid windings, and of assumed filaments on the surface of iron pieces, in order to simulate the behaviour of the iron-air interface. The currents of the surface filaments are determined in succeeding steps by an iterative procedures, which saves memory at the expense of computing time, but allows to use as much as 999 filaments in a problem, even on a PC. Due to the integration calculus, the results are more accurate and much more “smooth” than from any finite difference or finite element method program. For the use in trajectory-optics programs such as EGN2 [W.B. Herrmannsfeldt, SLAC-331 (1988)], where radial expansion of axial data is a common procedure, the results of INTMAG do not need any “Maxwellisation”, because they are exact solutions of Maxwell's equations. New features added to INTMAG comprise a finite permeability, rectangular coordinates, and mirroring to save numerical work in the case of mirror or angular symmetry as well as an improvement of the integration over the discretised boundary filaments. The PC versions of INTMAG is compiled with MS-Fortran 5.0 (Microsoft Corp., Redmont, WA, USA) which allows to use NAMELIST input, making the input file easy to read and easy to set up. Besides explaining the new features added, the emphasis of this paper is on the comparison of INTMAG calculations with analytical solutions, namely the magnetisation of iron ball and sphere in the case of axisymmetric coordinates and of iron rod and cylinder in rectangular coordinates for different values of permeability. As a further example in rectangular coordinates, a quadrupole is calculated, demonstrating the option of mirroring. Also a comparison is made with precision measurements (B. Langenbeck, private communication) in the gap of a bending magnet of the ESR [B. Franzke, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B24 (1986) 18] ring at GSI. For this example, POISSON (POISSON, group of programs at GSI) calculations can be included into the comparison.

Calculation of vector potentials from scalar potentials for 3D finite difference solutions

The authors describe a method for solving 3-D magnetostatic problems by which the vector potential is calculated from the scalar potential. The proposed method has been realized by a computer subroutine which is now part of the program system PROFI. As an example the distribution of the normal component of the magnetic flux density was calculated at the boundary of a symmetric iron piece.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Aspects of Powder Technology in Ancient and Medieval India

The production, characterisation, and application of metal powder in ancient and medieval India have been investigated on the basis of literary evidence. It has been shown that metal powder was produced by a variety of methods, including mechanical comminution, amalgamation, atomisation, filing, and cementation. Aspects of powder characterisation are also described. Perhaps the first application of powders of metals such as gold, silver, copper, and tin was in coloured paints. An important application of very fine metal powders was in making bhasmas – compounds of the respective metals in powder form that are used medicinally. Evidence shows that metal in granular form was recognised as a means of enhancing the reaction rate in processes such as gold refining. An experimental study on the production of silver powder by an ancient Indian method based on mechanical communition of very thin silver leaves has been carried out, and it has been shown that fine, flake like powder is produced. The famous Delhi iron pillar was manufactured by successive hot forging of porous sponge iron pieces obtained by the reduction of selected iron ore, a process very close to powder forging. PM/0504

INTMAG: A program for the calculation of magnetic fields by integration

This paper describes a program for the calculation of axisymmetric magnetic fields using integral expressions. Fields due to currents are calculated by splitting up windings into current carrying rings. The fields of these rings are evaluated off-axis by the well known representation with complete elliptic integrals [1]. Iron pieces with arbitrary cross section can be taken into account by assuming infinite permeability and by representing the magnetization by Ampere's currents on the surface of these pieces. To account for the mutual influence of these surface currents, an iterative procedure with fast convergence is applied. This allows an arbitrary fine discretization of surface currents along the iron surfaces, which is free from any meshing and uses only modest computer memory. The method therefore is well suited for PCs and workstations.

Towards a Poor Theatre in Brazil

São Paulo's Grupo Macunaíma has established a paradigm for a unique form of poor theatre, which has had a marked influence on alternative troupes in Brazil attempting to break the commercial mould and to return to a social vision, lost during the darkest years of the military dictatorship. Grotowski's Towards a Poor Theatre outlines the abstract formulation and practical applications of the method he elaborated in his Polish Laboratory Theatre. The director-theoretician proposed first and foremost to overturn what he called rich theatre: a form of staging using ‘borrowed mechanisms’ from movies and television and expensive scenic technology. The Polish Laboratory was also an actor-centred theatre in which the stage was redesigned architecturally for each performance to allow the performers to interact with the audience and in which there were no naturalistic sets or props, no recorded music or sophisticated lighting. The actor, through a complex system of signs, continually created and recreated the meaning of text, constumes, set, and props. ‘By this use of controlled gesture the actor transforms the floor into a sea, a table into a confessional, a piece of iron into an animate partner, etc.’ (Poor Theatre, p. 21). Grotowski's plays were filled with costumes made of torn bags, bathtubs serving as altars, bunkbeds becoming mountains, hammers used as ‘musical’ instruments. ‘Each object must contribute not to the meaning but to the dynamic of the play; its value resides in its various uses.’ Other tenets of the Grotowski system germane to this study are a return to mythical and ritual roots, the theatrical remaking of classical works, and the collective basis of stagecraft.

Decay Characteristics of Electromagnet

The decay characteristics following dc magnetization of a solenoid valve were studied, with one pole, a movable iron piece, covered with either chrome plating or foil. The range of chrome plating thicknesses affecting the time constants was extremely small, under 10 μm in these experiments. Two types of behavior were observed depending on the spring force and the excitation current. One characterized by stable separation times and the other by a rapid increasing separation time.

Tensile strength and its scattering in small size test pieces of cast iron.

To evaluate the strength of cast iron on very small samples, an experimental study was performed on the influence of test piece dimension on the tensile strength and its scattering. Tensile tests on numerous specimens of 2 mm and 8 mm in diameter revealed that the average strength does not vary significantly with the test piece diameter, however, in gray iron, the scattering is large in small specimens. Weibull's formula of size effects does not apply, but Daniels theory on the strength of bundles of threads applies better. In ductile iron, neither the average strength nor the scattering is affected by specimen diameter, as the scattering is caused by variations in material strength.

6152. A stabilised flow control system for ion source gas from volatile liquids

Separated probe-forming systems can be applied to enhance the resolution of a scanning nuclear microprobe with a comparatively large working distance to accommodate the detectors at backward angles. In such systems, magnetic quadrupole lenses are placed at the considerable distance and hence require their precise alignment with the beam axes. Violation of this requirement results in a considerable increasing of a spot size on the target for a constant beam current. Positioning of magnetic quadrupole lenses in a doublet can be implemented in a single-unit design, where a yoke and poles of two lenses are made from one piece of soft iron by precise electrical discharge machining. In a case of triplet, lens manufacturing as a single-unit has technological difficulties. A lens triplet configuration presented in this work comprises placement of three single magnetic quadrupole lenses in a single rigid frame. An approach to lens alignment by the magnetic field reconstruction method was developed and successfully realized.

6153. Charge and energy transfer in collisions of Cs+ ions with a cesiated W(110) surface

Separated probe-forming systems can be applied to enhance the resolution of a scanning nuclear microprobe with a comparatively large working distance to accommodate the detectors at backward angles. In such systems, magnetic quadrupole lenses are placed at the considerable distance and hence require their precise alignment with the beam axes. Violation of this requirement results in a considerable increasing of a spot size on the target for a constant beam current. Positioning of magnetic quadrupole lenses in a doublet can be implemented in a single-unit design, where a yoke and poles of two lenses are made from one piece of soft iron by precise electrical discharge machining. In a case of triplet, lens manufacturing as a single-unit has technological difficulties. A lens triplet configuration presented in this work comprises placement of three single magnetic quadrupole lenses in a single rigid frame. An approach to lens alignment by the magnetic field reconstruction method was developed and successfully realized.

Hygienic Chemical Studies of Water Supply. The Correlation between the Disappearance of Residual Chlorine and the Metal Concentrations in the Water during Contact with Pure Copper, Zinc, Lead and Iron Pieces as Model Materials

Hygienic Chemical Studies of Water Supply. The Correlation between the Disappearance of Residual Chlorine and the Metal Concentrations in the Water during Contact with Pure Copper, Zinc, Lead and Iron Pieces as Model Materials