Iraq Climate Research Articles

Climate securitization and Iraq's climate challenges

Climate securitization and Iraq's climate challenges

Statistical downscaling of future temperature and precipitation projections in Iraq under climate change scenarios

The research was aimed to; (i) study the observed climate in Iraq from 1971 to 2021 for annually, monthly and seasonally averages of temperature and precipitation for nine meteorological stations; ii) produce RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios for Iraq region under historical (1900–2005) and future periods (2006–2100) for temperature and precipitation using NCAR-CCSM4 database; and iii) examine the anomaly for near future (2025–2034) and medium future (2050–2059), related to 1986–2005. To evaluate the performance of the monthly averages of temperature and precipitation, three bias correction techniques i.e., Delta, Empirical Quantile Mapping, and Quantile Mapping were applied to nine metrological stations. The results revealed that the Delta is the most efficient method to bias correction for the monthly averages related to temperature and precipitation. The annual average temperature increased from 22.9 C° in 2006, based on both RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, to 24.0 C° and 27.2 C°, respectively, and the anomaly increased from −0.9 C° and −1.9 C° in 2006, to 0.6 C° and 2.4 C°. The precipitation annual and winter month's averages under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 from 2006 to 2100, 2020–2039 and 2040–2059 showed that southwest region in Iraq (Basra, Missan and Thi-Qar provinces) had more drought and low precipitation than the other regions. From 2029 to 2034 and 2050–2054, rainy years have been predicted, using RCP4.5. Based on RCP.8.5, from 2025 to 2034 and 2050–2055, should witness rainy years, followed by a drought period. The results expected to support decision-makers in incorporating a national initiative to break down social barriers, encourage growth prospects, particularly in southern Iraq.

Meteorological Drought Analysis Using Multiple Indices for Selected Stations in Iraq

This study aims to assess the performance of three drought indices for drought monitoring to study the characteristics of meteorological drought in Iraq, which are the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI), the China-Z Index (CZI), and the Modified China-Z Index (MCZI) on 1-, 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-month timescales, using monthly precipitation data from 1980 to 2021. These indices were used to analyze the spatiotemporal dynamics of droughts using the rainfall data collected from five meteorological stations scattered across the four climatic zones as classified by Köppen in Iraq. According to the study, the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) values among the indices increase with increasing time scale and give similar drought characteristics at the 9-month and 12-month time scales. SPI generally indicated the drought event earlier and with more severe characteristics than the other indices. MCZI showed wetness earlier than the other two indices, and it also described the drought categories similarly to SPI and CZI, especially in the northern regions of Iraq, but it was less official in describing it as we headed down to the south. While CZI described the drought as having less severity than SPI, it frequently gives the same classifications of drought as SPI. CZI could be used as a good meteorological drought monitor, depending on the month, the length of the drought duration, and the climatic conditions of the region. It might be an alternative to the SPI, which needs long rainfall records and has a complicated structure. SPI and CZI can be considered good indices for describing drought in all regions of Iraq. The result shows that 1980, 1993, 1995, and 2019 were the most wet years; 2007–2010 was the most severe drought event; and Iraq's climate was normal to moderate drought during the studied period for all considered stations.

Solar adsorption cooling system operating by activated–carbon–ethanol bed

One efficient way to convert small thermally energized into effective cooling is through adsorption cooling technology, which increases energy efficiency and reduces environmental pollution. This study's primary goal is to hypothetically examine the thermal coefficient of performing the solar adsorptive refrigerator machine operated with an activating carbon/Ethanol operating dual. The impact of different operating situations and design factors on the machine's performance is inspected and evaluated. The present double-bed solar energy adsorptive-cooler unit is modeled by thermodynamic methodology. Then, it was analyzed to evaluate its effectiveness work under Baghdad climate conditions. For the current study, the two-bed solar adsorption cooling unit with 0.5 kW capacity input heat 11893 that operates at 5 °C for the evaporator and 45 °C for the condenser is presented. The Engineering-Equation-Solver (EES) simulation program was created and used to solve the modeling equations that predict the optimal cycle performance and evaluate the optimum reasonable values of the operation parameters of the proposed system. The pressure range for the refrigeration cycle is 2.408 kPa for the evaporation state and 23.14 kPa for the condensation state. The findings demonstrate that an optimum coefficient of performance (COP) is 0.702 at 95 °C, a 20% performance increase, which generates 39.4 of cooling water. It produced 1 kg of chilled water for 2.463 kg of activated carbon at a temperature of 5°C. The improved solar-powered adsorption systems and refrigeration technologies are appealing substitutes that can satisfy energy demands in addition to meeting needs for cooling, ice production, air conditioning, and refrigeration preservation and safeguarding of the environment with Iraq's climate conditions.

Experimental and theoretical analysis of the solar adsorption refrigeration system under south Iraq climate condition

This study investigates the performance of a solar adsorption refrigeration system utilizing activated carbon and methanol as the adsorbent/adsorbate combination in the context of the climate conditions in southern Iraq. The primary aim is to develop an efficient and environmentally friendly refrigeration technology that can operate off-grid, particularly in regions with limited access to electricity. Through a combination of experimental trials and theoretical analysis, the research explores the impact of factors such as solar radiation intensity, collector design, and operational parameters on system efficiency. The findings reveal that the tubular form of the collector/adsorber enhances system performance by simplifying maintenance and reducing the risk of leaks. Additionally, the study demonstrates the system's capability to cool water significantly, showcasing its potential for practical applications. The key contribution of this research lies in its innovative approach to solar refrigeration technology, offering a sustainable solution for cooling needs in challenging environments. The solar-driven refrigerator achieves a COP of 0.38 (ambient 30 °C) using 5.5 kg of carbon and 0.24 kg of methanol. Collector efficiency reaches 43 % under peak sun (847 W/m2), with a theoretical maximum of 51 % (1000 W/m2). The refrigerator cools 1 L of water from 30 °C to −0.6 °C, demonstrating its potential for sustainable refrigeration and reduced reliance on fossil fuels. These findings contribute to advancing solar-driven refrigeration and reducing reliance on fossil fuels. To counteract climate change, this work lays out a practical road towards sustainable refrigeration.

The Impact of some Climatic Variables on the Iraqi Agricultural Output Duration of 1990-2021

Water scarcity, high temperatures, and a lack of resources necessary to achieve sustainable balance in the agricultural sector all pose clear threats to food security in Iraq, which are exacerbated by climatic conditions. During the years 1990-2021, the climate in Iraq played a variety of effects in determining the country’s agricultural output. Time series data and several climate factors were utilized to assess their effect on agricultural output in Iraq over the specified time frame, and the research hypothesis was confirmed using the Dickie-Fuller test and the unit root test, respectively. least squares method, which provides the most accurate unbiased linear estimates, and stability via an expanded test for determining whether or not a time series is stationary using the program E-viewst12. It was determined that a number of factors, including a decline in Iraq’s agricultural land area due to a lack of dams, the drying up of secondary rivers, and the expansion of desertified areas due to high temperatures and salinity, contributed to these effects. Negative effects on farm productivity. Important suggestions include developing a plan to deal with climate change, increasing the importance of agricultural technology in this context, creating new varieties of high-yielding crops that can thrive in the climate of Iraq, and increasing agricultural output through the use of fertilizers and mechanized farming techniques.

Comparative study of different phase change materials on the thermal performance of photovoltaic cells in Iraq's climate conditions

The incident solar energy that impinges upon the photovoltaic cells undergoes a conversion process, resulting in the generation of electrical energy and conversion of absorbed energy into heat. This increase in temperature adversely affects the performance of the panel, leading to a decrease in its overall efficiency. This study examines the properties and performance of phase change materials, specifically paraffin wax, natural beeswax, and a combination of paraffin wax and beeswax, in comparison to a solar panel lacking any phase change substance. The experiment was conducted in the climatic conditions of Iraq, namely in the city of Hawija, located southwest of Kirkuk, during the summer of 2022. The prevailing environmental temperature throughout this period averaged 44 °C. The experiment involved comparing plate temperature, electrical power, and electrical efficiency. The results indicated that all the materials caused a decrease in the temperature of the board at the beginning of the experiment and for a short duration. Nevertheless, as the phase change material (PCM) undergoes melting, the dissipation of heat becomes unfeasible, resulting in a gradual increase in temperature. It was observed that there was a rise in temperature during the afternoon hours. According to the recorded data, the use of beeswax resulted in a decrease in temperature by 4 °C in comparison to the reference plate that did not incorporate phase change materials (PCM). Additionally, the efficiency of the photovoltaic (PV) system increased by 1% when compared to the PV Compared with PV (reference). The efficiency of the solar panel with beeswax ranged from 13% to 14%. According to the findings, the integration of phase-change materials with solar panels has been observed to effectively lower the temperature of the panels, hence enhancing their overall efficiency. Consequently, this approach represents a viable and advantageous choice.

Synchronous Impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Southern Oscillation Index (SOI( Poles on Temperature and Rain Over Iraq

Background: This study is an attempt to analyze the correlation of the impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation( NAO )and Southern Oscillation Index( SOI ) on the climate of Iraq. Method: This has been conducted based on the highest and lowest recorded values of the mentioned oscillations. The values of temperature and rain for the stations of Mosul, Baghdad, Rutba, Basrah and for a major climatic cycle from 1950-2018 were also relied upon. On the statistical analytical approach to find the correlation relationship between the studied oscillations and depending on the Pearson Correlation Coefficient. Results: The results brought to light that there is a strong and statistically significant correlation between the oscillations. The time series of oscillations were also analyzed during the fall season, due to the absence of a single effect of oscillations on the studied elements. Therefore, the analysis of the simultaneous behavior of oscillations on the climatic elements during the autumn was relied upon. In the meantime, four cases of simultaneous behavior for selected years of the study were found, recording the highest oscillations’ values. Such four cases were compared with the values of the elements for those years. Conclusion: It became clear from the four cases that there are two cases that show a regular behavior of the influence, as it became clear when the poles are NAO +, SOI - and vice versa that the climatic elements are affected more clearly with the oscillation's indicators and that the climate of Iraq has become more affected by the oscillations.

The Road to Invasion: Analyzing the Forces Behind Iraq’s Invasion of Kuwait

Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait was largely prompted by Saddam Hussein and the Baathist party’s long-standing claim over Kuwait combined with Iraq’s desperate need for wealth to rectify the country's economic crisis after the Iran-Iraq war. Additionally, the invasion can be seen as Hussein’s hubristic, direct attempt to establish Iraq as the hegemon of the Arab world in a new post-Cold War era. The disputes leading up to the invasion highlight how Iraq’s deep-rooted territorial claims and the Kuwaiti government’s refusal to surrender control of disputed territories, led to increasing tensions and hostilities between the two countries. Kuwait’s refusal to surrender to Saddam Hussein’s economic demands surrounding Iraq’s debt to Kuwait and oil exports, angered Hussein leading him to take drastic measures to repair the Iraqi economy. Invading Kuwait offered a direct solution to Iraq's economic crisis and the brewing prominent, domestic resentment at the mismanagement of the distribution of Iraqi finances. Hussein’s overconfidence in Iraq’s military capabilities and naivete led him to develop a warped perception of the U.S. resolve to defend Kuwait. His past failures made him desperate, leading him to take the considerable risk of invading Kuwait. The decision to invade Kuwait was influenced by many factors. Saddam Hussein’s misjudgements led to a humiliating loss which worsened the economic climate in Iraq. International sanctions severely limited Iraq's trade, making it more difficult to rebuild the extensive infrastructure destroyed by the invasion. Ultimately, the invasion contributed to political instability in Iraq which lay the groundwork for the Iraq war.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HOT ASPHALT MIXTURES MODIFIED WITH RECYCLED POLYMERS

Increased traffic, the harsh climate of Iraq, and the associated difficulties, most notably rutting, have led to a dramatic increase in the usage of polymeric materials for the enhancement of asphalt in road paving applications over the past decade. Pavements have been improved by using polymeric material gained from local sources or recycled additions from other sources to make them more sustainable. This study addresses the modification of a 40/50 penetration grade asphalt with two recycled polymeric components (Polystyrene (PS) and Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)). The polymer-modified asphalts (PMAs) were produced by mixing the control asphalt with the two recycled polymers at three polymer contents (2, 4, and 6%). The main goal of this study was to investigate the mechanical attributes of hot mix asphalt mixes that were modified by recycled PS and PVC. This purpose was achieved by testing HMA samples using the Marshall test approach to determine (Marshall stability and flow, and void properties), as well as measuring the retained Marshall stability as an indicator for the resistance to moisture damage. Sample testing showed that when recycled polymers were used as modifiers for asphalt mixes, the mixture became more stable, had a higher bulk specific gravity, and had less flow value and air voids. This infers that the utilization of recycled waste polymers can enhance the rutting resistance of bituminous mix. The optimum additive content was recorded as 4%, regardless of the waste material type.

The impact of institutional corruption on the investment climate in Iraq within the period (2004-2020)

The impact of institutional corruption on the investment climate in Iraq within the period (2004-2020)

Experimental study for comparison of thermal comfort and air age between two combined ventilation systems with chilled ceiling considering occupant density

AbstractDue to the global spread of diseases and epidemics, the need to maintain a clean indoor atmosphere has received increasing attention in recent years. Therefore, there will be a need to clearly estimate and define the areas that affect human exposure to pollutants, taking into account the occupied density, which is the primary importance of this research. The capacity of the chilled ceiling combined with mixing ventilation and personal ventilation systems has been studied and compared to the chilled ceiling with mixing ventilation in terms of mean air age, temperature distribution, CO2 concentration, and thermal efficiency, with the best flow rate of the proposed system considering the occupied density in a thermally insulated office room experimentally in the climate of Iraq (Hilla, a hot and dry climate). Twelve tests were performed for four different cooling loads with cooled ceilings (0%, 0.25%, 50%, and 80%), at a constant supply air flow rate with two PV airflow modifiers for three cases. As the cooling load treated by a chilled ceiling increased, the average air temperature increased with height in all cases. The lowest values of average air age appeared in the occupied area in the case of a chilled ceiling with mixing ventilation. This study shows that the chilled ceiling combined with a mixing ventilation and personal ventilation system with a flow rate of 7.5 L/s provides thermal comfort and higher air quality in the occupied area. based on the values of air exchange efficiency and occupants’ air exchange efficiency. As a result, a flow rate of 7.5 L/s is the best option for protecting occupants from direct pollution in the breathing zone and in the surrounding microclimate, because the lower the ventilation rate, the less air is changed for occupants.

Measuring the impact of the investment climate on the cost of investment projects using the ARDL model in Iraq

The concept of investment climate is a modern concept that includes a group of factors that affect the investment process, and the importance of investment in the Iraqi economy being a rentier economy that depends entirely on its oil exports. It must be preceded by the creation of a suitable and attractive environment for investment by improving the investment climate. Since the investment decision depends in large part on the total costs of the project, it is necessary to know how the investment climate affects these costs. Accordingly, the study seeks to clarify the effects left by the investment climate factors and thus their impact on the investment decision. The letter concluded that the political, economic, administrative and financial instability are major obstacles to the investment climate in Iraq, and the most important of its recommendations is an attempt to improve the infrastructure of the Iraqi economy, which in turn stimulates the private sector, in addition to the need to formulate the investment law by economists first and coordinate with national strategic policies and study other laws related to investment.

Elements and phenomena controlling the climate of Iraq

ويعد المناخ مورداً طبيعياً لا ينضب من الطاقة، ولعناصر المناخ علاقة قوية مباشرة او غير مباشرة مع وسائل توليد الطاقة. وان الاشعاع الشمسي، هو نفوذ كبير للطاقة ، ويبدأ ذلك من الاختلاف في توزيع الطاقة الشمسية على الارض حيث يمتص اغلب الطاقة الشمسية في العروض الدنيا والاقاليم المدارية الواقعة حول المنطقة الاستوائية وتنقل هذه الطاقة من مكان لاخر بواسطة الرياح والتيارات البحرية ليعاد توزيعها وتحقيق توازن الطاقة على الارض وللرياح اهمية كبيرة في توليد الطاقة الريحية وهي مسؤولة عن تشكل الامواج التي لها دور فعال في نقل الطاقة الحركية بين الغلاف الجوي وسطح الماء في البحار والمحيطات

A feasibility study for the case of a cement project in Sulaymaniyah in light of the investment climate in Iraq

تتأثر نتائج دراسات الجدوى بعوامل عديدة منها داخلية وخارجية وهنا عوامل مناخ الاستثمار تمثل العوامل الخارجية التي تؤثر في مقدار الكلف والارباح الخاصة بالمشروع الاستثماري وهو مايرتكز علية قرار الاستثمار اما بالرفض او الاستمرار بالمشروع ؛ و من خلال نتائج البحث تبين ان مشروع الاسمنت يعتبر مشروعا ناجحا الا ان تدهور مناخ الاستثمار ادى الى اعاقة تنفيذه وبسبب الصعوبات التي يواجهها المستثمر اسهمت في تاخير تنفيذ المشروع حيث تم من خلال البحث دراسة مدى تاثير المناخ الاستثماري الحالي في العراق في دراسة جدوى المشروع. واهم ما اوصى به البحث وضع سياسات استثمارية ذات اهداف ممكنة التحقيق اضافة الى وضع قوانين واضحة وقابلة للتطبيق لكي تسهم في خلق مناخ استثماري جيد وتسهم في انجاح دراسات الجدوى، وتحد من الروتين الاداري وعوائق الاستثمار الاخرى التي تتسبب في زيادة تكاليف المشروع الاستثماري وبالتالي تنعكس في نتائج دراسات الجدوى.

A feasibility study for the case of a cement project in Sulaymaniyah in light of the investment climate in Iraq

تتأثر نتائج دراسات الجدوى بعوامل عديدة منها داخلية وخارجية وهنا عوامل مناخ الاستثمار تمثل العوامل الخارجية التي تؤثر في مقدار الكلف والارباح الخاصة بالمشروع الاستثماري وهو مايرتكز علية قرار الاستثمار اما بالرفض او الاستمرار بالمشروع ؛ و من خلال نتائج البحث تبين ان مشروع الاسمنت يعتبر مشروعا ناجحا الا ان تدهور مناخ الاستثمار ادى الى اعاقة تنفيذه وبسبب الصعوبات التي يواجهها المستثمر اسهمت في تاخير تنفيذ المشروع حيث تم من خلال البحث دراسة مدى تاثير المناخ الاستثماري الحالي في العراق في دراسة جدوى المشروع. واهم ما اوصى به البحث وضع سياسات استثمارية ذات اهداف ممكنة التحقيق اضافة الى وضع قوانين واضحة وقابلة للتطبيق لكي تسهم في خلق مناخ استثماري جيد وتسهم في انجاح دراسات الجدوى، وتحد من الروتين الاداري وعوائق الاستثمار الاخرى التي تتسبب في زيادة تكاليف المشروع الاستثماري وبالتالي تنعكس في نتائج دراسات الجدوى.

An Integrated Approach to Map the Impact of Climate Change on the Distributions of Crataegus azarolus and Crataegus monogyna in Kurdistan Region, Iraq

The hawthorns Crataegus azarolus L. and Crataegus monogyna Jacq are two ecologically and medicinally important endemic tree species that occur only in forests of oak in the mountain ranges of the Kurdistan region of Iraq (KRI). These species have been degrading across the mountain ranges at an alarming pace due to climate-related factors (e.g., wildfire events and drought) and anthropogenic drivers. Nevertheless, there is a gap in understanding their distributions today and in the future under a changing climate in Iraq. To address the species’ knowledge gap and thus establish a baseline for a future management and conservation strategy, this study used field observation records, species distribution modeling integrated with GIS techniques, and relevant environmental predictors to (i) estimate the species’ potential distributions and map their current known distributions across unsurveyed areas; (ii) model the species’ possible response under several scenarios for a weather change in the future; (iii) map the species’ overlap ranges and the direction of the distributions. Results suggest that under two global climatic models (GCMs), BCC-CSM2-MR and CNRM-CM6-1, the overall habitat expansion magnitude for the two species would be less than the overall habitat reduction magnitude. For C. azarolus, the habitat range would contract by 3714.64 km2 (7.20%) and 3550.47 km2 (6.89%), whereas it would expand by 2415.90 km2 (4.68%) and 1627.76 km2 (3.16%) for the GCMs, respectively. Modeling also demonstrated a similar pattern for C. monogyna. The species overlap by 7626.53 km2 (14.80%) and 7351.45 km2 (14.27%) for the two GCMs. The two species’ habitat ranges would contract significantly due to the changing climate. The direction of the species’ potential distribution would be mostly toward the KRI’s east and southeast mountain forests. Our results, for the first time, provide new data on the species’ present and future distributions and outline the advantages of distribution modeling combined with geospatial techniques in areas where species data are limited, such as Iraq.

Assessment of solar emissions in the climate of Iraq for efficient multifunctional disposal

The concept of solar-hydrogen energy today provides optimal solutions in light of the climate agenda for all geographic areas of the globe.Iraq's geographical location and climate conditions predetermine ample opportunities for renewable sources, namely solar energy. High air temperatures, the prevailing number of sunny days recorded annually in the region, create a favorable technical platform for the implementation of thermal processes based on the utilization of incoming research. Therefore, for the design of solar plants and in the future, a reliable estimate of solar energy resources is required to determine the generated power depending on seasonal changes. Theoretical methods of calculating the incoming radiation flow for a particular area do not have the required accuracy for a number of reasons, the main of which is the permanent state of cloud cover. Only taking into account the actual climatic conditions for the construction areas under consideration on the basis of long-term actinometric observations gives a fairly accurate distribution of solar energy. The absence of such information in full implies forecasting of resource availability, including for areas not covered by observation systems. Given these limitations, an analysis of the average monthly daily solar radiation revenues for densely populated areas of Iraq is provided. On the basis of actinometric information of many years of observations, dependencies were obtained to determine the solar energy coming at statistical clouds per day per 1 m2 of horizontal surface of the area, taking into account its latitude and serial number of the month of the year. The equations allow to fulfill the forecast of the area irradiation for the design of solar plants, to justify the subsequent efficiency of the alternative system, as well as the level of possible replacement of traditional resources and the degree of reduction of their consumption. On the basis of the calculated data, it is possible to justify the most expedient scheme of solar energy utilization depending on the available resources and to select the structures of radiation sensing devices required for climatic conditions for the solved tasks. In view of the analysis of solar energy distributions and average monthly outdoor air temperatures in Iraq, two types of thermal solar plants have been recommended for use, which may have additional circuits for generating electricity and cold. In addition, the fixed irradiation potential of the territories makes it possible to carry out an effective passive transmission to maintain the thermophilic mode of anaerobic fermentation of organic waste. In this case, environmentally friendly utilization of carbon-containing substrates is accompanied by an increase in the rate of formation of biogas, and therefore hydrogen, without the use of traditional heat supply to reactors.

STUDY OF YIELD AND ITS COMPONENTS OF INTRODUCED VARIETIES OF MAIZE UNDER DIFFERENT PLANTING DENSITIES

In order to evaluate the performance of introduced varieties of maize and test them under different levels of plant density, and to determine which of the introduced varieties give a high yield and at what plant density, a field experiment was carried out at Station A in the Department of Field Crops- College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad- Jadiriyah, for the fall season 2021, the RCBD design was used with four replications, in a split plot arrangement, the three plant densities (50.000, 70.000, and 90.000 Plant s ha-1) were the main plates, while the varieties represented the secondary factor, which is six varieties of maize, class 2 = 5783 DKC, Class 3 = 6315 DKC, Class 4= 6590 DKC, which are introduced and compared with three local varieties: Fajr, Sarah and Al-Maha, The traits of yield components (the ear length, the number of rows ear-1, the number of grains row-1, the number of grains ear-1, the number of ears, the weight of 100 grain) and their relationship to the plant yield were studied, The plant density significantly affected all the studied traits except for the number of ears, it was not significant. Low plant density outperformed the highest plant yield (157.2 g) due to its superiority in ear length, number of rows ear-1, number of grains row-1, number of grains ear-1 and weight of 100 grains. The plant over the local varieties, especially variety 3, which gave the highest plant yield (168.2 g), followed by variety 4 (155.4 g), due to their superiority in ear length, number of grains row-1, number of grains ear-1, number of ears, and weight of 100 grains. The interaction between varieties and plant density was significant in all studied traits. We suggest planting the introduced varieties at different planting dates and locations to show their ability to environmentally imprint Iraq's climate and study them in the spring season, and test them under other abiotic stresses such as drought.

Using total equivalent temperature difference approach to estimate air conditioning cooling load in buildings

The objective of this study is to provide a simplified worksheet based on the Total Equivalent Temperature Difference (TETD) Approach to estimate a building’s cooling load under Iraqi climate conditions. The heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system was applied to scientific laboratories at the College of Engineering, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, Karbala, Iraq. The study estimates the cooling load of the building, which consists of 10 zones. Cooling load elements such as ventilation, lighting, walls, floors, roofs, windows, infiltration, and human factors were considered. The worksheet provides an appropriate alternative for easy and fast prediction within Iraq's climate conditions.