Intra-sentential Code-switching Research Articles

Patterns of Code-switching in the Amharic Media

This study examines patterns of Amharic-English code-switching in the Amharic media language use. It employed a qualitative descriptive approach, which helped break down the recordings and transcripts into intelligible units that helped explain the various language use forms created by code-switching in the Amharic media. Thus, five Amharic media outlets focusing on sport, medical science, and science and technology were purposively selected to study language use in the Amharic media. Hence, 1090 examples which have both Amharic and English elements were selected. A generic step of data analysis was made so as to classify the different types and patterns of code-switching instances. The findings indicated that the three different types of code-switching, namely tag switching, inter-sentential code-switching, and intra-sentential code-switching, are found in the Amharic media language use. Moreover, it was found that there are different patterns of code-switching from English to Amharic. Thus, it is shown that Amharic is the matrix language and is quite resistant against any change of its basic word order. It can also be seen that the mixed constituents found in the Amharic media confirm that the matrix language frame (MLF) model can satisfactorily explain the patterns of Amharic-English code-switching.

Analyzing Code-Switching used by Agnez Mo

Abstract: Using language as a communication tool requires a relationship between people and society. This relationship is referred to as sociolinguistics. In Indonesia, many people speak more than one language. This phenomenon can be clearly observed in television talk shows, in which celebrities or public figures use code-switching. One celebrity who frequently switches from Bahasa Indonesia to English is Agnez Mo. This essay aims at investigating the identity Agnez Mo constructs using code-switching, and at examining the grammatical aspects in the production of code-switching. Regarding the data collection, as the study focuses on the analysis of the code-switching performed by Agnez Mo on the conversation with Deddy Corbursier (the host) on the Hitam Putih talk show on one of TV channels on YouTube was downloaded. The data collected were analyzed in five stages: listening to the recording, re-listening to the recording while transcribing the conversation, identifying the words that will be analyzed, analyzing the specific phenomenon, and checking the data. The data shows that she builds two different identities, one being multicultural identity and the other religiosity. Also, the data shows that Agnez Mo switches her language using the three types of code-switching: extrasentential, inter-sentential, and intra-sentential code-switching. Keywords: Analyzing, Identity, Code Switching

CODE SWITCHING IN LONDON LOVE STORY FILM

Code switching is one of the topics that go into sociolinguistics study. This term refers to the phenomenon of language switching, either spoken or written, done by bilingual or multilingual people. In its development, code switching often appears in many literary works, one of them is in <em>London Love Story </em>film. <em>London Love Story </em>is an Indonesian movie released in 2016 by Screenplay Films house production. This movie contains code switching of two languages, Indonesian language and English. This research focused on analyzing the types of code switching which appears in this film which performed by the characters. The result in this research shows there are three types of code switching performed in London Love Story film, namely inter-sentential code switching, tag switching, and intra-sentential code switching refers to types of code switching proposed by Poplack (1980). Eleven utterances categorized into inter-sentential code switching, five utterances categorized into tag switching, and eight utterances categorized into intra-sentential code switching types. This phenomenon is influence by the reasons and social factors of code switching.

Code Switching and Code Mixing in Classroom Presentation of Indonesian EFL Students

Code switching and code mixing occur when bilinguals switch or mix language in speech or conversation. Some of the students used code switching and code mixing to avoid misunderstandings in their explanations. In addition, the researcher noted that the use of code switching and code mixing with Indonesia and English is done in a classroom presentation. Based on the issues, the purpose of this research is to find out the types and the reasons used code switching and code mixing of EFL students in the classroom presentation of UINSI Samarinda. This research used a descriptive qualitative design. The data and sources data of this research was TBI 3 in the fourth semester of the ESP course with 5 students. This research used the researcher itself as the main instrument and interview. The data were collected using an audio recorder. Based on the result, the researcher found that the most common code switching used by students was inter-sentential code switching. Next, code switching used by students were intra-sentential code switching and tag code switching. Moreover, the most common code mixing used by students was intra-sentential code mixing. After that, the second common code mixing used by students was involving a change of pronunciation. However, intra-lexical code mixing was not used by students in a classroom presentation. The students’ reasons used code switching and code mixing were talking about a particular topic, quoting somebody else, being emphatic about something, interjection, repetition used for clarification, and intention of clarifying the speech interlocutor.

ALIH KODE DALAM PENGENALAN BAHASA INGGRIS ANAK USIA DINI

This study aims to determine the use of code-switching in the introduction of English in TK and KB Swasti Karya, Megati Village, Tabanan Regency, Bali. The factors causing the use of code-switching are also one of the aim in this research. This research is a qualitative descriptive study in which the researcher analyzes the speech of teachers and children in the introduction to English class in TK and KB Swasti Karya. There are 4 teachers and 59 children are divided into TK and KB groups. The instrument used is a list of observation guidelines, interviews, and documentation. An in-depth analysis was carried out on the utterances using the code-switching theory by Poplack (2001). The results of this study found 18 utterances indicated code-switching. A total of 7 utterances are categorized in insertion (intra-sentential code-switching), and 11 utterances are categorized in alternation (inter-sentential code-switching). Meanwhile, the category of congruent lexicalization was not found in this study. Then the factors that influence the use of this code-switching are (1) to convey meaning effectively when facing difficulties in conveying meaning, (2) making communication more inclusive or closer to certain students/groups/etc, (3) improve students' understanding when they have not achieved the learning objectives, (4) to convey meaning or understanding contextually, (5) for meaning or understanding, (6) helping to help learners of English as a Foreign Language for bilingual children.

Exploring Codeswitching Occurrences in an Online English Language Learning in a State College, Philippines

This study aimed to explore the code-switching in online English Language Learning (ELL) in Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges. The researchers formulated two main questions in this study: (1) What types of code-switching are used by students in Online English Language Learning (ELL)? (2) What are the effects of code-switching on language learning in an Online ELL setting? To answer the research questions, the researchers utilized a qualitative research design. The researchers observed and recorded the Zoom classes in the five sections of the Bachelor of Arts in English Language Studies of the said College for the data collection. Research ethics was properly observed in the process of data gathering. Additionally, the researchers interviewed students from each class to triangulate the study results. Moreover, the researchers used content and thematic analyses to analyze the collected data from the transcribed audio and interviews. Furthermore, the findings showed that among the three types of code-switching that Poplack (1980) has categorized. The most prevalent type of switching that English Language Studies students mostly use is tag switching; Second, intra-sentential code-switching; Then, the inter-sentential code-switching. The results also explained the various perceptions of English Language students about the employment of code-switching in their classes. The paper also presents code-switching's positive and negative effects on students' language learning.

Code-switching between English and Arabic in Vernacular Poetry

This descriptive qualitative study investigates the types and functions of code-switching between English and vernacular Arabic in eight vernacular poems. In order to do this, eight published audio and video recordings of poems obtained from YouTube are analysed using a qualitative method of data analysis. The content analysis reveals two main types of code-switching: code-switching between sentences (inter-sentential) and code-switching within sentences (intra-sentential). Its possible functions are humour, reporting a conversation between the poet and an English speaker, quoting an English speaker or imagining a conversation with them, and attempting to be innovative. Intra-sentential code-switching is found to occur either at the beginning, middle or end of the line in a poem. However, it could occur in more than one place in the same line. Moreover, the poems follow grammatical constraints and code-switching is systematic, except in one instance where the poet aims to keep the same rhyme. In almost all of the poems analysed in this study, intra-sentential code-switching occurs more frequently than inter-sentential code-switching.

The Role of Internal and External Factors for Code-Switching: A Study of Early Multilingualism in Germany with Special Reference to Catalan as a Heritage Language

In heritage language acquisition studies, it has been observed that heritage speakers may experience a shift of language dominance from the heritage language to the majority language due to input quantity and quality factors. The appearance of code-switching in the productions of multilingual speakers has been well attested and has been mostly linked to age and language dominance as well as family language policies and consistence of input, among other factors. For the appearance of code-switching, our cross-sectional study analyses language dominance (MLU) and fluency (w/minute) along with child-external factors, such as family language policies, family language and siblings’ interaction, in sixteen multilingual children (mean age 5;7) being raised in Germany with German and Catalan (and another L1) simultaneously. In a nutshell, children who are dominant in the majority language ultimately code-switch more frequently than the other groups. Interestingly, balanced and heritage-language-dominant children present instances of intrasentential code-switching (particularly insertions and alternations), while intersentential code-switching is frequent across all groups. When families have chosen the ‘one person-one language’ strategy and do not have a family language, code-switching is almost absent. Finally, sibling groups using both the heritage and the majority languages in their interactions show low code-switching rates.

Code Switching In English Teaching Learning Process At Year Tenth Of State Islamic Senior High School 3 Jember

This study aims to explain the way of native teacher and non-native teachers do code switch during classroom interaction, to describe the types of code-switching, to explain the factors that cause the occurrence of code-switching, and to explain the functions of code-switching in English teaching learning process used by native teacher and non-native teacher. This study uses descriptive qualitative since this study is to analyze and find the social phenomena which are running naturally based on Hoffman theory to describe code-switching in English teaching learning process. There are three types of code-switching: inter-sentential, intra-sentential, and emblematic-switching. The result shows that all of the three types found in this study used by native teacher and non-native teacher. Furthermore, the most type used by native teacher and non-native teacher is intra-sentential code-switching. Besides, the most dominant factors that cause the occurrence of code-switching is talking about particular topic since to help the learners understand the meaning of the topic. Moreover, the most significant functions of code-switching to teachers is affective function since the teacher wanted to build intimate relations with the students and the most dominant function to students is conflict-control since the students used code-switching to avoid misunderstanding of teachers’ explanation.

Language Control and Intra-Sentential Codeswitching among Bilingual Children with and without Developmental Language Disorder

The present study investigated bilingual language control among preschool children in a sentence repetition task containing unilingual stimuli and codeswitched stimuli within prepositional phrases (PPs). Cross-language errors, that is, codeswitches that were not part of the stimulus sentences, were taken as evidence of difficulties in language control. Specifically, we investigated cross-language errors as a function of stimulus sentence type (codeswitched or unilingual), CS site within the PP, directionality (English or Hebrew stimulus sentences), and group status (children with typical language development (TLD), and children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD)). We also examined cross-language errors in terms of word class and locus in the sentence. The participants were 65 English (home language)–Hebrew (societal language) bilinguals with TLD and 13 with DLD, ages 5;5–6;10 (M = 5;11). Stimulus sentences contained five codeswitch conditions within prepositional phrases, for example, a codeswitched preposition (P) or a codeswitched preposition, determiner and noun (P+DET+N), and a ‘no switch’ condition. The stimuli were 36 English and 36 Hebrew sentences (+24 fillers) matched for semantic content and syntax. English sentences contained switches to Hebrew, and Hebrew sentences contained switches to English. The results showed more cross-language errors for codeswitched than unilingual sentence stimuli. The children with TLD showed a directionality effect, producing more cross-language errors in Hebrew sentence stimuli than in English, but the children with DLD did not. The children with DLD had more cross-language errors than their peers with TLD for English stimuli. Most cross-language errors appeared in the sentence-final, adverbial temporal phrase. Findings are discussed in terms of language co-activation and competition in order to account for the difference in performance on unilingual versus codeswitched stimuli and in light of sociopragmatic and psycholinguistic factors to account for the directionality effect among children with TLD and the lack thereof among children with DLD.

Code-Switching by Spanish–English Bilingual Children in a Code-Switching Conversation Sample: Roles of Language Proficiency, Interlocutor Behavior, and Parent-Reported Code-Switching Experience

Code-switching is a complex bilingual behavior that can be affected by a variety of factors related to characteristics of the speaker, the interlocutor, and the broader sociolinguistic context. A better understanding of these factors is important for interpreting children’s use of code-switching in different elicitation contexts across research studies and in applied settings, such as language sample analysis for clinical assessment. In the current study, we used a conversation sample protocol with a code-switching adult interlocutor to examine the use of English, Spanish, intra-sentential and inter-sentential code-switching, and alignment with the interlocutor by Spanish/English bilingual children with a wide range of language abilities. In a single-language comparison condition, the same examiner engaged the child in conversation using only English or only Spanish. Key findings include that children exhibited limited use of code-switching in the English condition and similar frequency of code-switching in the Spanish, compared to the code-switching, conditions. Children exhibited a tendency to align with the examiner in their use of English vs. Spanish and their use of intra-sentential code-switching during the code-switching context, although they generally code-switched less than the examiner. There was also considerable variability across children. Predictors of this variability included children’s age and language proficiency. However, language proficiency was not associated with the frequency of children’s intra-sentential code-switching in a code-switching context. Parent-report measures of code-switching experience exhibited limited associations with the children’s observed code-switching behavior; inter-sentential switches into English showed the most direct associations. Based on the findings from this exploratory study, we highlight the importance of including a code-switching context when analyzing language samples from bilingual children, considering both the target child and the interlocutor’s behavior, and continuing to refine indirect report measures of code-switching experience.

Code-Switching Between Arabic and English as a Communicative Strategy Among Preschool Bilingual Saudi Children

This study was conducted on four Saudi preschool children enrolled in an international school in Saudi Arabia. It aims at investigating the social motivations for the occurrence of code-switching in the speech of the study sample. In order to investigate the presence of this phenomenon, both qualitative and quantitative research designs were applied. For the purpose of the study, two research tools were used: a parental questionnaire and a storytelling activity session. Furthermore, to identify the different types of code-switching that occurred in the participants’ speech, Poplack’s (1980) classification approach was used. Findings show that Saudi children use only two types of code switching, and inter-sentential code-switching is used more frequently than intra-sentential code-switching. The results also indicated three communicative functions of Arabic/English code-switching among Saudi preschool children, i.e., to decrease the social distance, ask for the equivalent word in another language, and express feelings and thoughts.

CODE-SWITCHING BY CINTA LAURA IN YOU-TUBE CHANNEL NGOBROL SORE SEMAUNYA

Language serves as a tool for expressing one's identity within a community or group in addition to serving as a means of communication. Some members of multilingual speech communities may be bilingual or speak more than two languages. An individual who speaks in two languages fluently is considered to code-switch when communicating with others. This study aims to find the type and function of code switching used by Cinta Laura based on YouTube video Ngobrol Sore Semaunya. This research is qualitative research and the theoretical frameworks applied in the study are Poplack’s (1980) three types of code-switching and Appel and Muysken’s (2006) six functions of code-switching. The result shows that there are three types of code switching found, namely inter-sentential code switching, tag switching, and intra-sentential code switching. In addition, there are several functions of code switching which performed by Cinta Laura, namely referential function, expressive function, phatic, metalinguistic, and the last is poetic function

An Analysis the Used of Code Swtching by the Teacher in Teaching English as Foreign Language at SMA N 3 Singaraja

This study aimed at analyzing the types and functions of code-switching used by teachers in teaching English as a foreign language at SMA N 3 Singaraja. This study is a descriptive qualitative research. The subjects of this study are two English teachers who teach in 11th and 12th grades of language major. Data were collected using observation and interview methods. The instruments used in this study are observation sheets, video recorders, interview guide, and tape recorder. The results showed that there are three types of code-switching used by English teachers. They are intra-sentential code-switching (53%) by teacher 1 and (29%) by teacher 2, inter-sentential code-switching (41%) by teacher 1 and (45%) by teacher 2, and tag code-switching (6 %) by teacher 1 and (26%) by teacher 2. There are three functions of code-switching used by teachers; repetitive function (78%) by teacher 1 and (54%) by teacher 2, affective function (16%) by teacher 1 and (30%) by teacher 2, and topic switch (6%) by teacher 1 and (16%) by teacher 2.

SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS OF INTRA-SENTENTIAL ARABIC–ENGLISH CODE-SWITCHING WITHIN VERB PHRASE

The current study aims at analyzing the syntax of Arabic-English intra-sentential code-switching within verb phrase boundaries and finding out how this type of code-switching is performed. Particularly, this study investigates the speakers’ maintenance of their Arabic syntactic structure ant word order while inserting English constituents at verb phrase level. In addition, it examines the effect of the originated patterns on Arabic structural rules and examines the validity of equivalence constraint provided by Poplack in Arabic-English intra-sentential code-switching. To this end, a qualitative approach is operated to gather the research data; the qualitative data are collected from Facebook chats and comments between Jordanian university students while they are communicating on Facebook. Then, conversational analysis technique is used to analyze the syntactic aspects of VP patterns of intra-sentential Arabic-English code-switching. Furthermore, clarification of some grammatical differences between Arabic and English is provided along with analysis. The findings showed that there are thirteen patterns performed within VPs despite the grammatical differences between the two languages. These patterns sometimes violate the grammatical rules of English. Meanwhile, the grammatical rules of Arabic are not affected by intra-sentential code-switching performed within VPs. That means Jordanian Arabic–English code-mixing violates the universal constraint of 'equivalence' proposed by Poplack (1980). The study provides a potential theoretical implication for the Arabic Language Academies in the Arab World by encouraging them to cooperate to carefully ponder the implications of this code-mixing, and they should coin Arabic words for all new English terms, especially those related to the technological and scientific innovations.

Code-Switching By Multilingual Pakistanis On Twitter: A Qualitative Analysis

Code-switching is practicing two different grammatical systems where multilinguals also move between two languages or between two dialects or registers of the same language. In the current article, code-switching is characterized as the simultaneous use of two or more languages or dialects within a conversation. The current study focused on code-switching practices on the social media website Twitter. While posting on Twitter, multilinguals may use several languages. The aim of this study was to describe and analyze code-switched Tweets for any recurring patterns and practices. The population of this study involved Twitter users living in the Rawalpindi-Islamabad area of Pakistan. The Tweets were collected on the basis of time and location through a random cluster sampling method. A qualitative analysis of the individual Tweets was done, and recurring patterns were pointed out. This was purely observational research. It was found that the sampled Tweets only code-switched between Urdu and English. Code-switching at the intra-sentential level was more common than at the inter-sentential level. Code-switching at the level of clauses was the most common form of intra-sentential code-switching. Over half of the inter-sentential code-switching had the English sentence(s) preceding the Urdu sentence(s). The findings suggest that code-switching between English and Urdu occurs more commonly at the intra-sentential level. They further imply that the population generally prefers to start inter-sentential code-switching with English before code-switching to Urdu. The results of this study may be useful in demystifying the phenomenon of code-switching in online spaces.

Dynamic engagement of cognitive control in intra-sentential code-switching during comprehension

AbstractThis study investigated whether the deployment of cognitive control was modulated by the intra-sentential code-switching types during comprehension. L1-dominant Chinese–English bilinguals were administered a self-paced reading task in two reading contexts – namely, alternation context and dense code-switching context. We assessed language switch cost and reversed language dominance effect in the self-paced reading task and examined how these language control measures related to domain-general inhibition and monitoring capacities. The results showed a larger switch cost asymmetry in alternation context compared to dense CS context. In addition, bilinguals’ inhibition skills were associated with second language (L2) switch cost in alternation context, while monitoring tended to predict the language dominance effect in dense code-switching context. These findings suggest that alternation context exerts high requirement to reactive inhibition while dense code-switching context tends to induce proactive monitoring during comprehension. We conclude that intra-sentential code-switching types trigger different aspects of cognitive control during comprehension.

Linguistic Borrowing of English Words and Utterances among Philippine’s Generation Z in Cebuano Visayan

This descriptive-qualitative study investigates the English-borrowed words in the Cebuano Visayan vocabularies uttered by the select Generation Z in the Southern part of Cebu in the Philippines. The validated self-made matrix from 15 live recorded role-plays of the 80 participants involved in this study. It was analysed in 3 phases; Phase one for Code-mixing in words, Phase two for Code-Switching in utterances, and phase three for monograph construction out from the data-gathering procedure of the study. This study is anchored on the phylogenetic change proposed by Hockett (2008) and the Borrowing Transfer Theory by Odlin (1989). These theories magnify that modification of one or both languages may occur whenever two languages come into contact. The phylogenetic change focuses on language switching and mixing in a specific speaking community. The study's findings showed that most Cebuano Visayan affixes occur in words under verbs. The affixes of the Cebuano Visayan language under adjectives do not significantly influence the meaning of the word but function as an auxiliary in the English word mixed in it. The majority of the content words are in complex grammatical form. Among the three types of code-switching, intrasentential codeswitching is mainly applied. Therefore, it is concluded that Cebuano Visayan uses linguistic borrowing from English through code-mixing in words and code-mixing in utterances. Because these phenomena augment genuine knowledge acquisition, it is recommended that Language Teachers allow the students to use more than one code in oral classroom participation through code-mixing and code-switching.

CODE-SWITCHING USED BY CHEF JUNA ON DEDDY CORBUZIER PODCAST

The phenomenon of code-switching these days can be found easily on social media, such as Instagram, Whatsapp, Facebook, Twitter, TikTok, YouTube, and so on. The purpose of this research was to analyze the types of code-switching on the YouTube platform, especially in the Deddy Corbuzier Podcast video that invited Chef Juna as a guest. This research was a descriptive qualitative to study a sociolinguistic phenomenon. The observational method and non-participatory technique were used for collecting the data. The types of code-switching were analyzed using the theory explained by Poplack. The researchers found there were three types of code-switching: tag-switching, inter-sentential code-switching, and intra-sentential code-switching. The result showed the most common type of conversation which can be found in the Deddy Corbuzier Podcast was inter-sentential code-switching. Based on the result, it can be concluded the used of code-switching between the presenter and the guest showed intelligence by using more than one language during communication.

Preposition Stranding in Spanish–English Code-Switching

This study tests the acceptability of preposition stranding in the intrasentential code-switching of US heritage speakers of Spanish. Because languages vary when extracting determiner phrases from prepositional phrases, known as preposition stranding or p-stranding, a contrast arises for Spanish–English bilinguals. English allows p-stranding, but in Spanish the preposition is traditionally pied-piped with the DP. Heritage speakers of Spanish, though, have shown variability, with child sequential bilinguals requiring said pied-piping, but simultaneous bilinguals allowing p-stranding in Spanish. Participants (n = 24) completed a written acceptability judgment task with a 7-point Likert scale. The task included code-switched sentences (n = 16) with p-stranding, switching from either English to Spanish or vice versa, with comparison monolingual equivalents for Spanish (n = 8) and English (n = 8) included as well. The results found that the simultaneous bilinguals accepted p-stranding in both languages, while also showing no restriction in either code-switching condition. Child sequential bilinguals, however, showed the expected monolingual distinction between Spanish and English, and p-stranding was only accepted with Spanish determiner phrases extracted from an English prepositional phrase (i.e., Spanish-to-English). These findings support the previously reported differentiation between simultaneous and child sequential bilinguals regarding p-stranding, while expanding it to code-switching.