Intra-sentential Code-switching Research Articles

Code Switching and Code Mixing in English Language Learning Class

This research concerned with the types of code switching and code mixing used by the teachers, teachers’ reasons in using code switching and code mixing, and students’ perception of code switching and code mixing used by the teacher in the class. This research was a descriptive qualitative research. The researcher used observation checklist, video recording, interview, and questionnaire as the instruments of this research. The data of this research was analyzed by classifying the types of code switching used theory of Poplack and the types code mixing used theory of Hoffman. The result of this research shows that the English teachers did all the types of code switching in English class. Namely; tag code switching, inter-sentential code switching, and intra-sentential code switching. Meanwhile, the researcher found that the teachers only used two from the three types of code mixing. Namely; intra-sentential code mixing and intra-lexical code mixing. The type that did not appear was involvement in a change of pronunciation. This study revealed that the teachers’ reason in using code switching and code mixing are; to help the students in learning English and to make the students more focus in learning process. For the students’ perception, most of the students agreed that the use of code switching and code mixing helps them understand the materials in English language learning class.

CODE SWITCHING USED BY ENGLISH TEACHER AT ISLAM TIRTAYASA JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL (EIGHT GRADE)

Objective of this research is to explain the use of code switching by English teachers in classroom during learning activities. This research uses qualitative approach with a case study design, the research subject is an English teacher at Islam Tirtayasa Junior High School. Collecting data in this study using data display, data reduction and drawing conclusions. The focus of this research is the use of code switching by English teachers in online classroom during the learning process and the sub focus of the research is the types of code switching used by the English teacher and the reasons for using code switching. The result of this research is to find the type of code switching usage and the reasons for using code switching by English teachers in online classroom during the learning process. The conclusion is there are three types of code switching used by English teachers during the learning process in the classroom. Namely: First, inter sentential code switching, which is 64 times. Second, Intra-sentential code switching 31 times. Third, Tag switching 10 times. Then some reasons why English teachers use code switching, namely: First, Talking about Particular topic. Second is Interjection. Third is Repitition for Clarification. Fourth is Expressing for Group Identity

Alih Kode dalam Film Meitantei Katherine

This research titled is “Code Switching of Meitantei Katherine Movie”. This research aims to give information about types and causes of Code Switching in Meitantei Katherine movie. The data consists of two different languages, Japanese and English. The method of this reaserch is “padan intralingual” method and informal technique. The theories used are code witching by Romaine (1995), code switching by Wardhaugh (2006), cause code switching by Hoffman (1991) and semiotics by Danesi (2011). Based on the analysis, there are 21 code switching data consisting of one Tag Code Switching, five Intrasentential Code Switching, four Intersentential Code Switching, three Metaphorical Code Switching, and four Situational Code Switching.The Causes of code switching found on analysis are 1) talking about a particular topic; 2) being emphatic about something; 3) interjection; 4) repetition used for clarification; and 5) intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor.

Descriptive analysis of the english teacher’s code switching

This study aims to determine the code-switching used by English teachers in teaching English at SMA Pesantren Putri Al-Manawwarah. There is one problem in this study, namely the types of code-switching used by the research subject in teaching and learning of English at SMA Pesantren Putri Al-Manawwarah. The researchers conduct descriptive-qualitative research. This study uses a qualitative approach because the data are spoken. Therefore, it is interesting to observe this phenomenon to find out the types. The data collection are; observation, recording, and note. The result of this study shows that the details of code-switching used by the teacher. In the English teaching and learning process within 2x45 minutes, there are 114 utterances in English teaching and learning process which are pronounced by the teacher. There are three types of code-switching (inter sentential code-switching, Intra sentential code-switching, and tag switching). According to the type, there are 59 utterances of code-switching. The number of inter sentential code-switching is 31 utterances (53%), Intra sentential code-switching is 14 utterances (24%), and tag switching is 14 utterances (24%).

On the Nature of the French Verbal Forms in the Code-Switching of Songhay, Bamanan and Fulah Speakers of French

Code-Switching is a process of bilingualism that involves the alternation of two languages in the course of a single conversation as a result of language contact phenomenon. This paper is about the conjugation of the verbal forms in the switches of bilingual Songhay-French, Bamanankan-French and Fulfulde-French speakers as pointed out in several studies by I. Abdoulaye (2013, 2016), M. Minkailou and I. Abdoulaye (2016, 2018), I. Abdoulaye and M. Minkailou (2017, 2019). The main objective of the present paper is to describe the verbal paradigm in the switches of these three different groups of francophone speakers according to the existing theories and models on Code-Switching and Code-Mixing constraints. Based on the Matrix Language Frame Model of C. Myers-Scotton (1993a, b), the paper aims at proposing and analysing a francophone alternative of grammatical constraint in code switching. The study uses secondary data collected from the research works cited above in which spontaneous and fresh conversations have been recorded, transcribed and translated into English in an oral corpus. The population of these three different investigations is heterogeneous consisting of bilingual Songhay, Bamanan and Fulah civil servants and university students. Examining the nature of the switches, the study purposely focuses on the intra-sentential code-switching, in which the participants alternate the two codes, inserting words from French into their respective native languages. Analysing the inflected forms of the French verbs embedded in Songhay, Bamanankan or Fulfulde codes, the study has revealed that all the switched verbs belong to the same verb form, the French past participle of the three verb groups (first, second and third). So, the study has concluded that this way of conjugating verbs in Code-Switching is typical to francophone second language leaners. This approach in Code-Switching that the authors are proposing as the Francophone Model of Switching Verbs is a result of linguistic transfer of L2 learners of French.

Code-Switching, Language Emotionality and Identity in Junot Díaz’s “Invierno”

Code-switching (CS) is a linguistic activity typical of bilingual speakers, and thus, a central feature characterising Latino/a literature. The present study reads Junot Díaz’s “Invierno,” a short story from This Is How You Lose Her (2012), with a focus on the oral code-switches that the bilingual Latino/a characters make from English—their second language (L2)—to Spanish—their first language (L1). More specifically, it explores the relationship between CS, language emotionality and identity. The Spanish code-switches are analysed in terms of the emotionality degree they elicit and, linguistically, according to frequency and type—intersentential CS, intrasentential CS and tag-switching. The results reveal a low percentage of Spanish vocabulary, which, nevertheless, fills the story with Latino-Dominican touches and transports the reader to the Caribbean lifestyle. This is probably due to the fact that most are emotionally charged words and expressions, which supports the idea that the frequency of CS to L1 increases when talking about emotional topics with known interlocutors. Thefindings suggest that the L1 and the L2 play different roles in the characters’ lives: the former is preferred for cultural and emotional expressions and is the language the one they identify with more, while the latter is colder and more objective.

Analisis Code Switching dalam Proses Belajar Mengajar di SMP Negeri 7 Sukapura Probolinggo 2020

This research investigates a sociolinguistic phenomenon called code switching in teaching learning process in the seventh grade of SMP negeri 7 Sukapura Probolinggo. It aims to describe the used and types of code switching in teaching learning process. Moreover, the researchers find the probable reasons for the seventh grade SMP Negeri 7 Sukapura Probolinggo to switch English into Indonesian and Tenggerese in teaching learning process. This research used descriptive qualitative method. This research was conducted in the teaching learning process to retrieve data with data sources from the material delivered by the teacher. The three types of code switching were presented by the percentage acquisition. The researcher analyzed that 66% data were included intra-sentential code switching, 27% data were included inter-sentential code switching, and 7% data were inclided tag-switching. In this research, the teacher used three languages there are English, Indonesian and Tenggerese in the teaching and learning process. The researcher found three factors regarding to the reasons for code switching in this research, namely speaker factor, addressee factor, and topic factor.

Experimentally Induced Language Modes and Regular Code-Switching Habits Boost Bilinguals' Executive Performance: Evidence From a Within-Subject Paradigm.

Bilingualism may modulate executive functions (EFs), but the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated two potential sources of variability in bilinguals’ EF performance: (1) interactional contexts and code-switching, and (2) dominance profiles. Previous research on code-switching often relied on self-reports of regular code-switching habits. In this study, we investigated the effects of experimentally induced language modes (single language versus code-switching modes) on bilinguals’ EF performance. Crucially, in the bilingual conditions, we differentiated between different types of intra-sentential code-switching (Insertion, Alternation, and Dense code-switching). Moreover, we investigated the interaction of the effects of temporary language modes with bilinguals’ sociolinguistic code-switching habits. All our participants were L1-dominant German–English bilinguals (N = 29) immersed in an L2 context. We assessed the effects of dominance by correlating individual bilinguals’ L1-dominance with their EF performance. In addition, we investigated whether language modes activate different EF patterns in bilinguals, as opposed to monolinguals, i.e., individuals who have no additional language to suppress. Based on models of bilingual language processing, we predicted our bilinguals to display the best EF performance in L2 single language contexts, as these require them to activate inhibitory schemata to suppress their dominant L1. Indeed, bilinguals performed better in the single language than in the code-switching conditions. The results also suggested that bilinguals activated more inhibitory control compared to monolinguals, supporting the notion that bilingual processing involves inhibition. The task conditions inducing different code-switching modes differed only in terms of the predictors explaining EF performance in the regression. We observed negative correlations between the frequency of engaging in a given type of code-switching and performance in language modes inducing non-corresponding control modes. The results suggested that Dense code-switching draws upon proactive control modes that differ from the reactive control involved in Alternation. Importantly, bilinguals’ dominance profiles played a crucial role in explaining EF performance. The more balanced individuals in our overall L1-dominant sample displayed better EF performance in the bilingual conditions, suggesting that more balanced bilingualism trains the control modes involved in code-switching. This highlights the importance of assessing bilinguals’ sociolinguistic profiles in bilingualism research.

Code-switching as a Bilingual Lexical Strategy

Most previous studies of intrasentential Code-switching (CS) (also known as so-called mixed speech) focus on what language items can be switched and how such switched items are configurated at the surface sentence level. Following some theoretical insights and empirical findings of recent psycholinguistic models, this study investigates such a bilingual speech behavior at a rather abstract level by adopting two particular models: the Matrix Language Frame (MLF) Model (Myers-Scotton, 1993b; Myers-Scotton & Jake, 1995), which claims that the two language involved in CS play unequal roles in terms of their respective grammatical and lexical functions, and the Bilingual Lemma Activation (BLA) Model (Wei, 2006, 2020), which claims that lemmas (i.e., abstract entries about a lexeme) are language-specific, language-specific lemmas are in contact in bilingual speech involving CS, and thus the so-called mixed speech is cross-linguistically driven at a lexical level. One of the most important assumptions underlying this study is that bilinguals perform CS as a lexical strategy to make their intended meanings lexical-conceptually and semantic-pragmatically realized. Some typical instances of CS are described and explained at several levels of abstract lexical structure in support of the major claims of the MLF Model and the BLA Model. This study offers an explanation of CS from a particular perspective.

Inter-sentential Code-switching and Language Dominance in Cantonese–English Bilingual Children

This paper examines the relationship between language dominance and the under-investigated topic of inter-sentential code-switching in Hong Kong Cantonese–English bilingual children. Longitudinal data for six children showing different dominance patterns were analysed. MLU differentials (Yip & Matthews, 2006) were adopted to measure dominance based on five criteria: methodological compatibility, typological comparability, gradient measurement, variance validity, and multifaceted compatibility. Our results showed that bilingual children produced more inter-sentential code-switching in the context of their non-dominant language and less in their dominant-language context. We account for this asymmetry in relation to mechanisms of inhibitory control (Gross & Kaushanskaya, 2015). Further, we propose that intrasentential and inter-sentential code-switching each have a different status in bilingual children’s developing grammar, underlining the methodological importance of separating the two constructs in future investigations. We also suggest that, in societies where intra-sentential code-switching is a social norm, inter-sentential code-switching could serve as signs of early bilinguals’ dominance status.

Neural signatures of inhibitory control in intra-sentential code-switching: Evidence from fMRI.

In this study we examined the neural control mechanisms that are at play when habitual code-switchers read code-switches embedded in a sentence context. The goal was also to understand if and to what extent the putative control network that is engaged during the comprehension of code-switched sentences is modulated by the linguistic regularity of those switches. Towards that goal, we tested two different types of code switches (switches at the noun-phrase boundary and switches at the verb-phrase boundary) that despite being both represented in naturalistic corpora of code switching, show different distributional properties. Results show that areas involved in general cognitive control (e.g., pre-SMA, anterior cingulate cortex) are recruited when processing code-switched sentences, relative to non-code-switched sentences. Additionally, significant activation in the cerebellum when processing sentences containing code-switches at the noun-phrase boundary suggests that habitual code-switchers might engage a wider control network to adapt inhibitory control processes according to task demands. Results are discussed in the context of the current literature on neural models of bilingual language control.

THE USE OF CODE-SWITCHING IN ENGLISH FOREIGN LANGUAGE CLASSROOM OF SMKN 2 SINJAI (Penggunaan Alih Kode Pada Kelas Bahasa Inggris di SMK Negeri 2 Sinjai)

This research aims at finding out (1) the types of code-switching used by the teachers in theforeign language classroom, (2) functions of code switching used by the teachers in the foreignlanguage classroom, and (3) the implication of code-switching on TEFL. The research employeddescriptive qualitative research design. The subjects were three English teachers of SMKN 2 Sinjai.All of them used Buginese language in their daily life but in class they used Indonesian language asmother tongue and English language as target language. The researcher findings that there are fivetypes of code-switching that used by the teachers in teaching and learning process. Those were intersentential code-switching, intra-sentential code-switching, extra-sentential or tag switching,establishing continuity with the previous speaker and emblematic. The data had shown that there weresix functions’ code-switching. Those were topic switch, reiteration, checking the studentsunderstanding, for instruction, grammar translation and explanation, inserting humor and expressemotion. The implication of code-switching on TELF was very useful because it can be used as amethod or strategy in explaining English materials, motivating the students to speak specially for lowlevel students, analyzing problem and encourage them to pay attention when the teacher explainingmaterial.

The effect of lexical accessibility on Spanish-English intra-sentential codeswitching.

Bilingual speakers sometimes codeswitch, or alternate between languages, in a single utterance. We investigated the effect of lexical accessibility of words, defined as the ease with which a speaker retrieves and produces a word, on codeswitching in Spanish-English bilinguals. We first developed a novel sentence-production paradigm to elicit naturalistic codeswitches in the lab. We then predicted items on which speakers were more or less likely to codeswitch as a consequence of the relative lexical accessibility of those items' labels across a speaker's two languages. In a Spanish sentence-production task, greater lexical accessibility in English was associated with an increased rate of codeswitching and longer speaking durations on trials on which speakers codeswitched, as well as on trials on which speakers did not codeswitch. Codeswitches were more frequent on trials where speakers likely experienced more competition from the other-language label, suggesting that codeswitching may be a tool that bilingual speakers use to alleviate difficulty associated with cross-language lexical competition. Given findings that comprehenders are able to learn lexical distributions and subtle acoustic cues to predict upcoming codeswitches, the present work suggests that demands on speakers during language production may play a role in explaining how those patterns come to exist in the language environment.

Ergative marking in Basque-Spanish and Basque-French code-switching

Summary: The paper presents the case of ergative marking in code-switching (CS) in the spontaneous speech of Basque bilinguals from either side of the French-Spanish border. Here the focus will be on intrasentential CS. Basque is an ergative-absolutive language while French and Spanish are nominative-accusative languages. According to the naturalistic data collected in the Basque Country, Basque speakers, when switching intrasententially during a conversation, show some clear patterns in the use of the ergative in CS: they use the determiner as the main trigger in ergative marking, as can be clearly observed when the determiner is a French/Spanish one. When it appears on the left of the noun following the French/Spanish pattern, the subject winds up with no ergative marker and the CS is acceptable in any case. Keywords: language contact, bilingual speech, code-switching, Basque-Spanish, BasqueFrench, ergative marking

Code-Switching English-French in the Novel Petite Anglaise

Code-switching has become a common language phenomenon that is widely used by each speaker who perceives and practices two or more languages in their daily lives. This common language phenomenon is looked up upon as the exchange of languages into other languages by speakers. This research aimed to discover the use of code-switching and the communicative functions of French as the second language used in an English novel entitled Petite Anglaise written by Catherine Sanderson. Moreover, this research involved analyzing the use of code-switching between English and French from all of the 34 chapters contained in the novel. The researchers has chosen the theoretical framework pioneered by Poplack (1980) to identify the three types of code-switching, namely tag code-switching, intrasentential code-switching and intersentential code-switching. Besides, this research also demonstrates the communicative functions of language, especially French, based on the theoretical framework presented by Halliday (1973). The findings show that each French word that was part of the code-switching phenomenon used by the author has the language communicative functions. Furthermore, based on the data analysis, each of the French words has played an important role to facilitate the author’s messages through the dialogues of every character involved. The results of this research are also expected to benefit readers especially for those who are interested in French languages. This is because this research demonstrates the ability of code-switching to assist in the acquisition of the foreing language even though through non-academic materials including novel.

The The Impact of Code Switching in Conversation of “Nebeng Boy” Youtube Vlogs Towards Communication in English Among The Participants

The present study is aimed at investigating the impact of code switching realized in the conversation of “Nebeng Boy” youtube vlog. This qualitative research is conducted by observing and analysing the conversations from four downloaded video as the data which then transcribed them in a written form. The data analysis also included the types and the functions of code switching which occurred in those four transcribed conversations in order to ease the researcher in determining the impact. The finding shows that intra-sentential code switching is the most frequent type and repetition is the most frequent function of code switching which occurred, and the impact is that the participants experienced language loss and language gain as the result of bilingualism through code switching. The English ability that is improving, results in the loss of Indonesian language ability. Bilingualism and oppression of using English language are external factors that also result code switching, which is then give impact to the loss of language that participants have learned before. 
 The findings in this study indicated that three types of code-switching found in the conversations; inter-sentential code-switching (31.3%), intra-sentential code-switching (41.9%), and emblematic/ tag switching (26.8%). The participants also used code-switching for various functions. The most significant function was repetition which got the highest percentage (18.5%) among the other functions of code-switching in four transcribed conversations. It is also found that code-switching brought impact to the participants in term od language capabilities. It resulted in the loss of Indonesian language and the gain of English ability. The most significant factors that cause language loss and language gain were the bilingual settings they experienced and the oppression to use the English language in their daily life to communicate with others.
 An interesting phenomenon of code-switching that occurred in the bilingual community was shown in the analysis and findings. It is proven that the participants in this study performed code-switching as one of the strategies in communication. The existence of code-switching also open up a realistic view that by using alternative languages, it helps to reduce the gap of misunderstanding in a conversation, so that the intimacy or solidarity can be built among the participants

Code Switching Used by Boy William in Breakout Program on Net Tv

<p class="8Abstractcontent">This research is carried out to find out (1) the types of code-switching used by Boy William in the “Breakout” program on Net TV, (2) the most dominant type of code-switching used by Boy William in “Breakout’’ program on Net TV? The researchers use the descriptive qualitative method by collecting the data from three episodes of Breakout TV program, the data was taken by focusing on Boy William utterances. It’s found 40 data that is classified into three types of code-switching, there are inter-sentential code-switching, intra-sentential switching, and tag switching. The research result shows that there are 4 inter-sentential code-switching used in Boy’ utterances, 35 intra-sentential, and 1 of tag switching. In brief, from three videos that the researchers observed there is 10% utterances of inter-sentential, 87,5 % using intra-sentential, and 2,5% tag switching used by Boy William in Breakout music program on Net TV. Then, intra-sentential code-switching is the most often used by the speaker.</p><p> </p><strong>Keywords:</strong> sociolinguistics, code-switching, English learning

English-Tigrinya Intrasentential Code-switching on Tigrinya FM Radio Programs (TFRPs)

This study deals with the linguistic analysis of Tigrinya-English(Tiglish) code-switching phenomenon: the case FM Radio Programs broadcasting in and around Mekelle. The rationales, which triggered the researcher to conduct such a research, are the fact that there are very few studies in Ethiopia, no research in Tigray , and the researcher was experienced with switched Tigrinya in the Tigrinya FM radio programs (TFRPs). The study aims mainly at exploring features of intrasentential code-switching on Tigrinya FM radio services (TFRSs). To address the problems and achieve the objectives, qualitative methods were employed for gathering bits of information from the selected site FM radio listeners in focus. Audio recording was used as basic tools to collect genuine information, and the bits of information were collected from bilingual TFRPs clients and the newscasters.There are bulks of code-switching occurrences on TFRPs more frequently from English and Amharic constituents; Tigrean code-switchers were engaging in code-switching incidences motivated by the sociocultural attractions. Key words: code-switching, intrasentential and Tigrinya FM Radio Program DOI: 10.7176/JLLL/67-02 Publication date: April 30 th 2020

Language Model and Grammatical Constraints on Code-Switching in The Case of Bahasa Indonesia-Chinese

Code-switching refers to the process of mixing different language features within a single passage that may cause a contrasting effect. This study aims to reveal the grammatical constraints on intra-sentential code-switching in the case of Bahasa Indonesia-Chinese by collecting the data of code-switching of 14 Indonesian students in Tianjin. The result finds that The language model in the case of Bahasa Indonesia-Chinese code-switching shows that Bahasa Indonesia is the dominant language for most cases. However, the switched with the same structure with Chinese, and have the same frequent occurrence of morpheme cannot be assigned into the ML and EL, only switched cases with system morpheme, and Bahasa Indonesia is the frequent morphemes can be accounted into ML or EL. The cases of switched sentences between the aspect of time and verb answer the assumption that a switch may occur even at the surface structure of the participant languages that do not map onto each other. Moreover, the free morpheme constraint analysis using the minimalist program, the bound morphemes of Bahasa Indonesia that denote determiner and possessive, can be cut from its position to project the maximal projection in VP, and still, retain a free morpheme. This finding does not violate the free morpheme constraint theory. However, the passive form switched shows that a switch occurs between bound morpheme and the lexical. The bound morpheme cannot be cut and retain a free morpheme. The switched sentences that are analyzed by the minimalist program, moreover, the result finds that when the bound morpheme cut from its position to retain a free morpheme, it falls under the lower constituent under PP. Keywords: Code-switching, the grammatical constraints, language model on code switching, bahasa Indonesia-Chinese, the matrix language frame model, the minimalist program l DOI: 10.7176/JLLL/66-05 Publication date: March 31 st 2020

Developing Iraqi EFL School Students' Performance in Creative Writing Skills Through Focus Strategy

Research on how gender affects language have been long documented by several studies in the world. In many of these works, mostly done in variationist sociolinguistics, it has been claimed that women and men are different in their speech from one another. The paper investigates gender variation in Wolof-French codeswitching. More specifically it examines how male and female codeswitching are different in terms of frequency, types and other linguistic forms. The conversations of twelve Wolof-French bilingual students and office workers are analysed in this study. Results from this study show that women codeswitch more frequently than men. The study also indicates that intra-sentential codeswitching is the mostly used type in men’s and women’s speech. It has also been shown that the French discourse marker “<i>quoi</i>” is far more used in men speech and constitutes then a linguistic feature that differentiates men and women language. However, even if both genders prefer intra-sentential types of codeswitching, women tend to use it more 61,44% of their speech against 56,66% for men. Men, on the other hand, produce more inter-sentential codeswitching instances than women 13,02% against 12,53%.