Interpretation Of Processes Research Articles

Rematriering som museal praksis

This article discusses repatriation and rematriation linked to museum practice. A number of return projects are taking place both nationally and internationally. Former colonial powers and nation-states thereby take responsibility for oppressed colonial objects, and indigenous peoples are gaining access to their own cultural heritage. In a decolonization perspective, ownership of one’s own cultural heritage is important. But what does that mean in practice? The board game sáhkku is used as an example of how cultural heritage can be activated when the community of origin has access to an object and the intangible knowledge linked to the use of the object. By being actively used, objects are rematriated in their context of origin in a new age. In this way, the object and the knowledge about it take on a new meaning. Theoretically, the philosopher Ricoeur’s perspectives on narrative identity are used, which implies that identity is the result of an interpretation process and that access to cultural expressions is crucial for the individual’s opportunity to shape their identity.

On the issue of the relationship of verbal and non-verbal components in the interpretation of audiovisual discourse

The process of interpretation is to a large extent defined by the scientific perception of an audiovisual production as an act of intracultural and intercultural communication between the collective author and the target audience. Audiovisual productions are multilayered complexes of verbal and non-verbal elements that are interrelated by the collective author in the process of their creation. The structure of these relations must be perceived, understood and interpreted correctly by the target audience. Without this the process of cultural communication by the means of these audiovisual works between these two aggregated entities is impossible. The process of interpretation has many levels that are defined by cognitive and cultural attributes of viewers. Its stages are - perception of its components by visual and sound receptors; - understanding of the meaning of minimal units of both visual and aural verbal and non-verbal streams; - culturally determined interpreting of plot units in the process of double reconstruction of the coherent AV discourse whole based both on its explicit and implicit components; - secondary semantization of content. This article differentiates between the concept of a single viewer-recipient as a subject of perception process and the collective viewer as a participant of an act of the social communication based on the transmission of AV discourses. The collective viewer is a complex subject of the social interpretation of AV discourses who establishes norms and rules of this process and performs acts of their secondary semantization. Eventfulness is the key cognitive parameter of audiovisual productions, The collective author uses visual, ambience, verbal tools in the process of the cultural communication to create for the target audience various event sequences forming the backbone of a plot that can by understood by the audience.

«На границах привычной коммуникации»: семиотико-феноменологический аспект читательской рефлексии М. Степановой

The article proposes a semiotic-phenomenological understanding of the problem of meaning production and misunderstanding of a poetic text as one of the possible reactions of the reader. The material was the metaliterary reflection of Maria Stepanova: a comparison of the reader with a seismograph-sensecatcher, the process of interpretation with actions on the boundaries of ordinary communication, misunderstanding with the absence of a reading organ. The author is considered simultaneously as a coding sender and a decoding interpreter of being, capturing meanings. The uniqueness of what is encoded and the experience of the poet’s knowledge of the world, the transcendental nature of what is conveyed through a sign, the need to reconstruct the language of speaking and understanding without losing the equivalence of meanings make it difficult to perceive a poetic text. M. Stepanova creates the image of an ideal reader, ready for the traumatic experience of understanding a new language and capturing new meanings in a situation where there is no “organ” for a full dialogue.

ТВОРЧА ОСОБИСТІСТЬ ДЖОНА МІЛТОНА У ПОТРАКТУВАННІ ГАРОЛЬДА БЛУМА: PRO ET CONTRA

Background. The decline of the humanities, caused, among other things, by the pragmatism of reading texts, prompted Harold Bloom to write a thorough work The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages. The author discusses the notion of the Canon and provides a number of factors that determine the inclusion of a particular writer in the list of canonical ones. Bloom develops the concept of the Western Canon around William Shakespeare, whom he considers to be inextricably linked to a broad paradigm of texts and authors who followed him. Actuality of the article lies in the need to form a critical attitude to established authorities, the dominant opinion in society, and to develop one's own position, in particular, when clarifying the criteria that ambivalently mark Good and Evil in the context of political, ideological struggle or war. Milton himself mentioned that: "The mind is its own place, and in itself/ Can make a Heaven of Hell, a Hell of Heaven". The article aims to study Harold Bloom's interpretation of John Milton's Paradise Lost in "The Western Canon" and sets the following tasks: to study Milton's connection with Shakespeare, to highlight Bloom's main thoughts on the central figure of Milton's poem – Satan, to highlight analytical reflections on Bloom's concept, as well as to classify semantic losses or gains in the Ukrainian translation of the poem by O. Zhomnir. Methods. The study was carried out using cultural-historical, biographical, mythopoetic, comparative-historical and receptive methods. Results. It has been established that Harold Bloom, providing convincing arguments in favor of the canonicity of John Milton in English literature, outlines the historical context that connects Milton and Shakespeare and determines the significant influence of the latter on the former. "The Western Canon" allows us to reveal the image of Satan, to trace the Shakespearean evolution of the character in his style, to establish a clear hierarchy of the importance of characters in the poem, and to determine the attitude of John Milton, a Puritan poet, to this character. Conclusions. Harold Bloom overemphasises the antecedents of the "poet" and, accordingly, the "fear of influence". The dialectic of generations, according to Bloom, is permanent, as is the process of interpretation. Therefore, for Bloom, the originality of the poet, in our opinion, lies in what he lost in comparison with his "father" or gained by overcoming him. That is why Bloom's contextual comparison of Milton with his predecessor, Shakespeare, is so important.

Emma Donoghue'nun the Pull of the Stars Romanında Kan Vergisi

This paper sheds light on a thrilling feminist triangle in The Pull of The Stars, Julia Power, Dr. Kathleen Lynn, and Bridie Sweeney and manifests how each character endures different unpleasant experiences and goes through a variety of painful attitudes. It also discloses females’ income and their economic status, exhibits plainly women’s social and political situations, and how males downgraded females in career areas just because they were women in Ireland in the 20th century. The paper also shows how women throughout history have helped their societies in different fields and tasks; in times of war by treating the injured and manufacturing weapons; in politics as inspiring thinkers, revolutionaries, Sinn Feiners, and freedom fighters; in the health sector as nurses and doctors, especially during pandemics; in houses as breadwinners, housewives, and nurturers, etc. Furthermore, this paper illuminates the miracle of birth, the challenges of midwifery, yet more superiorly the blood tax by females in the Irish masculine society. Moreover, this paper demonstrates how Emma Donoghue empowers women in a male-centric culture that belittles women, exploits their bodies to produce many children, prevents them from electing and expressing their opinions, practices gender discrimination in workplaces, and embraces economic inequality. It also addresses issues concerning the physical and psychological aspects of gestation, childbirth, maternity, matrimony, and family violence experienced by women, especially those from the poorest socioeconomic backgrounds in The Pull of The Stars. Finally, this paper uses a qualitative research method for analysis purposes and the interpretation process.

Estudante com perfil de dominância na Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas: percepção dos docentes e discentes

ABSTRACT Introduction: Problem-Based Learning occurs through work in small groups, facilitated by tutors, and everyone is expected to contribute to the achievement of the learning objectives. The presence of a dominant profile student could lead to some imbalance in the group dynamics. Objective: to understand, from the perspective of collaborative learning, the meanings attributed by tutors and students to the presence of the dominant profile student in the tutorial group. Methods: two qualitative studies with tutors and students were conducted at a university in northeastern Brazil. The first aimed to understand the tutor’s perception of the presence of the dominant student in the tutorial group. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect information. The population consisted of tutors from the physiotherapy undergraduate course with more than two years facilitating tutorial groups. The second study aimed to understand the meanings attributed by students about the presence of the dominance profile in tutoring. Information was collected by focus group. The study population consisted of medical students from the first four years of the course. The process of analysis and interpretation was anchored in the theoretical assumptions of collaborative learning, which also served as a reference for the development of the interviews and focus group scripts. Bardin’s content analysis technique was adopted. The studies were approved by the Research Ethics Committee, CAAE: 26191119.5.0000.5569 and CAAE: 38005320.5.0000.5569. Results: tutors and students highlighted the diversity within the dominance profile. They characterized the student with this profile as collaborative, participatory and prepared. They also pointed out characteristics of impatience, difficulty in listening and accepting arguments contrary to their own. In addition, they reported intrusive behavior, silencing and limiting the participation of others. The tutors reinforced the difficulty in dealing with the dominant student, especially when giving feedback. The students reported that tutors, when facing the dominant student, did not perceive the lack of collaboration in the group and were insecure to intervene. Conclusion: the students expressed embarrassment and insecurity when faced with presence of the dominant student, leading to losses in the construction of group knowledge and individual performance, as well as disappointment in relation to the tutor’s performance. The tutors showed they recognize subtleties within the dominance profile, despite difficulties in adequately intervening.

MCE: Medical Cognition Embedded in 3D MRI feature extraction for advancing glioma staging.

In recent years, various data-driven algorithms have been applied to the classification and staging of brain glioma MRI detection. However, the restricted availability of brain glioma MRI data in purely data-driven deep learning algorithms has presented challenges in extracting high-quality features and capturing their complex patterns. Moreover, the analysis methods designed for 2D data necessitate the selection of ideal tumor image slices, which does not align with practical clinical scenarios. Our research proposes an novel brain glioma staging model, Medical Cognition Embedded (MCE) model for 3D data. This model embeds knowledge characteristics into data-driven approaches to enhance the quality of feature extraction. Approach includes the following key components: (1) Deep feature extraction, drawing upon the imaging technical characteristics of different MRI sequences, has led to the design of two methods at both the algorithmic and strategic levels to mimic the learning process of real image interpretation by medical professionals during film reading; (2) We conduct an extensive Radiomics feature extraction, capturing relevant features such as texture, morphology, and grayscale distribution; (3) By referencing key points in radiological diagnosis, Radiomics feature experimental results, and the imaging characteristics of various MRI sequences, we manually create diagnostic features (Diag-Features). The efficacy of proposed methodology is rigorously evaluated on the publicly available BraTS2018 and BraTS2020 datasets. Comparing it to most well-known purely data-driven models, our method achieved higher accuracy, recall, and precision, reaching 96.14%, 93.4%, 97.06%, and 97.57%, 92.80%, 95.96%, respectively.

FDSR: An Interpretable Frequency Division Stepwise Process Based Single-Image Super-Resolution Network.

Deep learning has excelled in single-image super-resolution (SISR) applications, yet the lack of interpretability in most deep learning-based SR networks hinders their applicability, especially in fields like medical imaging that require transparent computation. To address these problems, we present an interpretable frequency division SR network that operates in the image frequency domain. It comprises a frequency division module and a step-wise reconstruction method, which divides the image into different frequencies and performs reconstruction accordingly. We develop a frequency division loss function to ensure that each reconstruction module (ReM) operates solely at one image frequency. These methods establish an interpretable framework for SR networks, visualizing the image reconstruction process and reducing the black box nature of SR networks. Additionally, we revisited the subpixel layer upsampling process by deriving its inverse process and designing a displacement generation module. This interpretable upsampling process incorporates subpixel information and is similar to pre-upsampling frameworks. Furthermore, we develop a new ReM based on interpretable Hessian attention to enhance network performance. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our network, without the frequency division loss, outperforms state-of-the-art methods qualitatively and quantitatively. The inclusion of the frequency division loss enhances the network's interpretability and robustness, and only slightly decreases the PSNR and SSIM metrics by an average of 0.48 dB and 0.0049, respectively.

Symbolic representations in dispute: The hate speech in Brazilian political advertising

This study aims to examine the authoritarian discourse embodied in political advertisements, focusing on the dissemination of hatred and attacks on opponents. We aim to understand the use of advertising as a resource that provides a space for the clash of imaginary formations and the effects of meaning that these clashes promote. This research is anchored in the theoretical proposal of materialist discourse analysis, focusing on the notions of imaginary formation (Pêcheux, 2014a and 2014b); (Orlandi, 2015) and authoritarian discourse (Orlandi, 2011), in addition to the concepts of culture industry (Adorno & Horkheimer, 1985), imaginary superindustry (Bucci, 2021) and excited society (Türcke, 2010). The adopted methodology is qualitative and part of an interpretive and reflective process in which the corpus of analysis consists of discourses that circulate on social media through advertisements that construct controlled symbolic representations. The analyses reveal that a dispute scenario that undermines mediations has arisen in Brazil, establishing a process of the interdiction of the other in the constitution of subjectivities and resulting in symbolic violence of the order of the imaginary.

Legal basis for explaining the contractual terms of «Contra proferentem»

Attention is drawn to the fact that in the legal practice of the Republic of Kazakhstan there is no possibility of interpreting a civil law contract using the principle of «contra proferentem» with the currently valid legal norms. In the legal literature of the Republic of Kazakhstan, there is a lack of special research that takes into account the development trends of a modern market society, the rules for interpreting a contract with the principle of «contra proferentem» in the legal systems of Western countries with developed economies. In such cases, a critical analysis of the rules of foreign law and the practice of its application that govern the process of interpretation of contractual requirements of the «contra proferentem» principle is relevant. This analysis is presented using examples of the practice of applying legal norms in Western countries. A review of domestic judicial practice allows us to conclude that many issues related to the interpretation of a civil contract, in particular those related to establishing the content of vague and ambiguous contracts, are faced by the courts of the Republic of Kazakhstan. It should be recognized that in the practice of the courts of the Republic of Kazakhstan such approaches have not yet been developed. In order to fill the gap in the interpretation of the content of a civil contract in the domestic legal system, this research project is based on foreign experience.In this article, the authors comprehensively analyzed the principle of «contra proferentem» in the institution of interpretation of contractual terms of a civil law contract in the country and made recommendations for increasing its effectiveness.

Зло в «овечьей шкуре»: как хорроры используют наши шаблоны мышления?

Have you ever wondered why we get scared by things that we don’t think should scare us? What is so scary about a boy with a knife or a wide smile of a clown? Why has clown image become one of the most memorable images in horror movies? To answer these questions it is necessary to pay attention to the structural features of the interpretative process which is an essential property of human interaction. Interpretation is the central concept in Herbert Blumer’s symbolic interactionism perspective. It allows us to take a special look at the mechanics of how horror films affect our thought patterns. As cases for this article, fragments from the Halloween (1978) and Terrifier (2016) movies were used.

Rekonstrukcja pojęcia prawniczego domniemania interpretacyjnego

Juridical presumptions, including interpretative juridical presumptions, have not been elaborated on in detail in theoretical and legal terms, although they are an interpretative tool often used in jurisdiction and literature. Recently there has been a revival of the discussion on the presumption of constitutionality (conformity with the constitution) of laws (statutes). Another example of an interpretative juridical presumption is the presumption of rationality of the legislator, based on the assumption of rationality of the legislator elaborated in the 1970s by Leszek Nowak and Jerzy Wróblewski. A comparative analysis of interpretative juridical presumptions with institutions such as legal presumptions and legal fictions allows to reconstruct the most important features of the former in terms of their structure and functions, and this in turn will allow to claim that interpretative juridical presumptions are directly referred to by the authorities applying the law in difficult cases in which it is impossible to complete the interpretation process without taking into account the basic values of the legal system, not directly expressed in this system or only sketched at the level of constitutional standards. Due to the special role that interpretative juridical presumptions play in the process of interpretation, their law-making function may be also discussed.

Social Harmony in Diversity

SMA Negeri 1 exemplifies an institution where individuals live harmoniously, peacefully, and in alignment with the institution’s goals. This study aims to describe the “Model of Multicultural Islamic Education Development to Achieve Social Harmony at SMA Negeri 1 Tuban.” The study employs a qualitative research approach using a case study method. Data collection techniques include participatory observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. Data analysis is based on Robert K. Yin’s methodology, which involves the application of research themes through research questions, research propositions, data and data interpretation processes, unit of analysis, and naturalistic generalization. After presenting the data, it is analyzed through various academic disciplines, including religious studies, philosophy, anthropology, and socio-psychology. The research findings indicate that the model of multicultural Islamic education at SMA Negeri 1 Tuban encompasses five key components: analysis of religious conflicts, institutional policies, development of curriculum materials integrated with multicultural Islamic values, preparation of educators with an understanding of multicultural Islamic education values, and evaluation of the implementation of these values through context, input, process, and product assessments. This comprehensive approach ensures that the objectives and goals are clearly understood and achievable, thereby concluding the use of an integrated-comprehensive model based on social harmony.

Cone-beam computed tomography in endodontics: from the specific technical considerations of acquisition parameters and interpretation to advanced clinical applications.

The implementation of imaging methods that enable sensitive and specific observation of anatomical structures has been a constant in the evolution of endodontic therapy. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) enables 3-dimensional (3D) spatial anatomical navigation in the 3 volumetric planes (sagittal, coronal and axial) which translates into great accuracy for the identification of endodontic pathologies/conditions. CBCT interpretation consists of 2 main components: (i) the generation of specific tasks of the image and (ii) the subsequent interpretation report. A systematic and reproducible method to review CBCT scans can improve the accuracy of the interpretation process, translating into greater precision in terms of diagnosis and planning of endodontic clinical procedures. MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science, Google Scholar, Embase and Scopus were searched from inception to March 2023. This narrative review addresses the theoretical concepts, elements of interpretation and applications of the CBCT scan in endodontics. In addition, the contents and rationale for reporting 3D endodontic imaging are discussed.

The role of large language models in medical image processing: a narrative review.

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) has ushered in a new era in natural language processing (NLP), with large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT leading the way. This paper explores the profound impact of AI, particularly LLMs, in the field of medical image processing. The objective is to provide insights into the transformative potential of AI in improving healthcare by addressing historical challenges associated with manual image interpretation. A comprehensive literature search was conducted on the Web of Science and PubMed databases from 2013 to 2023, focusing on the transformations of LLMs in Medical Imaging Processing. Recent publications on the arXiv database were also reviewed. Our search criteria included all types of articles, including abstracts, review articles, letters, and editorials. The language of publications was restricted to English to facilitate further content analysis. The review reveals that AI, driven by LLMs, has revolutionized medical image processing by streamlining the interpretation process, traditionally characterized by time-intensive manual efforts. AI's impact on medical care quality and patient well-being is substantial. With their robust interactivity and multimodal learning capabilities, LLMs offer immense potential for enhancing various aspects of medical image processing. Additionally, the Transformer architecture, foundational to LLMs, is gaining prominence in this domain. In conclusion, this review underscores the pivotal role of AI, especially LLMs, in advancing medical image processing. These technologies have the capacity to enhance transfer learning efficiency, integrate multimodal data, facilitate clinical interactivity, and optimize cost-efficiency in healthcare. The potential applications of LLMs in clinical settings are promising, with far-reaching implications for future research, clinical practice, and healthcare policy. The transformative impact of AI in medical image processing is undeniable, and its continued development and implementation are poised to reshape the healthcare landscape for the better.

Reading Literature: Catharsis, Duende, Pleasure and Bliss

In this study I purport to look into the relation between literature and its reception, from reading to literary criticism informed by theory. I start from Manguel and Hirsch’s accounts of reading literature and I continue with David Lodge’s contention that “reading a literary text is a process of continuous interpretation and evaluation” and that “the mere decision to go on reading a novel or a poem to its end is a kind of critical act” (Lodge 2003: 92). After a survey of Lodge’s four models of literary criticism and retaining his argument that criticism may even stifle creativity, I tackle the hypothesis posited by Paul de Man that literature resists theory. Drawing on Borges’s claim that any text is a rewriting of other texts, which underpins Gérard Genette’s theory of “architextuality” and “transtextuality” (Genette 1997: 1), I argue that any text absorbs other texts written before it and will be absorbed in its turn by texts written in its wake. My argument of the reception of literature based on the sense of duende (Hirsch 1999: 277) is rooted in Roland Barthes’s distinction between “pleasure” and “bliss”. I conclude that criticism in its most inspired form retains and restores a hedonistic and immersive bliss.

Implementation of ambiguous governance instruments in higher education

The article examines how higher education institutions respond to ambiguous governance instruments. A key focus is how ambiguity is tackled in the interpretation and implementation processes. Building on theoretical perspectives from institutional analysis of organisations, an empirical point of departure is the analysis of ten higher education institutions in Norway and their response on the introduction of development agreements. The findings point out two important dimensions in analysing implementation processes: focusing on the change dynamics and the degree of internal integration. In combination, these point towards distinct patterns in organisational responses to ambiguous policy instruments.

A comparative corpus-based study of European Portuguese discourse markers bom and bem and French bon and bien

"A comparative corpus-based study of European Portuguese discourse markers bom and bem and French bon and bien. According to many authors, Discourse Markers (DM) serve as signals or triggers guiding the process of interpretation (Fraser 2006, Aijmer 2013, Maschler and Schiffrin 2015, among many others), thus having a more procedural than conceptual meaning. This study aims to investigate and specify the structural positions and the semantic-discursive functions of the DMs ‘bem’ and ‘bom’ in European Portuguese and of ‘bon’ and ‘bien’ in French, then to compare these positions and functions. The study relies on two European oral corpora for each language. The methodology is quantitative and qualitative. The analysis focuses primarily on the structural and modal levels, following mainly Oliveira and Silva’s (2020) proposal for the study of ‘bem’ and ‘bom’ and the proposal of Peltier and Ranson (2020) for ‘bon’. Results show that isolated DM ‘bom’ and ‘bem’ are equally frequent in the C-ORAL-ROM and that ‘bem’ is much more frequent than ‘bom’ in the local corpus Fala Bracarense. They also show that ‘bien’ is very rare as an isolated DM in both French corpora, while ‘bon’ is much more frequent than ‘bom’, ‘bem’ and ‘bien’. Regarding structural positions, these DMs occur mainly as turn medial, while structural and modal functions are more differentiated depending on the DM, the corpus and the language. Thus, the study shows that although these European French and Portuguese DMs share the same etymology, they differ in usage. Keywords: Discourse markers, European Portuguese, French, oral corpora, semantic-discursive functions"

Strategies of consecutive interpretation in joint press conferences

This article deals with problems of interpretation of political discourse in joint press conference. Novelty of research is identified by the lack of domestic publications in the field of Translation studies on press conferences in the context of Kazakhstan’s foreign policy. Article examines characteristic features of consecutive interpretation of political media discourse. The need of effective strategies that help to provide adequate interpretation is identified and justified. On the basis of the study the authors suggest that backgroundknowledge on communicative situation enables interpreter to solve tasks caused by time deficiency and different semantic structures. It is proved that use of compression, decompression and re-ordering string in consecutive interpretation is key to reach communicative equivalence in target text. Results show that juxtaposition of strategies in one discursive segment illustrates that inherent cognitive feature of interpretation process. Article consists of literature review, methods of research, description and analyses of research material.

Introduction to the Special Issue on Modelling Processes of Comprehension, Aesthetic Experience, and Interpretation in Literary Conversations

This introduction briefly outlines developments in research on literary conversations in classrooms and other educational settings and explains why empirical studies looking into relations between mental processes of literary reception on the one hand side and communicative behaviour on the other hand side must (also) draw on methods beyond conversation analysis. It then proceeds to give a quick overview of the seven contributions to this Special Issue, and concludes with remarks on directions for future research in this field.