International Situation Research Articles

Development of A More State-led Approach of Chinese Railway Express During and After the Epidemic

Starting from the decentralization during the reform and opening-up period in 1978, the growth of China's railroad has gone through the process of decentralization and then re-centralization, which is also one of the most special stages. The development process of CR Express is a epitome of the history of China's railroad development. Since its opening in 2011, its transportation volume has been showing a trend of steady growth. Since the epidemic, the China-Europe liner has ushered in a period of extremely rapid development. The fundamental reason for this is that the unexpected demand under the ad hoc situation has shaped the decentralized policy into a more state-led approach to developing the freight train operation. This paper will focus on this phenomenon, analyze the reasons for this trend from various aspects such as politics, economy, international situation, etc., and elaborate the challenges faced by the CR Express in the post epidemic era as well as the implications of this development process for China's infrastructure construction.

A treia și ultima prezență a lui Richard M. Nixon în România lui Nicolae Ceaușescu, 28-30 iunie 1982 Un document inedit, III

The unpublished document – here, the third and last part of it - contains the transcript of the discussions, from June 28-30, 1982, between Nicolae Ceaușescu, the president of the Socialist Republic of Romania (SRR), and Richard M. Nixon, the former president of the United States, who, during the mentioned period, was for the third and last time in Bucharest, in a private visit. In Romania, Ceaușescu and Nixon had met, for the first time, in March 1967, also in the context of a private visit of the American politician (former, at that time, vice president - in two terms - of the USA), the second time, on the occasion of the historic visit official visit to SRR by President Nixon (August 2-3, 1969), the first visit of an American president not only to Romania, but also to a communist state. In 1982, the interlocutors addressed a wide range of issues discussed, from the Romanian-American relations at that time to the examination of the international political situation (for example, the relations between the great powers or the tense reality in the Middle East).

Polscy emigranci polistopadowi w zachodniej Francji i projekt wyprawy portugalskiej z 1833 r.

Polish Post-November refugees in western France and the 1833 Portuguese expedition project The idea produced by general officer Józef Bem and price Adam Jerzy Czartoryski to form a Polish Legion in Portugal in 1833 is an interesting subject in the context of international situation, French policy towards Polish post November refugees and as far as the situation within Polish emigration is concerned. Polish Legion was intended to participate in the Portuguese civil war on the side of the liberals and the supporters of constitutional monarchy. The Poles wanted to fight for the freedom of nations and were attracted by the perspective of military service in the Portuguese Army. French government informally supported the Poles expedition to Portugal perceiving it as a prospect of limiting expenditures on political refugees as well as an opportunity for calming down social anxiety, since the presence of Polish refugees in France caused numerous manifestations and riots. The Poles were allowed to gather on the West Coast of France. Initially, more than a dozen people went to the Breton island of Belle-Île where they spent a year and a half waiting for the opportunity to depart. Later on, the Poles were gathering in Nantes. As general officer Józef Bem’s idea was becoming less and less probable, some of them were directed to settle in Côtes-du-Nord department. Those determined to leave headed for the city of La Rochelle. The article presents the preparations for the Portuguese Expedition mostly from the perspective of the French authorities: how government decisions regulated the issues of the possible leave of the Poles and the engagement of French local authorities in this Polish project.

Learning Chinese in Russian Federation Schools: Status and Trends

This scientific article is devoted to the study of the Chinese language in schools of the Russian Federation, its status and trends. The relevance of the research topic is due, first, to the growth of the popularity of the Chinese language in the Russia among schoolchildren and students of higher educational institutions; secondly, by strengthening bilateral relations between the People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation in the context of «power transit» and restructuring of the international situation. The study is based on neo-liberalism, which views international relations as a non-anarchic structure with the primacy of international law, institutions and international trade. The main conclusion of the study is the characteristic of the history of the study of the Chinese language in Russia as cyclical. The practical interest of the Chinese language acquired only at the end of the 19th century and developed until the deterioration of relations between the USSR and the People’s Republic of China, when the orientation of the Chinese language in the Soviet Union changed from practical to scientific. Chinese is taught in schools in the Russian Federation on an equal footing with other foreign languages. The popularity of the Chinese language among schoolchildren is growing every year. Among the key problems of learning the Chinese language in Russian schools are the lack of teaching staff against the background of increased interest, the lack of teaching aids, the lack of native speakers, the concentration on learning Chinese at universities. The scientific novelty of the conducted research lies in the analysis of the history of the study of the Chinese language in Russia from the time of the reign of Peter I to the present day, the comparative analysis.

Unified legal framework for restricting the turnover of landmine weapons

The dominance of the collective West caused by the liquidation of the USSR led to a sharp aggravation of the international situation, the emergence of new fierce local military conflicts with the massive use of landmine weapons. This entails the death and injury of both military personnel and civilians. The existing international treaties are practically not respected. The search for effective solutions in this area meets the basic needs of all peoples of the world, in contrast to the artificial problems of global projects of the collective West, implemented under the auspices of the WTO, IMF, IEF, WHO, and the World Bank. The obvious crisis of international humanitarian law reflects the state of international relations and makes the search for effective solutions to real humanitarian problems extremely relevant. The effectiveness of legal regulation is one of the main directions for solving the mine problem. Comparative analysis has shown that the very fact of the existence of two main treaties on landmine weapons, with different subject matter and composition of the participating States, objectively creates problems in the application and execution of these treaties. And the conducted generalization of reservations and statements made by individual parties to the treaties indicates that the latter may be aimed at non-fulfillment of these treaties. Within the framework of the two existing international mine action treaties, the obligation of their execution by the authors of the relevant novels is almost completely excluded. This conclusion is confirmed by the content of the relevant reservations, statements, and interpretations given in the work, which belong to the authorship of the States of the collective West. At the same time, it was the analysis of the relevant reservations and declarations that made it possible to formulate the main condition for international legal regulation in this area. As a solution to these problems, it is proposed to unify the regulation of the turnover of landmine weapons - the establishment of a unified concept of a mine action treaty based on the status of a party to an armed conflict. Another positive consequence of the existence of a single international treaty based on the prohibition of the use of landmine weapons on the territory of other States is the unification of the basic definitions of landmine weapons.

文明互鉴视域下儒家思想在欧洲的译介、传播与衍变

In the dual context of the Community of Shared Future for Mankind and the Unprecedented Changes in a Century, changes in the international situation and cultural dissemination are influencing the evolution of Confucianism in Europe. Reconstructing the translation, dissemination, and evolution of Confucianism in Europe under the backdrop of the new era holds significant importance for the establishment of China’s global image in the era of globalization. This paper explores the essence of Confucianism within the framework of civilizational interaction, examines the transitions and influences of Confucianism in cross-cultural exchanges, analyzes the profound impact of Confucianism in different cultural backgrounds, and emphasizes the value of studying Confucianism under the perspective of civilizational interaction. This paper provides foundational research for the global study of Confucianism.

Diplomacy in the context of escalating challenges and threats in world politics

The article reflects the most important factors determining the effectiveness of Russian diplomacy in the context of new challenges and threats associated with the development of processes of escalation of tension in the international situation. The relevance of the article is determined by Washington’s intensifi ed desire for dominance in the escalation of military and non-military methods of pressure on Moscow in order to achieve its stated geopolitical goals, the priority of which is inflicting strategic military defeat on Russia, fragmentation and destruction of our country.The novelty of the article lies in the author’s attempt to explore the vectors of development of the military-political situation in Ukraine in the direction of both vertical and horizontal escalation. Based on the analysis of the results obtained, the author substantiates the need for a signifi cant revision of the curricula of Russian universities in order to adapt them to the military-political realities of our time.

Environmental impacts of potential mining-replacing-import alternative for China in response to the China-Australia coal ban

Australia is a long-term key partner of China in coal trading, which is famous for high-quality coal and its price advantage. However, affected by the evolution of international political and economic situation, China has issued a coal ban on Australian coal since the end of 2020. The potential environmental consequences of this coal ban remain unclear. So, this paper quantifies the ban's impact on air pollution, human health and climate change by simulating the emission difference between the port scenario (simulating the emissions due to Australian coal import under business as usual) and the mine scenario (simulating the emissions due to domestic coal mining that converted from import share of Australian coal), and monetizes the losses into economic costs for direct comparison. The results illustrate the emission of SO2, VOCs and GHG in mine scenario grows up to 102, 12 and 6 times the amount of that in port scenario, mainly deriving from coal mining process in the North China Plain and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. It shows that the potential alternative of replacing import with mining leads to PM2.5 pollution exacerbation and O3 pollution abatement, which causes 148 (95 % CI: 101–183) non-communicable diseases and respiratory disease-related deaths in total. As for GHG, the emission of BC in transportation process and fugitive methane in coal mining process contribute to an impressive effect on warming potential with few quantities, which is worth noting in control process. In total, the environmental deterioration resulted in an economic loss of approximately 934 million yuan. The undiminished demand for high-quality industrial coal as well as growing carbon tax could make the economic value of the coal ban's environmental consequences more considerable in the near future. This research emphasizes the contradiction between economic development and environmental improvement caused by excessive dependence on coal and addresses a critical knowledge gap in assessing the ban's environmental impact by economic value. The result directly demonstrates the environmental consequences of the potential mining-replacing-import alternative and helps better understand environmental influences on the Chinese government's decision.

New insights into space activities regulation: ab origine to contemporary

The research presents new perceptions on the process of regulating space activities based on a synthesis of innovative approaches to regulating such activities and analysis of documents adopted by the international community in this area over the entire period of development of space activities. First of all, the research raises the issue of the format of the existing Space Law (including the form of Conventionalis stipulatio) as well as the question of the possibility of the emergence in the future of several new legal systems to regulate space activities. In this regard, the list of subjects and objects of space activities and space law is revised, and options for their classification and new interpretations are proposed. In addition, at this stage of the research, a proposal is presented for applying a new approach to organizing the legal space of the Universe taking into account the principles of “domestic room” and “alien room”. At the same time, this proposal also includes the use of new methods to determine the spatial-territorial jurisdiction of States. Thus, instead of searching for the border between airspace and outer space (which has not yet been successful), the question of the possibility of dividing the entire aerospace into several special layers is considered, namely, a layer of spatial security of States, a layer of spatial security of humanity, and open space. Additionally, the research emphasizes the gradual formation in 1958 – 1963 of the first four most important General Principles for Space Activities, which in the future may become the basis for the development of Outer Space Public Law aimed at the benefit of all humanity. According to the author, the findings of this research can be useful to form a new insight into the process of regulating space activities and develop new forms and types of Space Law that will change the international situation in this area for the better.

Analysis of the impact of financial market development on China's national economy

Finance serves as the nerve center in the modern economic model, connecting various modern economic sectors and reflecting the development status of each modern economic sector. In the past 20 years, the international situation has been turbulent, and international economic development and recovery are also full of instability. The global interest rate hike frenzy led by the Federal Reserve has also added more risks to the stability of the financial environment. Currently, China is at a critical node in the transformation of its economic structure from growth to quality. The economic development structure also reflects the shift from a real-based economy to a virtual economy. The unbalanced characteristics of the transformation, in which the flow of financial capital can adjust the focus of the structure of economic development, and at the same time reflect the scope of benefits of economic development dividends, what role finance plays in the growth of China's national economy will be based on statistics Analyze and conduct research.

The changing performance of inbound tourism under the fluctuation of the Renminbi exchange rate

In the context of the information age in the post epidemic period, China's inbound tourism is increasingly recovering, and related tourism products are gradually coming into the view of foreign consumers. The development of tourism is an important way to promote international relations and improve international influence, while the exchange rate plays an irreplaceable role as one of the important influencing factors of international trade. In addition, the exchange rate reflects the price conversion index between the two countries can effectively explain the international economic situation and the continuous reform of the exchange rate system on China's foreign exchange market has caused different impacts, the exchange rate fluctuations of the RMB may be outside the part of the population with the intention of coming to China to cause a certain impact. In order to explore the impact of exchange rate fluctuations on the inbound tourism industry, this paper combines the background of the post-epidemic period with a view to empirically analysing the issue through macro data, and then exploring the changes in China's inbound tourism market under the fluctuation of the RMB exchange rate from multiple perspectives, as well as the transmission mechanism of exchange rate fluctuations on the inbound tourism market. Ultimately, it will provide certain reference value for the Chinese government and the related tourism industry, so as to effectively promote the development of China's tourism industry and improve China's international influence.

Research on the Development of China's High-tech Industry under the Background of Sino-U.S. Trade War

High-tech industry has always occupied an important position in many industries in China. Since the reform and opening up, China's high and new industries have been developing at a rapid pace. However, since the beginning of 2018, there has been a trade war between China and the United States. In the new international situation, China's high-tech industry is facing huge opportunities and challenges, so it is particularly important to study the competitiveness of China's high-tech industry. Through literature analysis, based on micro and macro perspectives, this paper compares the situation of China and the United States in Sino-U.S. trade, and analyzes the Sino-U.S. trade frictions in recent years and the contest between the two countries' national core competitiveness. The focus of this paper is to study how the survival and development of China's high-tech industries are affected under the background of Sino-U.S. trade war.

Economic Security Threats. Determinants of State Functioning and Economic Policy

Threats to economic security affect national security. The aim of the article is to present the economic security threats taking into account selected determinants of state functioning and economic policy. In shaping economic security, it is important to properly consider threats to this security. Various research methods were used in the work, including the method of critical analysis of the literature as well as the method of analysis and synthesis. Considering the issues of economic security, it is also worth analyzing the threat to this security. In theory and practice, different aspects and types of threats to economic security can be taken into account. Many economic and social indicators should be used in the identification and assessment process of economic security threats. Poland’s security is affected by various economic threats, including those related to the international situation.

The Challenge of the Change of International Situation Faced by China in the Development of the New Era

The Challenge of the Change of International Situation Faced by China in the Development of the New Era

"Who Takes Care of Carers?": Experiences of Intensive Care Unit Nurses in the Acute Phase of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic caused an international health emergency situation where nursing took on a fundamental role. The high number of patients in hospital ICUs led to a shift in nurses' working conditions and workload. Objective: The objective of this study was to describe the experiences of nurses who worked in ICUs during the acute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology: A qualitative, descriptive study was carried out, with the participation of 21 nurses who worked in the ICU during the pandemic. Data collection took place between May and July 2021 through 21 in-depth interviews. Results: Three main themes emerged: (1) COVID-19 in ICUs: nurses on the frontline. (2) United against adversity: teamwork. (3) New optics of critical care and the nursing profession. COVID-19 was perceived with harshness, and the lack of knowledge about the virus generated confusion, anxiety and fear due to the risk of transmission to family members and relatives. The pandemic marked a shift in the management of human, material and economic resources. Novice nurses learned critical care at an accelerated pace, with significant physical and psychological strain. Expert nurses carried the burden of training new nurses. Although there were tense situations, experiencing these adverse situations as a team led to feelings of increased belonging, togetherness and professional bonding for nurses. While the participants noted an increase in motivation to continue in their profession, they also had a feeling of not having been cared for as they deserve by healthcare institutions.

Regulatory Role of Financial Performance on Internal Control and Audit Costs: Evidence from China

With the development of China's economy, many problems such as financial fraud have gradually appeared in the market environment, which has a very adverse impact on the sustainable development of China's economy. At the same time, the importance of audit supervision has become increasingly prominent. Therefore, the relationship between the internal situation of enterprises and external audit needs to be further studied. This paper discusses the relationship between internal control, financial performance and audit costs, focusing on how financial performance plays a role in the relationship between internal control and audit costs. In the following sections, we will explain how internal controls and financial performance affect audit costs.

Economic Shocks and Perceptions of Efficiency Changes: The Cases of Lithuania and Latvia

In recent years, economic uncertainty has been heightened, including as a result of the economic shocks generated by the COVID-19 pandemic, the Russia–Ukraine War, and the unstable international political situation. These had a global impact on various spheres and influenced all economic processes. However, the lack of available data has made it difficult to investigate the latest global events and their consequences. The latest studies continue to concentrate on the COVID-19 economic crisis. This study investigates accounting specialists’ perceptions of the changes in employee and company efficiency and changes in the main performance indicators during the economic crisis provoked by the COVID-19 pandemic. The research employed an online questionnaire administered to accountants at various levels. Descriptive statistical data analysis methods were used for the evaluation of the survey results. The results show that 86% of respondents had the possibility of working online before the quarantine period, around 30% of respondents indicated an increase in work efficiency when working online, and more than 40% of respondents indicated that the company’s main performance indicators (revenue, cost of sales, profit) remained stable under the quarantine regime. During the pandemic, Latvia experienced greater fluctuations than Lithuania in the main performance indicators, but overall, both countries maintained a positive tendency toward stability and recovery.

Analysis of Multimedia Touch Screen Visual Needs of Pre-School Children in the Digital Era

In the advent of the intelligent digital era, numerous industrial products' operations and functionalities have been replaced by digital multimedia touch screens. This shift signifies the gradual integration of digital intelligence visualization into people's lives, work, and learning. Intelligent touch screen devices have replaced mechanically complex office, learning, and entertainment equipment, entering people's lives. This study initially collected relevant domestic and international equipment and research situations, finding that China holds the highest proportion in this category of products and research direction, with considerable accumulated experience. Considering this phenomenon and existing related research, this study focused on pre-school children as the research subjects, investigating the tactile visual and reminder aspects of children's digitized multimedia intelligent touch screen devices. The study revealed that the ownership and usage of such products are significantly influenced by the children's age and their family-related circumstances. Although the elements during usage show minimal differences, combining relevant data highlights pre-school children's visual and interactive requirements during usage. This research conducted surveys and analysis on 102 pre-school children's parents in relatively developed and open areas in China, regarding pre-school children's multimedia touch screen needs and usage, analyzing and discussing related factors, relationships, and patterns of these needs. It has collected and organized preliminary data accurately and in-depth, laying a solid foundation for subsequent related research.

Dressing up the Monarch

ABSTRACT The present article analyses the strategy used by the sultans of Sulu over two centuries (19th-21st) to affirm their status and authority, from their costumes to the symbols used. By doing so, it highlights how tradition makes use of old materials, symbols and rites from the southern Philippines, while it incorporates others which belong to the European heraldic language to extend the symbolic vocabulary of authority and power. The article uses written and visual sources to demonstrate how the royal house adapts to the changing local and international political situations. The comparison cases from the 19th and the 21st centuries shed light on the evolving diplomatic usage and contribute to a better understanding of the political culture of the Sultanate of Sulu.

Эволюция приоритизации военной помощи США при администрациях Трампа и Байдена

Aid policy is one of the important foreign policy tools in the US struggle for global leadership. The US federal government spends about $60–70 billion annually on this area of public policy. Most of these truly large-scale financial resources are spent on economic assistance, but a lot is dedicated to military assistance too. This article, using the institutionalism methodology, examines how the US military assistance depends on the international situation, the internal political environment in the United States itself, as well as on the significance of a particular recipient country in the logic of American national interests. The author focuses on the rules of prioritizing this type of assistance and a possible evolution of the existing practice. A particular emphasis is on the study of American military assistance to Ukraine in the period 2022–2023. The author analyzes the dynamics of its provision depending on the goals of the United States, the international military situation, as well as the methods of providing such support, tools and programs for its implementation. It is shown how the United States administration is trying to manage this armed conflict in accordance with its own interests through the transfer of weapons and military equipment. It was investigated via what mechanisms military assistance is financed and, subsequently, how the delivery times of weapons and equipment depend on them, when exactly a part of military items is supplied from the US Army reserves. Also, the ways in which special initiatives and funds are used to accumulate finances to implement aid policy for a certain country were examined. In addition, the paper considers the situations when the United States of America provides military aid, which formally does not qualify as aid, since not being purchased with the money of American taxpayers, but at the same time it is still should formally considered as such.