International Patent Classification Research Articles

이차전지 분야 기술융합 비교 분석: 한국과 미국 특허를 중심으로

Purpose This study aims to analyze and compare the convergence of rechargeable battery technologies in South Korea and the U.S.A. Methods Co-occurrence networks of international patent classification (IPC) codes have been analyzed and compared based on the rechargeable battery patents in South Korea and U.S.A during a 17-year period (2002-2017). Social network analysis methods have been applied to analyze the technology convergence and its characteristics on rechargeable batteries in both countries. In addition, the Word2Vec method has been utilized to better understand technology convergence. Results The results reveal that the strength of technology convergence has significantly increased centering on several core technologies during the period in both countries. While the convergence in the U.S.A has entered the maturity stage, the convergence in South Korea is still in the expansion stage. In addition, it was shown that the convergence pattern of the U.S.A. is more complicated and sophisticated. Conclusion This study showed the characteristics of technology convergence R&D in the rechargeable battery of two leading countries. The results of this study are expected to be used as a guideline to promote R&D in the rechargeable battery of South Korea.

Solar Energy-Based Future Perspective for Organic Rankine Cycle Applications.

This article explores the patents of solar energy technologies in the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) applications. The conversion of low-quality thermal energy into electricity is one of the main characteristics of an ORC, making efficient and viable technologies available today. However, only a few and outdated articles that analyze patents that use solar energy technologies in ORC applications exist. This leads to a lack of updated information regarding the number of published patents, International Patent Classification (IPC) codes associated with them, technology life cycle status, and the most relevant patented developments. Thus, this article conducts a current investigation of patents published between January 2010 and May 2022 using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology and keywords. One thousand two hundred ninety-nine patents were obtained as part of the study and classified in F and Y groups of the IPC. The time-lapse analyzed was between January 2010 and May 2022. In 2014 and 2015, a peak of published patents was observed. China (CN) was the country that published the most significant number of patents worldwide. However, the European Patent Office (EP), the World Intellectual Property Organization (WO), and the United States (US) publish the patents with the highest number of patent citations. Furthermore, the possible trend regarding the development of patents for each technology is presented. A high-performance theoretical ORC plant based on the patent information analyzed by this article is introduced. Finally, exploration of IPC revealed 17 codes related to solar energy technologies in ORC applications not indexed in the main search.

Components of IGF-axis in growth disorders: a systematic review and patent landscape report.

In this review, epi/genetic mutations of IGF-axis components associated with growth disorders have been summarized alongwith assessment of relevant diagnostic and therapeutic technology through patent literature. PROSPERO protocol registration CRD42021279468. For scientific literature search Literature databases (PubMed, EMBASE, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar) were queried using the appropriate syntax. Various filters were applied based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Search results were further refined by two authors for finalizing studies to be included in this synthesis. For patent documents search Patent databases (Patentscope and Espacenet) were queried using keywords: IGF or IGFBP. Filters were applied according to International Patent Classification (IPC) and Cooperative Patent Classification (CPC). Search results were reviewed by two authors for inclusion in the patent landscape report. For scientific literature analysis, out of 545 search results, 196 were selected for review based on the inclusion criteria. For Patent literature search, out of 485 results, 37 were selected for this synthesis. Dysregulation of IGF-axis components leads to various abnormalities and their key role in growth and development suggests epi/mutations or structural defects among IGF-axis genes can be associated with growth disorders and may explain some of the idiopathic short stature cases. Trend of patent filings indicate advent of recombinant technology for therapeutics.

New Frontier in Antiviral Drugs for Disorders of the Respiratory System.

COVID-19 is still soaring, and the new delta COVID-19 variant is on the rise and spreading around the world. We conducted a patent analysis to better understand the therapeutic strategy developed for antivirals available for the disorders of the respiratory system. European granted patents filed from January 2002 to June 2021 were analyzed. We used a combination of International patent classification (IPC) "A61p31/12" and "A61p11/00" to search the relevant documents. Our study showed R&D of antiviral drugs for disorders of the respiratory system to be decreasing over the past 20 years. Chemical drugs showed various chemical structures. The development of chemical drugs or herbal medicines appeared to commence earlier than the biological products. Also, the results indicated that large global companies play a leading role in developing kinase inhibitors as chemical drugs. There are three strategies for developing antiviral drugs for the disorders of the respiratory system, including chemical drugs, herbal medicines or natural products, and biological products. Herbal medicines may provide a new insight and approach to developing antiviral drugs for disorders of the respiratory system. A combination of chemical drugs and natural products may be a promising therapeutic method for treating patients with COVID- 19.

Identifying the technology convergence using patent text information: A graph convolutional networks (GCN)-based approach

• A new semantic method to monitor technology convergence using a graph convolutional network (GCN)-based graph autoencoder (GCN-based GAE) is proposed. • The proposed method outperforms existing studies using information regarding cross-citations and co-occurrence of international patent classification classes. • Potential indicator development based on the proposed method is discussed. The potential for new values and products created by technology convergence to disruptively transform existing industries and markets is high. In this regard, it has been crucial for companies to understand and identify potential convergence patterns as early as possible to make timely strategic plans. This study proposes a new semantic method by showing how a graph convolutional network model can be used to monitor technology convergence. In particular, the model is trained to generate patents and technology keyword vectors from which new indicators are derived. We validate these new indicators and show that the proposed method outperforms existing studies using information regarding cross-citations and co-occurrence of international patent classification classes. Furthermore, we presented the usefulness of the proposed method to monitor technology convergence using a case study of the convergence between artificial intelligence (AI) and distributed ledger technology (DLT). The results show that convergence between AI and DLT is driven mainly by employing AI for DLT, and the role of each keyword (sub-domain) in the convergence process is also presented.

Brazilian green patents

he objective of the research reported here is to ascertain what variables influence the behavior of the patents that receive the most citations. The literature recognizes the number of forward citations as one of the most important indicators for discovering an invention’s value. This claim is tested in a research population consisting of the set of Brazilian green patents registered in the Global Patent Index database. The following variables are used: applicant type, applicant country, number of inventors, International Patent Classification code, family size, renewals, Patent Cooperation Treaty applicability, triadic family, grant and number of citations. These variables are used to create a decision tree and a logistic regression with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, V.21, and MS Excel. The results show that, in the behavior of Brazilian green patents, family size and renewals are connected to the mostcited patents. Another significant variable, but one whose numbers were not significant enough to place it in the decision tree, was membership in the Patent Cooperation Treaty.

Technological Convergence Assessment of the Smart Factory Using Patent Data and Network Analysis

The smart factory has evolved as a key and distinctive idea for Industry 4.0. These industries impart a significant influence on sustainable production because of their consistent industrial evolution/development. Recently, their technological advancements are deemed inevitable to survive in this competitive industry due to increasing market needs. Therefore, technological convergence analysis can provide deep insight into industrial progress and convergence. Consequently, contemporary research trends are centered on evaluating technological convergence. Although various studies are already available on the technological development of the smart factory concerning Industry 4.0, however far less significant work is available on the technological convergence assessment of the smart factory by employing data networks and patents. Therefore, this work is focused on the investigation of reliable data analysis of the smart factory’s technologies and its technological convergence. This said methodology assisted in examining the network’s hidden linkages using network analysis. A relevant case study of a smart factory is also discussed to evaluate its technological convergence. Thus, data-driven technologies have diverted focus from International Patent Classification (IPC) visual networks using convergence assessment tools. The findings of this study are intended to aid companies and government officials in forecasting future sustainable technological developments and decision making.

Augmenting keyword-based patent prior art search using weighted classification code hierarchies

Patents are critical intellectual assets for any business. With the rapid increase in the patent filings, patent prior art retrieval has become an important task. The goal of the prior art retrieval is to find documents relevant to a patent application. Due to the special nature of the patent documents, only relying on keyword-based queries does not prove effective in patent retrieval. Previous works have used international patent classification (IPC) to improve the effectiveness of keyword-based search. However, these systems have used two-stage retrieval process using IPC mostly to filter patent documents or to re-rank the documents retrieved by keyword-based query. In the approach proposed in this paper, weighted IPC code hierarchies have been explored to augment keyword-based search, thereby eliminating the use of an additional processing step. Experiments on the CLEF-IP 2011 benchmark dataset show that the proposed approach outperforms the baseline on the MAP, recall and PRES.

Patents for inventions in the Russian oil and gas sector: an analysis of the knowledge database complexity

The authors have analyzed invention patents in the Russian oil and gas sector (OGS) based on a knowledge database complexity index they designed for this purpose. The index takes into account the subclasses and sections of international patent classification (IPC) used in the patents. It has been demonstrated that opportunities for creating breakthrough technologies and radical innovations mostly arise within giant multinational oil and gas field service companies (e.g. Halliburton, Schlumberger, Baker Hughes). At the same time, Russian oil and service companies are noticeably lagging behind the foreign players and Russian actors in the sphere of science and education. The conducted analysis of the sectoral knowledge database revealed several significant risks for the development of the Russian OGS along the innovative trajectory. The risks (relative to the invention patents) arise from inadequate opportunities for creating breakthrough technologies.

Анализ патентной активности российских разработчиков в области техники прецизионных измерений

The point of the study – to determine the demand for the development of devices, methods and algorithms for performing precision measurements in various fields of technology and a scientific experiment on the activity of their registration as forms of intellectual property. The dynamics of the number of applications filed with the Federal Institute of Industrial Property and the dynamics of published titles of protection in the field of precision measurements are considered, and an analysis of the distribution of published titles of protection by classes of the International Patent Classification is presented. Among other things, the analysis of patents allows you to evaluate ways to reduce the error of precision solutions. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the use of statistics on patenting the existing technical solutions in the field of precision measurements as a justification for the relevance of creating new solutions. As a result, a steady intensity of precision solutions patenting was determined, indicating the relevance of work in this area. Analysis of methods for reducing errors of precision meters indicates the relevance of methods for reducing the noise levels of primary measuring transducers.

Industry-University Research Alliances, absorptive capacity and corporate technological diversification: evidence from listed companies of the ChiNext market

ABSTRACT This paper studies whether and how IURAs affect corporate technological diversification. Taking the ChiNext-listed companies that are both active in IURAs and innovation activities as our research objects, we analyzed the mechanisms of IURAs and their effect on corporate technological diversification based on the International Patent Classification information of new inventions. Our results, using propensity score matching and difference-in-differences regressions, show that IURAs can promote corporate technological diversification. Moreover, such effects are further proved using a dynamic analysis model. Furthermore, the absorptive capacity of the firm has a moderating effect on technological diversification after participating in the IURAs. This paper empirically advances our understanding of IURAs in the emerging markets and has meaningful policy implications for how governments and firms can deepen innovation.

Contribution of Patent Information for Obtaining Mortars with Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) as Recycled Aggregate

Civil construction is one of the most important sectors for economic and social development, alternatively, it is a generator of waste that is commonly discarded in an irregular manner causing negative environmental impacts. Seeking knowledge in databases for innovation has become a common practice in most organizations in the development of new products, due to the evolution of information technology. Patent data shows changes in the structure and development of a country’s creative activities in technologies, industry, and companies. Analyzing the competitiveness between inventors and companies is feasible as patents contain descriptions of inventions and their functionalities. This study aims to collect patent information on mortars using construction and demolition waste (CDW) as an alternative raw material. We performed the research in an exploratory way with the purpose of defining more viable technological routes, determining the types of materials to be used, and the minimum and maximum percentages of substitution of the natural aggregate for the recycled aggregate. We used the patent databases Google Patents, European Patent Office (EPO) through Epacenet, and World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) available on Patentscope. As a result, 70 patent application records were identified according to the search descriptors, with Brazil as the country with the highest number of registrations. A survey of the number of patents deposited, published, office, and/or country was performed following the International Patent Classification. The results have the potential to contribute to the design of improvement strategies when using construction and demolition residues in mortars.

Technological prospection: the genus Mikania in therapeutic use

The genus Mikania (Asteraceae) comprises about 450 species of these, 203 are found in Brazil and present several chemical and biological activities. Considering the variety of species and their therapeutic properties, the present study aimed to perform technological prospecting of this genus, since this approach aims to contribute to technological, scientific and innovation research. For this purpose, the patent documents were analyzed, regarding the applicant countries, year of filing and the international classification of patents of the genus Mikania. The search was conducted in the databases World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), European Patent Office (EPO) and the National Institute of Industrial Property (INPI) in October 2020, using the descriptor “Mikania”; present in the title and/or abstract in addition, documents that included medicinal approaches were selected. Thus, taking into consideration the filing countries, Japan, Brazil and the United States led the patent deposits, with the first document filed in 1991 and the largest number of applications in the years 2000 and 2010. The data concerning the international patent classification are concentrated in subclass A61K, which deals with preparations for medical, dental or hygienic purposes. These results demonstrated the therapeutic and technological potential of the Mikania species and thus which can be evidenced the potential of this study.

Impacts of Environmental Agreements on Bilateral Trade of Climate Industry

We investigated the effect of agreements related to climate change on bilateral trade, using the Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood (PPML) estimator on a large dataset that requires computing high-dimensional fixed effects. This study develops the concordance between commodities based on harmonized systems (HS) and technologies defined by both international and cooperative patent classifications (IPC/CPC). Using the OECD ENV-TECH classification, covering 169 exporting countries and 179 importing countries worldwide from 1991 to 2019, we determined the relationship between HS commodities and IPC/CPC climate change technologies. The main findings show that, first, the Kyoto Protocol has increased international bilateral trade in the climate change industry, while the Montreal Protocol has led to the opposite effect. In addition, the impact of environmental stringency on international bilateral trade in climate-related industries was negative and significant, refuting the Porter Hypothesis. This result was consistent within the trade between the convention countries. Therefore, national and industrial perspectives are relative, and voluntary climate mitigation methods should be applied, considering the areas where carbon reduction is relatively difficult. In other words, the conventions and policies must shift to a global paradigm in environmental protection and a more inclusive approach, with recognition of diversity in governance types.

Application of Liposomes in Cancer Therapy: An Assessment of the Advancement of Technology Through Patent Documents.

Cancer is caused by mutations in oncogenes and loss of tumor suppressor activity. Despite the efforts of the pharmaceutical industry to fight cancer, it is necessary to investigate new methods to enhance the action against this disease. In this scenario, liposome technology has emerged as a drug delivery system for cancer treatment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of liposome technology in the treatment of cancer through analysis of patent documents. We analyzed prospective documents in the Derwent Innovation Index database. A total of 203 patent documents were related to the area of interest, published between 2000 and 2020, and the USA and Japan were shown as countries with the largest number of publications. Moreover, most of these publications came from companies, however, also with the representation of important universities, mainly the University of California. According to the International Patent Classification, the codes most applicable to the documents were in the areas of human necessities and chemistry. The results of this study showed that the study and application of liposomes for the development of cancer treatment tended to grow, along with the number of related patents.

Canada’s changing innovation landscape

AbstractOur objective is to study Canada’s patenting activity over time in aggregate terms by destination country, by assignee and destination country, and by diversification by country of destination. We collect bibliographic patent data from the Canadian Intellectual Property Office and the United States Patent and Trademark Office. We identify 19,957 matched Canada–US patents, 34,032 Canada-only patents, and 43,656 US-only patents from 1980 to 2014. Telecommunications dominates in terms of International Patent Classification technologies for US-only and Canada–US patents. At the firm level, the greatest number of matched Canada–US patents were granted in the field of telecommunications, at the university level in pharmaceuticals, at the government level in control and instrumentation technology, and at the individual level in civil engineering. We use entropy to quantify technological diversification and find that diversification indices decline over time for Canada and the USA; however, all US indices decline at a faster rate.

Fibrinolytic Enzymes From Extremophilic Microorganisms in the Development of New Thrombolytic Therapies: Technological Prospecting.

Extremophilic microorganisms from a wide variety of extreme natural environments have been researched, and many biotechnological applications have been carried out, due to their capacity to produce biomolecules resistant to extreme conditions, such as fibrinolytic proteases. The search for new fibrinolytic enzymes is important in the development of new therapies against cardiovascular diseases. This article aimed to evaluate the patents filed about protease with fibrinolytic activity produced by extremophilic microorganisms whose use is aimed at the development of new drugs for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The prospecting was carried out using data on deposits and patent concessions made available on the technological bases: European Patent Office (EPO), United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial - Brazil (INPI), The LENS and Patent Inspiration. The International Patent Classification and subclasses and groups for each document were also evaluated. Although 382 patents were selected using terms related to extreme environments, such as "thermophile" and "acidophiles", few were related to clinical use and were mainly performed using Bacillus subtilis and Streptomyces megasporus strains. A highlight of nattokinase was produced by Bacillus subtilis GDN and actinokinase by Streptomyces megasporus SD5. The low number of patents on enzymes with this profile (extreme environments) revealed a little-explored field, promising in the development of new microbial thrombolytic drugs, such as fibrinolytic enzymes with less adverse effects.

Camellia sinensis in Dentistry: Technological Prospection and Scientific Evidence.

Purpose This study aimed to evaluate reports of patents for oral care formulations, based on Camellia sinensis (C. sinensis), deposited and granted in intellectual property banks. Methods A survey was conducted through collection, treatment, and analysis of extracted information from patent reports selected. The documentary research was conducted in January 2021 on formulations with C. sinensis for dental applications, including since the first patent deposits until the current time. The risk of bias of clinical trials with these formulations was analyzed to verify the scientific evidence. The data extracted represent the distribution of the number of patents by banks, annual evolution of patent deposits, applicant of patents by country, distribution of patents according to International Patent Classification codes, and the types of patented products. Results Data and information from 20 selected patents were extracted. The United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) and World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) were the banks with the largest number of patents for products/formulations with C. sinensis for oral care applications with 7 (35%) and 6 (30%) patent registrations, respectively. Other banks did not provide patents related to the search. Patents of compositions were the largest with 14 filings, and the remainder of formulations are represented specially by mouthwashes and toothpastes. As for clinical application, 18 patents were filed as products with antimicrobial and antibiofilm action, while 2 patents are directed to the treatment of xerostomia. In general, the aspects of the studies of clinical efficacy pointed to a low risk of bias. Conclusion The study pointed out a small number of products protected by patents for Camellia sinensis for oral care indication, highlighting mainly mouthwash compositions and formulations. In the methodological parameters of clinical trials carried out with the formulations, the majority pointed out a low risk of bias.

A new computational method for acquiring effect knowledge to support product innovation

Effect provides a scientific principle-level means for product function realization. The unexpected or new application of effects can create high-level innovations enabling products long-term technical advantages and market competitiveness. Acquiring design knowledge is the vital first step of conducting product innovation activities. In order to capture the effect knowledge that can efficiently aid high-level product innovation, this article proposes a new computational method. The method stems from a novel effect knowledge representation considering both functional and technical area features, and utilizes functional-flow terms of Functional Basis and technical area categories of international patent classification (IPC) respectively to standardize the modelling of the two kinds of features. Based on such representation, the method reasonably combines syntactic analysis, WordNet and word vector technologies to extract the desired effect knowledge from IPC text. To evaluate the method, this article first compares the acquired knowledge with those in a comprehensive human-compiled effect database, and then applies the knowledge to aid the innovation design of several mechanical products with different technical backgrounds. Evaluation results and the discussion based on them suggest the feasibility and potential of the proposed method in automatically acquiring well-organized effect knowledge system, as well as in aiding high-level product innovation.

Recommending blue ocean technologies for subcontractors: A framework based on business reports of prime contractors and patents.

Subcontractors depend heavily on their prime contractor and thus find it very risky to enter a new business on their own. This study proposes a framework for these subcontractors to develop blue ocean technologies related to their prime contractor. First, the primary technologies predicted to be promising are extracted from the business reports of the prime contractor. Sub-technologies are then selected through a patent-based search using keywords and International Patent Classification codes of the primary technologies. From them, blue ocean technologies are proposed by optimizing the weighted mean of the min-max normalized market value, degree of competition in the technology market, and subcontractors’ potential technological capabilities for each sub-technology. This study shows that subcontractors can enhance their technology competitiveness by finding a low-risk blue ocean technology. Our empirical research on the subcontractors of a semiconductor firm identified technological patent fields for them to pursue. From our framework, subcontractors can identify blue ocean technologies by considering their prime contractor’s future industrial areas and technologies of interest as well as their own technological capabilities. Furthermore, the prime contractors can gain the synergy effect of technology expansion through cooperation.