International Nature Research Articles

Legal Problems In The Field Of Combating Crimes Of International Nature Committed By Organized Criminal Groups

The article considers the problem of combating international crime as one of the most negative social phenomena of our time. Today, the world is facing the fact that international crime has become a reality and a global problem. A powerful, comprehensive and diverse system of measures is used to combat international crimes committed by organized crime groups. The purpose of our study is to identify the problems of legal regulation in the fight against crimes of an international nature committed by organized criminal groups and to identify ways to solve this problem. The results of this work are that the growth of international crime has become an obvious problem today. It is impossible to overestimate the damage caused by transnational organized crime groups, which occupy not only one specific state, but entire regions and continents. Practice shows that it is impossible to effectively combat this type of crime within one state, hence the need for international cooperation to address this global problem. We believe that the desired result in the fight against transnational organized crime in Ukraine can be obtained only due to the complex nature of the activity, and the existing methods should undergo significant changes and expand both nationally and internationally. In these circumstances, the further development of international cooperation between states in the fight against crime, in accordance with current realities, is one of the priorities of the world community. The issue of developing a unified international anti-crime policy, which includes not only international legal mechanisms, but also a wide range of measures aimed at preventing international crime, is relevant. Obviously, the adoption of a new UN Convention against Transnational Crime is a new stage in shaping such a policy at the global level.

World fintech: main trends

Recently, digital technologies in the fi nancial sector have been actively developing. The pandemic of a new coronavirus infection COVID-19 only spurred this process. The result of these events was the structural transformation of the global fi nancial services market, which is the object of this study. The subject of the study is the processes taking place in this market as a result of its digital transformation and the development of fi nancial technologies. Analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction were used as research methods. The multidisciplinary nature of the study should be noted due to the interconnection of sectors such as information technology, fi nancial technology, economic aspects. The study examines the basic characteristics of fi ntech solutions introduced into the practice of the world business, an ecosystem of fi nancial services, reveals the features of such models of the development of fi nancial innovations as USChinese, European and Russian. The impact of the pandemic of a new coronavirus infection of COVID-19 on the fi nancial services market was analyzed, it was noted that fi nancial and technological leaders of this sector of the economy can benefi t from the current situation. New criteria for the optimality of fi nancial services are highlighted, in particular, international nature, round-the-clock access, instant conversion with minimal costs and the presence of both fi at money and cryptocurrency. The volume of the global fi ntech market was analyzed, as well as forecasts regarding its development in the future, the volume of global investments in fi ntech in the fi eld of mergers and acquisitions was considered. The main directions of the fi ntech segment development according to the results of the 2019 study were considered and the countries in which this segment is developing most actively were highlighted. The evolution of traditional banks and revealed fi ntech trends in the banking industry in 2020.

Trump and international relations chaotic nature

This essay serves as an introduction to the special issue on Donald Trump and Unpredictability in International Relations, which will appear later this year. In addition to analyzing each of the contributions to the special issue in turn, as they appear in the running order, it also elaborates on the intellectual and political environment in which the special issue as a whole has been written and published. Following the theme of the special issue, this introduction begins by outlining the difficulty of understanding the very notion of unpredictability as a general concept; then moves on to unpacking that theoretical complexity in more empirical terms by asking how we can understand unpredictability in relation to Trump's foreign policy; and finally investigates the contestation of that understanding by analyzing alternative explanations for unpredictability and whether this constitutes doctrine.

Антимонопольное регулирование деятельности IT-гигантов: основные тенденции зарубежного и российского законодательства

The article is devoted to the antimonopoly regulation of IT giants` activities. The author presents an overview of the main trends in foreign and Russian legislation in this area. The problems the antimonopoly regulation of digital markets faces are the following: the complexity of determining the criteria for the dominant position of economic entities in the digital economy and the criteria for assessing the economic concentration in the commodity digital markets; the identification and suppression of cartels; the relationship between competition law and intellectual property rights in the digital age. Some aspects of these problems are considered through the prism of the main trends in the antimonopoly policy in the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom and Russia. The investigation findings of the USA House of Representatives Antitrust Subcommittee against Apple, Google, Amazon and Facebook are presented. The author justifies the need to separate them, which requires the adoption of appropriate amendments to the antimonopoly legislation. The article analyzes the draft law of the European Commission on the regulation of digital markets – Digital Markets Act, reveals the criteria for classifying IT companies as «gatekeepers», and notes the specific approaches to antimonopoly regulation in the UK and the US. The article describes the concepts «digital platform» and «network effects», presented in the «fifth antimonopoly package of amendments», developed in 2018 by the Federal Antimonopoly Service of the Russian Federation, and gives an overview of the comments of the Ministry of Economic Development regarding these concepts wording in the text of the draft law, which formed the basis for the negative conclusion of the regulator. It is concluded that in the context of the digital markets’ globalization, there is a need for the international legal nature antitrust norms formation, since regional legislation obviously cannot cope with the monopolistic activities of IT giants.

Međunarodno pravo kao činilac savremenog poslovanja

Business today imposes the need to be harmonized not only with domestic, but also with international legal norms and standards. It is impossible to expect entrepreneurs to be acquainted with all normative changes that may affect business, since some of them are not related with the activity itself or administrative support. The subject of this paper is a series of factors of international legal nature, which arise from a new technological development, finance, sustainable development, ecology and other areas, which determine the adjustment of entrepreneurs' attitudes towards the use of legal services. The paper starts from the premise that the environment of new technologies, intensive global interdependence and universalization of values imposes on business the requirement to set in advance according to possible legal problems. The aim of the paper stems from the business function, in addition to profit, to promote social stability, which is why it should meet the requirements of efficiency and sustainability, to ensure competitiveness, which imposes the need to reconsider the appropriate model of using legal teams in business. In this context, the paper analyzes the development of international legal challenges for business, the approach to hiring legal experts and dealing with modern normative frameworks in business. The results of the analysis provide a basis for three conclusions: first, that the use of legal experts in advance is a factor of business efficiency and sustainability, second, that modern business requires reliance on experts with specialized legal skills and, third, that legal representatives become strategic partners of entrepreneurship. defining the future of the business.

The Insolvency Law Dimension of COVID-19: Requirements for a New Risk Management for Reorganization, Restructuring and Insolvency Advisors in Crisis Intra- and Internationally Acting Companies in Light of Special COVID-19 Regulations

In a globalised world, complicated and diverse interdependencies determine the everyday life of intra- and internationally operating companies. If a company enters a crisis, the clarification of legal issues involving reorganization, restructuring and insolvency advisors is often very complex due to the international nature of the issues. The associated problems are likely to increase significantly in the coming months and years as the COVID-19 pandemic threatens to trigger one of the largest ever waves of bankruptcies. Governments around the world, especially in the count-ries of the European Union, are therefore attempting to counteract such a develop-ment through numerous economic and legal measures. The variety of special COVID-19 regulations will make the work of reorganization, restructuring and insolvency advisors more complex and thus more liable. Here, it is important for those involved to be sensitized and to actively address the necessary realignment and necessary adjustments to their own risk management in order to be able to operate with as few risks as possible even under the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic and its eco-nomic and legal effects.

China’s Party Diplomacy in Southeast Asia

Of the many ways of interaction between states, party diplomacy plays a unique role in shaping international relations. The Communist Party of China (CPC) has been distinctively characterized by its international background since the day of its founding and has always taken a strong initiative toward internationalization in the process of ensuing growth and rise. Its passion for external exchanges and communication has become an outward expression of its inbuilt international nature. The CPC shares a long history of interaction with its counterparts in Southeast Asia, which can be roughly divided into four stages: the hostile stage, the probing stage, the breakthrough stage, and the stage of deepening coordination. It fully shows the dynamics underlying inter-party relations and the clues for evolution in the regional landscape. A careful investigation into this history reveals that China’s party diplomacy in the region is marked by the diverse format of exchanges, the adoption of inclusiveness, the constructiveness of cooperation agenda, and the progressiveness of outcomes. Looking into the future, China’s party diplomacy in the region is ushering in new opportunities. Party-to-party interaction is becoming more desirable for both China and Southeast Asian countries. The agenda has been expanded to cover a broader scope and the interacting process between the two sides is now smoother than ever. Nonetheless, challenges still abound. China’s party diplomatic efforts are susceptible to the volatility of domestic politics in Southeast Asian countries as well as emerging hotspot issues. The agenda and participants of party-to-party interaction often change fast. Consensus reached through party diplomacy is often hard to translate into actions. To achieve success in party diplomacy, parties involved should aim for policy goals that are common and universal, engage with each other as equals, collaborate to make forward-looking plans and catalyze constructive actions, thus laying a solid foundation of enduring peace and prosperity for the region and the world.

ETHICAL ASPECTS OF DISTANCE EDUCATION IN THE EPOCH OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

The article focuses on the ethical issues of distance learning as a challenge faced by education during the COVID-19 pandemic. The author considers the moral and value aspects of distance learning at different levels - from problems of an international nature to individual communication between teacher and student. The range of problems related to the ethical component of distance learning is quite wide: digital inequality, digital literacy, pedagogical relations between "digital aborigines" and "digital immigrants", features of the use of digital material, etc. The author demonstrates the ambiguity of the problems that arose in the era of the pandemic. Thus, on the one hand, distance education requires a complete transition to digital format, on the other - both sides of the educational process are not ready for this format, because they do not have the necessary technical knowledge. Ethical issues are often financially related, such as addressing digital inequality or digital literacy. The article emphasizes that the digitalization of education requires a high level of responsibility and trust from all participants in the educational process. The most important condition of ethical behavior is awareness of digital etiquette and the effectiveness of penalties for its violation or incentives for its observance: compliance with ethical standards is a fundamental condition for success in the format of distance learning. At the same time, this requires first of all the development of distance learning principles and a corresponding code of ethics at the level of a specific educational institution.

How Film Magazines Shape Movie Industries the World Over

How Film Magazines Shape Movie Industries the World Over Paola Banchero (bio) Mapping Movie Magazines: Digitization, Periodicals and Cinema History. Daniel Biltereyst and Lies Van de Vijver (eds.). Palgrave Macmillan, 2020. 405 pp. $119.99 hardcover. Going to the movies is more than just about film itself. It is about the cultural, economic, and social aspects of the cinematic experience, from the movie house to the conditions that exist for the film to be made, distributed, and received. How do we consider these elements of film, and in what ways are they reflected in other media? Cinematic history has been forging a new path into this territory for about fifteen years as scholars investigate aspects of film that might have once seemed peripheral—particularly focused on audience experiences—and reconsider underutilized movie magazines for this purpose. Some of the scholars interested in this newer ground met at an international conference in 2015 on digitization, movie magazines, and audience research. From that meeting was born the recently published book Mapping Movie Magazines: Digitization, Periodicals and Cinema History. It is part of Palgrave Macmillan’s Global Cinema series. The book is edited by Daniel Biltereyst, professor of film and media history and director of the Centre for Cinema and Media Studies (https://www.ugent.be/ps/communicatiewetenschappen/cims/en) at Ghent University, Belgium, and by Lies Van de Vijver, a postdoctoral fellow at the same center. Reflecting the international nature of the original conference, the book includes chapters on the movie magazine markets in the United States, Britain, France, Canada, South Africa, the Netherlands, and Chile. As such, it affords readers opportunities to consider the differences between countries that tend to be receivers of cultural products, such as [End Page 102] Chile, and countries whose movie industries export films globally, such as France and Great Britain. These nodes of intercultural differences underlie much of the content of the book, which invites readers to compare film magazines’ editorial systems in a range of countries. The book’s thirteen chapters (not including the editors’ introduction) are organized into three sections. The first one, “Magazines, Digitization and Cinema Historiography,” opens with a chapter about Variety, the longest-running magazine about the movie industry. The chapter’s authors made issues of Variety from 1905 to 1949 freely accessible and searchable online through a collaboration with the Media History Digital Library (https://lantern.mediahist.org/), Library of Congress Packard Campus, and the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Digging through the digitized archives with keyword searches is speedy and efficient, but the authors recognize that this method alone lacks context, as they explain and consider some of the intellectual and data-related dilemmas of using digitized archives. The chapter further offers insights into how Variety—the go-to publication for film history—made strategic editorial and advertising decisions. Although at its inception Variety simply covered vaudeville, burlesque, and film, over time it became more than an observer of the entertainment media of its day; it was also a participant in the film industry. This chapter and many others are useful to magazine-media scholars in explaining how to use magazine digital archives, which are increasingly coming online. For example, the second chapter in the book uses the same Variety archive through the Media History Digital Library to consider how American Jews of the early twentieth century used “picture palaces,” high-end vaudeville venues, and theater during Passover, Rosh Hashanah, and the end of Yom Kippur. The authors analyzed the archive with computational survey methods and also conducted more traditional research by doing distant and close readings of the source material. The book’s second part is called “Magazines, the Film Industry, and the Cultural Economy.” It includes a chapter about how Hollywood embarked on a gatekeeping campaign to try to police fan magazines and the sometimes-scandalous material they printed. Another chapter in this section serves as a biography of Ray Lewis, a pioneering editor of the Canadian Moving Picture Digest for thirty-six years. The third part is titled “Authors, Stars, and Fans.” This section includes an intriguing study of a Chilean magazine called Ecran, which flourished [End Page 103] in Chile in the 1940s as the country...

About approaches to understanding autonomy of the will in Private International Law

The article analyzes a variety of approaches to understanding the autonomy of the will in Private International Law, including conflict of laws and substantive law, as well as views on the autonomy of the will as a derivative of freedom of contract, an independent private law transaction, a special method of regulating private law relations of an international nature and the result of the ability of law to be in feedback with public relations. Criticizing each of these approaches separately, but recognizing that some of them allow us to highlight the significant features of the autonomy of the will in Private International Law, the author proposes to make a conditional separation of the two stages (and forms) of its existence (and implementation): at the first stage – in the form of a substantive rule that authorizes, in certain cases and within strictly defined limits, the parties to a private law relationship with a foreign element to choose the applicable law; at the second stage – in the form of a quasinorm of a conflict of laws nature, directly established by the agreement of the parties to determine the applicable law

Features of legal regulation of certain aspects of the modern Russian Advocateship

The article deals with certain aspects of the activity of the Russian advocateship. In particular, the article examines issues related to the lawyer’s “monopoly” in various types of legal proceedings. The status of the bar as a special type of professional legal activity was shown. In addition, the problem of the need to control legal activities through the issuance of a license is considered. At the same time, both Russian legislation and individual acts of an international nature were used.

МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНІ ЧИННИКИ РОЗВИТКУ ЄВРОРЕГІОНАЛЬНОГО СПІВРОБІТНИЦТВА

The article examines the theoretical and methodological problems of euroregions. Theoretical and methodological foundations are studied through the prism of the role of regions in cross-border cooperation. Euroregions are the highest institutional form of cross-border cooperation. The role and place of euroregions in the system of cross-border cooperation are crucial. Currently, euroregions play an important role in creating favorable conditions for the development of relations between Ukraine and the EU. To do this, it is necessary to identify factors affecting the development of euroregional cooperation. Large-scale euroregional cooperation on the rights of free participation forms a kind of Free Trade Zones, where not only EU members, but also states that are members of euroregions (Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus) carry out their activities. But the most important thing is that large investments in the form of foreign direct investment are directed to these zones, which contributes to the recovery of these border areas and leads to the implementation of significant investment and integration projects in these territories. The development and implementation of fundamentally new approaches to the development of euroregions in Ukraine in the context of EU enlargement require radical changes in the geopolitical situation on the European continent and a change in the geopolitical status of euroregions after a large-scale expansion of the European Community. Today, Ukraine, adapting the pan-European principles of euroregional cooperation as much as possible, should not only use the generally accepted definitions and categories of cross-border cooperation as much as possible, but also implement them in detail. Thus, the new realities of an international nature in the XXI century in the context of the deepening and spread of the European integration process also determine the need for a qualitative change in the system of euroregional cooperation of Ukraine and the activation of the main subjects of cross – border relations-regions.

ARBITRATION (TAHKIM) AND RECONCILIATION (SULH) IN ISLAM AS ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION MECHANISMS

The main reason behind this work is to illustrate the current need for Islamic alternative dispute resolution methods and offer analysis to show the benefts of their applications. There has been a vivid rise in ADRs’ recognition globally as a substitute for litigation and related issues that would be better if addressed with an Islamic perspective. The wide usage of the term has been intensifed uninterruptedly after the second half of the 20th century. This paper intends to introduce a 1,5-centuryyear-old background of legally institutionalized arbitration (Tahkim) and reconciliation (Sulh), Islamic means or ways of alternative dispute resolution. I will show it by presenting and analyzing some reliable historical and current shreds of evidence. A few Quranic ayas and prophetic hadiths will prove the Islamic nature and foundation of ADRs. The paper contains some discussions of meanings and applications of terms and differences of the contemporary. There is a part that defnes classical terms and matches them with their current standings to prove the success in flexible integration and adaptation of the mechanisms as an assistant, or in some cases, more favorable choice to adjudication. It tries to offer the rich experience of Islamic legal laws, doctrines, and several case studies of local and international nature that can easily be accessed. Besides, some indications of current applications of ADR, especially Islamic ones, will be discussed to show the way of solving conflicts outside the courtrooms without leaving today’s legal frameworks. Rich, vast, and mature Islamic legal experience will be a vital guideline in the world of conflict resolution.

Issues of the theory of international humanitarian law in the context of integration and globalization

The article discusses topical issues of the formation and further development of the theory of international humanitarian law. Explored the basic concepts of this area of humanitarian public law. For the first time, international humanitarian law is defined as a set of conventional and customary international legal norms that govern the law of armed conflict and human rights law. The processes of globalization of modern international relations, characterized by increasing influence of leading international organizations and crises in individual states, objectively affect the renewal and further development of the theory of international humanitarian law as one of the rapidly developing branches of public international law. New conceptual approaches to the modern definition of international humanitarian law, its philosophy and legal nature require a rethinking of scientific views as classics of international law, including the founder of the theory of natural law and modern science of international law Hugo Grotius, researcher of state interests in «just war» Thomas Hobbes and the founder of the «social contract», the sentimentalist Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and the views of such prominent scholars as Immanuel Kant, Fedor Martens and Jean Pictet. Given the normative definition, «the law of armed conflict» and «the law of human rights» are two independent legal systems within the framework of international humanitarian law, which operate mainly in different periods: during armed conflicts or in peacetime, respectively. These legal systems, although closely interlinked within the framework of international humanitarian law, are still independent and relatively independent of each other, as they have features in the sources and mechanisms of implementation and control over compliance with their norms and principles. Key words: theory of international humanitarian law, international relations, state, international organization, international court.

Россия в ООН: императивы векторов разоружения

The main purpose of this article is to study the efforts of the United Nations as a legitimate platform at the global level, which has tools of an international legal nature to maintain peace, stability and security in arms control issues, in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD). The article examines the history of long-term activities of Soviet and Russian diplomacy in this area, offers solutions and scenarios for building new approaches in Russian foreign policy in this area. When preparing the article, a set of different methods was used: the main technique was the complex application of different methods – system, historical and problem analysis, along with the principles of logical interpretation. The article highlights the role and importance of the most important international UN documents in the field of disarmament, adopted with the active participation of Soviet and Russian diplomacy, develops the concept of inadmissibility of diluting the main elements and powers of the UN system, and also gives specific recommendations for their prevention. The authors conclude that the end of the cold war did not lead to a stable and equal system, safe for its participants, and the new rivalry of the leading powers returned. In this regard, the perspective importance of the "nuclear five" format in the issues of arms control and disarmament processes is highlighted. The theoretical and, especially, practical significance of the work is determined by the high degree of relevance of this issue – at present, the architecture of security and control over nuclear weapons created over the past half century is disintegrating, which, according to the authors, requires a rethinking of the role of the UN in global processes.

Determinants of Companies’ Financial Performance Following M&A Transactions in Poland

Purpose: This study identifies and analyzes the factors that impact the financial performance of companies after a merger and acquisition transaction. Methodology: As many as 130 Polish market observations were analyzed with an OLS regression model to verify the research hypotheses. Results: The results reveal that the company’s size, performance before the transaction, and its international nature translated into improvement of post-transaction financial performance. Moreover, industry diversification transactions and CEO changes in acquiring a company had a negative impact on the company’s financial performance after the transaction. Originality: This investigation is the first study devoted to the Polish market in the research field of M&A determinants with the use of such a large sample.

Definition of the concept of Real Estate in the Doctrine and the Constitutional Legal System – Brazilian and international civil liability: Article 1.225, Item I, of Law 10,406 of January 10, 2002, instituting the Brazilian Civil Code

The offer of this craft aims to define the concept of real estate. Tracing a general historical evolutionary panorama, from prehistory to contemporary days, referring to Real Law, on a global scale, relating the historical reasons, social and economic systems to the relation of real estate property, which led its appearance and development to the conglomerates that established the cities. Including the creation of its concept in a national and international nature, ordered by systems of governments in their governmental regimes, with an interdisciplinary focus, providing not only basic, more also understanding the factors of the construction industry, motive of the economic vector of the wagons of small economies, public and private properties through daily life, visualizing the trajectory of a researcher’s observation to the result of this work , from which it was conducted in a logical sequence. The methodology was based on bibliographic research, an approach on the problem, using the methods: inductive, historical procedure, with that of real life observation, corresponding to the delimitation of the theme, leading to a specific path, that is, to define the concept of real estate property. Going from the most particular findings, to the laws and doctrinal theories, in an ascending communication. The question and the problem of this work lie in the question: what is real estate? It is worth elucidating, the right of the owner and his faculty, present in the Brazilian Civil Code in force. The origin of real estate in history arises in the Old Ages, in the Middle Ages arises the faculty of the owner, among other appearances, such as: condominium, dichotomy: public and private lands, possession, nomenclature: Real Law, etc. In several Constitutions, Codes and International Legislation, the definition of this concept was not found.

Coexistence through the Ages: The Role of Native Livestock Guardian Dogs and Traditional Ecological Knowledge as Key Resources in Conflict Mitigation between Pastoralists and Large Carnivores in the Romanian Carpathians

Livestock guardian dogs (LGDs) in the Romanian Carpathians are as old as the pastoral presence and activity in the region. The main role of these dogs is to protect livestock from predation by large carnivores. The Carpathian Mountains, as opposed to other European mountain ranges, have always had considerable populations of wolf, brown bear, and lynx; conflict with the herders is inevitable. Here, the shepherds rely only on themselves and their dogs to keep their animals safe from predation during pastoral movements. We investigated 12 sites from the historical regions of Banat and Transylvania, where we have collected traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) on the use of native LGDs as an ancient non-lethal method for the prevention of livestock depredation. By monitoring the behavior of their dogs, the shepherds establish a complex ethno-ethological relationship with them, which helps them foretell the movements and presence of large carnivores in their vicinity. We have also investigated the recent positive change of attitude of some of the Romanian nature conservationists towards the Romanian Carpathian Shepherd Dog breed, which is also currently promoted by important international nature conservation NGOs as an ecologically friendly method to mitigate the conflict with large carnivores. The uninterrupted use of endemic LGD breeds by pastoralists in Romania might be one of the main reasons for the survival and conservation of large carnivores here in the past and in the future.

Employee Management Strategies of Chinese Telecommunications Companies in Ethiopia: Half-way Localization and Internationalization

ABSTRACT Despite much scholarly debate on Chinese employment practices in Africa, firm-specific studies on how companies manage expatriate and local employees and the dynamics of power in the process remain scarce, especially in the knowledge-intensive sectors where relatively skilled portion of Chinese and Africans are recruited. The article addresses this weakness through a case study on the employee management strategies of one flagship Chinese telecommunications company in Ethiopia. Informed by a combined institutional and relational approach, it evaluates the promises and constraints of an ongoing workforce localization initiative to transform the extant managerial regime in the company. The structural and organizational features of the current regime reveal the incomplete nature of localization and internationalization of Chinese companies to achieve full-fledged employee integration and empowerment in Africa.

The Impact of Megatrends on Marketing Communications Education. Results of an International Survey Among Educators

This paper examines the global megatrends affecting business practices and marketing and marketing communications education using the results of an international survey carried out by the authors to under- stand the effects of global megatrends, which included businesspeople as well as academics. For the research, the survey focuses only on academics and educators. The comparison of results includes advanced, developing and transition countries. The international nature of the study allowed a further comparison of expert opinions. The high share of educators in the sample allowed the researchers to make three predictions on requested changes in business and marketing education. The projections formulated in the study highlight the most significant changes: digital revolution or the advance of technology, the changing nature of marketing communications indicating the need for integration and emphasizing the importance of online com- munication, and finally the cultural sensitivity graduates must possess as a result of the changes taking place in higher education institutions.