Interlayer Technique Research Articles

A New Approach for Using Interlayer and Analysis of the Friction Welding of Titanium to Stainless Steel

Dissimilar material joining is often more difficult than joining the similar material or alloys with minor differences in physical properties and composition. The formation of deleterious intermediate phases consisting of intermetallic compounds during welding of titanium and stainless steel is a challenge to the welding processes, for decades. Friction welding has been used in an attempt to reduce formation of intermetallic compounds through inserting an interlayer material. In recent years, a number of approaches have been developed to insert interlayer between the substrates to avoid the metallurgical incompatibility. In this research, dissimilar joint of titanium and stainless steel were welded effectively using a new technique of electrodeposited nickel coating on one of the substrate (stainless steel) as interlayer. The bonding interface of the joints was characterized using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Tensile strength of the nickel interlayer joints was higher than the direct joints. The microstructural characterization in the interface of titanium and stainless steel showed the absence of brittle Fe–Ti intermetallic compounds, which was a condition attributed to the use of interlayer technique. Whereas, the characterization of interface were identified as the presence of Ti–Ni phases which were more plastic than Fe–Ti intermetallic compounds.

Interlay Type I tympanoplasty in large central perforations: Analysis of 500 cases

Aims and Objectives: To study the outcomes of interlay tympanoplasty (Type I) in patients with large central perforations (inactive mucosal chronic otitis media [COM]) in terms of graft uptake and hearing improvement. Materials and Methods: The present study is an analysis of database of 500 patients of inactive mucosal COM with large central perforation, who had undergone Type I interlay tympanoplasty at Jain ENT Hospital, Jaipur, during the past 5 years. Results: The graft uptake rate in the present study was found to be 96.6%, and 95.4% of the patients reported an improvement in terms of hearing with the mean air-bone gap improving from 26.08 to 10.12 dB. Conclusion: Tympanoplasty done by interlay technique has excellent results both in terms of graft uptake and hearing improvement, with minimal complications.

Improved microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar explosive cladding by means of interlayer technique

Aluminium and copper plates are explosively cladded with Al 5052, copper and SS 304 interlayers and the results are reported. While continuous molten layer is obtained in conventional explosive clads, a smooth interface, devoid of defects, is obtained in interlayer laced explosive clads. The mechanical properties of interlayer laced explosive clads confirm higher kinetic energy utilization leading to stronger clad. Ram tensile, shear strengths and Vickers microhardness of Al–Cu explosive clad with different interlayers are higher than conventional two layer clad.

Application of response surface methodology to optimize process parameters in friction welding of Ti–6Al–4V and SS304L rods

A method to decide near optimal settings of the process parameters in friction welding was proposed. The success of the friction welding process is based on various input parameters like friction pressure, friction time, upset pressure and upset time and output parameters like tensile strength, hardness and material loss. Ti–6Al–4V and SS304L(SS) materials were joined by friction welding process using interlayer techniques. The Box–Behnken design and response surface methodology (RSM) were applied to deciding the number of experiments to be performed and identify the optimum process parameters for obtaining better joint strength. The results were highly encouraging. Join strength of 523 MPa was obtained at a friction pressure of 12 N/mm2, upset pressure of 40 N/mm2, friction time of 1.2 s and upset time of 7 s.

The anterior interlay myringoplasty: outcome and hearing results in anterior and subtotal tympanic membrane perforations.

To describe a new technique, anterior interlay myringoplasty, to secure the anterior edge of a graft in tympanic membrane perforations with an anterior component. Consecutive patients undergoing anterior interlay myringoplasty were identified from the prospective otology database of the senior author. A tympanomeatal flap is elevated from the posterior canal wall, the annulus is elevated, and the tympanic membrane (TM) dissected off the malleus handle. The anterior "pocket" is fashioned using the Hughes dissector to elevate the mucosa medially from the fibrous layer of the narrow anterior rim of the perforation leaving the anterior annulus undisturbed; the elevation of mucosa medially is continued into the Eustachian tube orifice, which is matched by the angulation of the Hughes. Releasing incisions are necessary through the mucosal layer allowing the posterior portion of the graft to lie as an underlay and secured between the TM and malleus handle. Primary outcomes of tympanic membrane perforation closure rates and hearing outcome averaged over frequency thresholds 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz at 12 months. One hundred sixteen patients were included for analysis, and 50 were pediatric cases. The overall tympanic membrane perforation closure rate in all cases was 91% (105/116) at outpatient appointments closest to 12 months and a mean hearing threshold improvement of 9.98 dB (SD 9.63, range 43.8 dB improvement to 20 dB loss) was seen. The anterior interlay technique is a valuable method to achieve anterior support for a tympanic membrane graft and is associated with good closure rates and audiological outcomes.

A Comparative study of the techniques of Myringoplasty - Overlay Underlay & Interlay

Background: Myringoplasty is a surgical technique used to restore the integrity of tympanic membrane and to improve hearing level. Objective: To compare the three surgical modalities for Myringoplasty - Overlay, Underlay and Interlay in cases of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media with Inactive Mucosal Disease in large central perforation. Material and Methods: This is a prospective study of 18 months (January 2013 to June 2014) duration conducted in department of E.N.T, Era’s Lucknow Medical College, Lucknow and data was collected from the 90 patients admitted for Myringoplasty. 30 in each group. Results were calculated in terms of graft accepted or rejected and decrease in air bone gap. Result: Maximum number of graft rejection were observed in Overlay 5/30 and minimum in Interlay 2/30. Post operatively after 16 weeks mean air bone gap was maximum reduced in Interlay and minimum in Overlay Myringoplasty. Conclusion: The present study showed that Interlay technique had a better graft take and hearing improvement in large central perforation of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media.

Interface resistance ofYBa2Cu3O7−δ/La0.67Sr0.33MnO3ramp-type contacts

We fabricated and characterized ${\text{YBa}}_{2}{\text{Cu}}_{3}{\text{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}/{\text{La}}_{0.67}{\text{Sr}}_{0.33}{\text{MnO}}_{3}$ (YBCO/LSMO) ramp-type contacts and junctions. An interlayer technique was applied to repair the ramp stoichiometry after etching. It was found that, typically, the resistance of the YBCO/LSMO interface is high compared to the resistances of YBCO interfaces to Au, Pt and the epitaxially grown ferromagnetic oxide ${\text{SrRuO}}_{3}$. The YBCO/LSMO interfaces were characterized electrically and were found to show a large negative, linear magnetoresistance. Electron energy loss spectroscopy experiments do not show a significant oxygen depletion near the YBCO/LSMO interface. Our results indicate that the high interfacial resistance is caused by the effect of charge transfer across the interface. The magnetoresistance suggests that part of the interface resistance is of magnetic origin.

스케일러블 비디오 부호화를 위한 효율적인 엔트로피 부호화 방법

Generally existing video codec employs entropy coding to deal with residual signals with considering temporal and spatial properties. Scalable Video Coding(SVC) which is extension of H.264/AVC has three technical concepts for removing redundancies between inter-layers. In spite of using novel prediction method between inter-layers in SVC, it is still using same entropy coding method to residual signals. According to the studies, the residual obtained by inter-layer prediction technique has different features of residual signal acquired by spatial or temporal prediction technique. In this paper, we propose an efficient entropy coding method which codes the residual signal obtained by inter-layer prediction with regarding its features adequately. We re-designed the Coded Block Pattern(CBP) table suitably for inter-layer texture prediction. The experiments show that the proposed method can further reduce the BD-Bitrate up to average 2.20% in 4CIF and 1.14% in CIF resolution compared to the existing JSVM 9.18.

Motion-compensated temporal filtering with optimized motion estimation

The lifting-based discrete wavelet transforms applied temporally along the motion trajectory is a powerful tool in scalable video compression. The longer filter is used for motion-compensated temporal filtering (MCTF) for better de-correlation. The bidirectional motion estimation (ME) used for MCTF is the major speed bottleneck. This paper propose two stages motion predictive technique to optimize the ME. In the first stage, zero motion block prediction is carried out using the content of high frequency frame, obtained after TF without motion compensation. In the second stage, the inter-frame and inter-layer prediction technique is applied to skip the coarse search of any fast ME, except for the first pair of frames in a group of pictures. The proposed algorithm is implemented in MC-EZBC. The variations observed in objective or subjective quality of the decoded video is negligible compared to the speed gained.

Efficient Inter-Layer Motion Compensation for Spatially Scalable Video Coding

In this paper, an efficient inter-layer motion-compensation technique is proposed for enhancement layer in spatially scalable video coding. The proposed approach exploits the prediction residue correlation between consecutive spatial layers. In enhancement-layer motion compensation, it selects the method with the lowest rate-distortion (RD) cost from three schemes: pyramid motion compensation, subband motion compensation, and encoding the enhancement layer with no base-layer information. To reduce the block artifacts of the enhancement-layer prediction used in the subband method, extended edge prediction is introduced in the proposed approach. Compared with the current scalable H.264/AVC extension (SVC) motion-compensation scheme, our experimental results show that the proposed method exploits the redundancy between the base layer and the enhancement layer more efficiently and hence improves the coding performance. It achieves an improvement up to about 1dB in the enhancement-layer encoding for different coding parameters and video sequences.

Interaction of both charge density waves in NbSe3 from interlayer tunneling experiments

An interlayer tunneling technique has been used for spectroscopy of charge density wave (CDW) energy gaps (Δ1,2) in NbSe3 subsequently opened at the Fermi surface on decreasing temperature at T p1 = 145 K (CDW1) and at T p2 = 60 K (CDW2). We found that the CDW2 formation is accompanied by an increase of the CDW1 gap below T p2. The maximum enhancement of Δ1, δΔ1 is about 10%. The effect observed has been predicted theoretically as resulting from the joint phase locking of both CDWs with the underlying crystalline lattice below T p2.

Key Integration Techniques and Issues for Silicon-Based Ferroelectric Devices

Some key integration techniques and issues have been discussed in this paper including fabrication techniques of ferroelectric films, electrode, interface and diffusion problems, etching techniques, stress, hydrogen-induced degradation and barrier interlayer technique, impact of the ferroelectric processing on silicon devices and packaging for the integrated ferroelectric devices. Mechanisms for the breakdown of ferroelectric devices have been analyzed and improved ways have been suggested.

CoSi 2 formation using Ti-capping layer

In order to eliminate the disadvantages of the Ti interlayer technique in forming epitaxial CoSi 2 films on (1 0 0)Si substrates, a new kind of Ti-capping layer method was employed to grow CoSi 2 films on (1 0 0)Si substrates. In this study, a layer of (2 0 0) textured Co film covered with a Ti-capping layer was annealed by rapid thermal annealing at different temperatures. X-ray diffraction patterns showed a (2 2 0) preferred orientation of CoSi 2 and the skipping of the intermediate phase Co 2Si in the Ti-capped sample. The mechanism of the formation (2 2 0) preferred CoSi 2 film was discussed and uncapped samples were used as counterparts to illuminate the effects of the Ti-capping layer.

High-Efficiency GaN/AlxGa1xN Multi-Quantum-Well Light Emitter Grown on Low-Dislocation Density AlxGa1xN

Crack-free and low-dislocation-density Al x Ga 1-x N was achieved by low-temperature-deposited interlayer technique in combination with a lateral seeding epitaxy. We found that there was a strong correlation between the threading dislocation density and the PL intensity in the GaN/AIGaN MQWs. This new UV light emitting diode exhibits strong UV light output, having peak wavelength of 352 nm, a full width at half maximum as narrow as 6 nm and output power of 0.6 mW at 50 mA dc current injection.

High-Efficiency GaN/AlxGa1?xN Multi-Quantum-Well Light Emitter Grown on Low-Dislocation Density AlxGa1?xN

Crack-free and low-dislocation-density Al x Ga 1-x N was achieved by low-temperature-deposited interlayer technique in combination with a lateral seeding epitaxy. We found that there was a strong correlation between the threading dislocation density and the PL intensity in the GaN/AIGaN MQWs. This new UV light emitting diode exhibits strong UV light output, having peak wavelength of 352 nm, a full width at half maximum as narrow as 6 nm and output power of 0.6 mW at 50 mA dc current injection.

Demonstration of Flame Detection in Room Light Background by Solar-Blind AlGaN PIN Photodiode

We have fabricated n-Al 0.44 Ga 0.56 N/i-Al 0.44 Ga 0.56 N/p-GaN heterojunction photodiodes with a cut-off wavelength of 275 nm. The multilayer device structure was grown by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy using a low-temperature interlayer technique. Thanks to the high quality AIGaN, the responsivity dropped steeply by three, five and six orders of magnitude at the AIGaN bandedge of 275 nm, 600 nm, and 1 μm, respectively. The steep bandedge enables a minimum leakage of effective weak-flame luminescence between 250 and 280 nm. For flame detection, a visible cut-off filter to assist the selectivity to the flame luminescence was attached. In addition, the photodiode was operated at zero-bias so that the darkcurrent does not exceed the weak photocurrent induced by flame luminescence. This solar-blind photosensor thus successfully responded selectively to the flame luminescence regardless of whether the room was lighted or not.

Demonstration of Flame Detection in Room Light Background by Solar-Blind AlGaN PIN Photodiode

We have fabricated n-Al 0.44 Ga 0.56 N/i-Al 0.44 Ga 0.56 N/p-GaN heterojunction photodiodes with a cut-off wavelength of 275 nm. The multilayer device structure was grown by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy using a low-temperature interlayer technique. Thanks to the high quality AIGaN, the responsivity dropped steeply by three, five and six orders of magnitude at the AIGaN bandedge of 275 nm, 600 nm, and 1 μm, respectively. The steep bandedge enables a minimum leakage of effective weak-flame luminescence between 250 and 280 nm. For flame detection, a visible cut-off filter to assist the selectivity to the flame luminescence was attached. In addition, the photodiode was operated at zero-bias so that the darkcurrent does not exceed the weak photocurrent induced by flame luminescence. This solar-blind photosensor thus successfully responded selectively to the flame luminescence regardless of whether the room was lighted or not.

The shielding metallic interlayer technique hardens MIS devices against ionizing radiation effects

The shielding metallic interlayer technique hardens MIS devices against ionizing radiation effects