Interests Of Local Governments Research Articles

Local Inter-Governmental Cooperation in Regional Innovation in China: Historical Evolution and Logic of Change

Under the innovation-driven development strategy, inter-governmental cooperation in regional innovation has proliferated, but the historical change logic of local government participation in innovation cooperation has not been explained yet. Based on the theoretical paradigm of historical institutionalism, this paper attempts to construct a "structure-history-action" analytical framework for local government participation in innovation cooperation. Based on the theoretical paradigm of historical institutionalism, this paper attempts to construct a "structure-history-action" analytical framework for inter-governmental cooperation in regional innovation. In the course of more than forty years of change, inter-governmental cooperation in regional innovation in China can be divided into four stages. In the course of more than forty years of change, inter-governmental cooperation in regional innovation in China can be divided into four stages. Firstly, it has been driven by structural conditions in macro-institutional change; secondly, 'path dependence' Firstly, it has been driven by structural conditions in macro-institutional change; secondly, 'path dependence' caused by political and cultural genes, administrative institutional traditions and the 'key nodes' that drive change. Finally, the perceptions and interests of local governments, as micro-actors, have profoundly shaped the direction of change. On this basis, the development path of inter- governmental cooperation in regional innovation is proposed: strengthening the top-level design of innovation cooperation and optimizing.

Evolutionary game analysis of rural public-private partnership older adult care project in the context of population aging in China.

Public-private partnership (PPP) older adult care project is an effective means to solve the dilemma of the aging population in China's rural areas, but there are some problems in the operation process, such as a low participation rate and poor service quality, resulting in the needs of rural older adult groups not being met. To alleviate the pressure of the aging population in rural areas, this study establishes an evolutionary game model for the PPP older adult care project, then defines the interests of local government, the private sector, and rural older adult residents, based on which it discusses the strategic choices of the three parties in the evolutionary process, and finally analyzes the influencing factors of the strategic choices of the game parties through simulation. The results suggest that whether the private sector chooses to actively participate in the project will be influenced by the willingness of local government and rural older adult residents to participate in the project. Local government could play the role of supervisor through reward and punishment mechanisms. Whether older rural residents choose to participate in the project depends on the number of benefits they would receive. Based on these findings, local governments should clarify the responsibilities of relevant stakeholders, adopt a regulatory strategy combining subsidies and penalties, improve the participation efficiency of rural older adult residents, promote the effective operation of PPP older adult care projects, and improve the quality of rural older adult care services in the new era.

Pembangunan dan Ekonomi Politik Turisme Massal di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta

This research aimed to explore the transition from community-based tourism into mass tourism which has been initiated by the government. Data was collected through in depth interviews, observation, and secondary data analysis. This research found that the central government has been creating mass tourism since the ‘80s, because the state was interested in making tourism become one of the main incomes after the end of oil boom era. Mass tourism was booming until the end of the ‘90s. Nevertheless, the decrease in international tourist arrival was occurred because of forest fires, economic crises, Bali Bombing I and II, and SARS pandemic. Unfortunately, Yogyakarta’s earthquake in 2006 has hindered the recovery process. One decade after the earthquake, a mass tourism was booming again which was marked by the expansion of hotel construction. There were negative impacts such as lack of water access for public, repression of the labour movement, and policies that neglected public participation. The government continued to develop mass tourism through RPJMD DIY 2017-2022 as the nexus of central and local government interests. Projects from RPJMD DIY 2017-2022 were done by cultures and repressions mobilization, thus lead to another problems such as worsened public interests marginalization, land and labour privatization.

Fictitious commodification of land to solve rural crises?: Lessons from an experiment in rural Chengdu, China

This article examines the Chinese government’s ongoing controlled experiment to empower rural communities and revitalise rural spaces through the fictitious commodification of rural collective operational construction land (i.e., land used for commercial or operational businesses). We show how local governments in Pidu, one of the selected experiment sites, exploited the political opening to pursue their own landed interests and, in doing so, continued to exploit and marginalise rural communities. The competing interests of local and central governments in rural land commodification—combined with the ambiguous regulatory framework for this type of rural land and the overall conditions of the land market—frustrated the complete and effective commodification of such land. Broadening these lessons to experiments in general, we suggest that effective monitoring mechanisms centring processual and distributional justice are needed to keep experiments in check and realise their potential in bringing about positive changes.

지방자치단체와 관련된 금융소비자보호법의 개선방안

A summary of improvement plans for the act on the protection of financial consumer related to local governments is as follows.
 1. Article 1(purpose) of the act on the protection of financial consumer does not contain any content related to the ‘responsibility of local governments’. Article 1 of the act on the protection of financial consumer is “this act stipulates matters to be observed regarding the business of financial product sellers and financial product advisors, and national and local governments, in order to promote the rights and interests of financial consumers and establish a sound market order in the financial product sales business and financial product advisory business. It is aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of financial consumer protection and contributing to the development of the national economy by prescribing matters related to financial consumer policies and financial dispute settlement procedures for the protection of financial consumer rights and interests of local governments.” 2. Article 9 of the act on the protection of financial consumer (responsibilities of the state) omits the responsibilities of local governments. Subparagraph 2 of article 9 of the act on the protection of financial consumer is defined as “the state and local governments shall fulfill the following responsibilities(1. establish and implement necessary policies to promote the rights and interests of financial consumers in order to realize the basic rights of financial consumers pursuant to article 7), 2. enactment, revision, and abolition of laws, ordinances, and rules related to the protection of financial consumers, 3. maintenance and improvement of operation of necessary administrative organizations, and 4. support and fostering of sound and independent organizational activities of financial consumers).” It would be nice to amend it.
 3. It would be nice to revise the ‘of the state’ in article 10, subparagraph 1 of the act on the protection of financial consumer to ‘of the state and local governments’.
 4. It would be good to amend the ‘financial services commission’ in article 29(financial consumer protection) to article 30(financial education) paragraph 4 of the act on the protection of financial consumer to ‘financial services commission and local governments’.
 5. There are no provisions related to the protection of personal information in the act on the protection of financial consumer, such as article 15, paragraph 1 of the framework act on consumers. Therefore, according to the act on the protection of financial consumer, “the state and local governments shall take necessary measures to prevent financial consumers from suffering unreasonable damage due to loss, theft, leakage, alteration, or damage of financial consumers’ personal information in transactions between financial consumers and financial product distributors, etc.” It would be good to create a new regulation similar to “.
 6. There is no such content as article 18, paragraph 1 of the framework act on consumer in the act on the protection of financial consumer. It would be good to add a new provision to the act on the protection of financial consumer, such as “financial product distributors, etc. must actively cooperate with the national and local governments' policies to promote financial consumer rights and interests”. 7. There is no such thing as ‘protection of the vulnerable’ in the act on the protection of financial consumer. It would be good if new contents such as the protection of the vulnerable class were added to the act on the protection of financial consumer.

Graduate Medical Education Training and the Health of Indigenous Peoples.

Graduate Medical Education Training and the Health of Indigenous Peoples.

The potential human health hazard of nitrates in drinking water: a media discourse analysis in a high-income country

BackgroundRecent studies linking low levels of nitrate in drinking water to colorectal cancer have raised public concerns over nitrate contamination. The aim of this study was to analyze the media discourse on the potential human health hazard of nitrates in drinking water in a high-income country with a large livestock industry: New Zealand (NZ).MethodsSearches of media sources (“major newspapers”) held by the Factiva database for the NZ setting in the five-year period 17 December 2016 to 20 December 2021.ResultsThe largest number of media items was observed for 2017 (n = 108), the year of a NZ general election, with a notable decrease in 2020 (n = 20) that was likely due to the Covid-19 pandemic, which dominated health media. However, the percentage of these media items with a health focus steadily increased over time, from 11.1% of all articles in 2017 to 51.2% in 2021. The most commonly mentioned health hazard was colorectal cancer, followed by methemoglobinemia. The temporal pattern of media items suggests that the release of scientific studies and scholarly blogs was associated with the publication of subsequent media items. Major stakeholders involved in the discourse included representatives of local and central government, environmental and recreational interest groups, researchers, local residents, agricultural interest groups, and health organizations. Māori (Indigenous New Zealanders) values or perspectives were rarely mentioned.ConclusionsAnalysis of major newspapers for a five-year period indicated that a wide range of expert comment and opinions were made available to the public and policy makers on the issue of nitrates in water. While many different stakeholder views were captured in the media discourse, there is scope for the media to better report the views of Māori on this topic. There is also a need for articles detailing the health issues to also refer to the environmental, recreational, and cultural aspects of protecting water quality to ensure that the public, policy makers, and regulators are aware of co-benefits.

Environmental Regulation Competition and Carbon Emissions.

To clarify the relationship between environmental regulatory competition and carbon emissions and provide a theoretical basis for carbon emission reduction governance, this paper explores the strategic interaction behavior of environmental regulatory competition by constructing a three-way evolutionary game model based on the perspective of the fusion of environmental federalism and local government competition theory. On this basis, the specific forms of carbon emission reduction competition are tested using the spatial Durbin model, and the mechanism of the effect of environmental regulation competition on carbon emissions is analyzed. The evolutionary game model shows that local governments make strategic choices based on the costs and benefits of environmental regulation, and there are strategic equilibria of "race to the bottom", "race to the top", and "differentiation of competition". The empirical results show that the competition for environmental regulations as a whole after the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China is a "race to the top", and the increase in the intensity of environmental regulations has an inhibitory effect on carbon emissions, which remains valid after a series of robustness tests. There is heterogeneity in environmental regulatory competition, and the effect of emissions reduction is most obvious in the central region. Mechanism analysis shows that environmental regulatory competition affects carbon emissions mainly through the effect of political performance assessment, the effect of industrial structure optimization, and the effect of low-carbon technology capability improvement. Therefore, the central government should follow the local government interest function and balance the interests of all parties, appropriately increase the proportion of environmental performance assessment and optimize the performance assessment system, and consider regional development differences to find the right carbon emissions reduction path.

Evolutionary Game Analysis of Inter-provincial Diversified Ecological Compensation Collaborative Governance

The inter-provincial watershed diversified ecological compensation (DEC) collaborative governance mechanism is an important initiative to achieve long-term ecological compensation. However, it is difficult to effectively coordinate the promotion of environmental protection and livelihood improvement due to the different interests of local governments. Based on the interest demands among local governments, this study analyzes the operation mode of DEC mechanism, constructs an evolutionary game model of DEC collaborative governance among local governments, and conducts dynamic simulation analysis with Shaanxi and Henan provinces as examples. The results show that the upstream government quickly chooses to actively participate when the downstream government's willingness to promote is more significant than 0.4. Fund allocation ratios of 0.7, 0.2, and 0.1 for government, market, and social compensation better promote collaborative governance strategies. The low-level cost can drive the upstream and downstream governments to construct a DEC mechanism. In addition, the reward and punishment mechanism is more effective for the downstream government, and the benefit allocation ratio significantly impacts the upstream government. The greater the absorption capacity of the upstream government, the more it can drive to realize social benefits and collaboration. To promote the DEC mechanism through collaborative governance and provide new ideas for ecological protection and development of the Yellow River basin (YRB).

Are environmental regulation tools effective? An analysis based on financial investment of entity enterprises

Environmental regulation and economic development are consistent in the long run, but there are certain contradictions in the short term. Examining the characteristics of available environmental regulation tools and using them in a way that will align the interests of local governments and enterprises can improve environmental regulation and enhance green transformation and development. This study considers two general types of environmental regulation tools: negative punishment types and positive incentive types. Applying an intermediary effect model and the two-stage least squares method, a sample of Chinese A-share listed companies from 2007 to 2019 is used to test the impact of these different types of environmental regulation tools on the financial investment levels of entity enterprises. The mechanism through which these macro-environmental regulation tools function and the micro-enterprise heterogeneity factors that influence their impact are systematically studied. The results show that negative punishment type environmental regulation tools have a positive impact on the financial investment levels of entity enterprises, while positive incentive type environmental regulation tools inhibit financial investment levels. This impact is formed through managerial incentive mechanisms referred to as “whipping the fast ox” and “heavy rewards and light punishments.” Factors such as financing constraints, relocation costs, pollution levels, and enterprise scale have heterogeneous effects on these paths. Policy suggestions are offered based on the findings. This study makes a significant contribution to the literature by clarifying the channel through which environmental regulation influences micro-enterprise decision-making. It provides a theoretical basis and policy reference for local government officials as they address the conflict between economic growth and environmental protection in the short term. Moreover, the results offer long-term development decision-making ideas for shareholders and managers in the process of green transformation and upgrading of enterprises.

Critical Discourse on Press Contribution to NTT Good Local Governance

The contribution of local media in articulating its control function to restore people’s rights and encourage the implementation of good local governance cannot be separated from the professionalism and critical support of the media crew. This is because the relationship between local media and regional authorities is still prone to conflict, complex, and bound by certain emotional-cultural aspects. Using critical discourse analysis, this study examines specifically the editorial texts of two local mainstream newspapers, Flores Pos and Pos Kupang, related to some strategic issues, especially corruption issues, within the Provincial Government of NTT. The study found that the reality of local media can be co-opted by the interests of media owners and local governments. It also confirms that local media are not absolutely neutral or interest-free. The neutrality of local mass media is also influenced by the dominance of media owners who have power relations with regional authorities.

Struggling for power over the Bangka coast: Tin amongst the vortex of companies, the state, and residents

The unequal distribution of tin resources and profits on the Bangka Island coast is a major problem. This is due to the lack of a political settlement which has caused conflict between state-owned and private mining entrepreneurs, fishermen, and local governments. The central government has also failed to distribute power over the tin resources. This has led the parties to defend their rights by opposing, accepting aggression, and having divided attitudes. The local government's interests are in residents’ welfare, profit sharing from mining, and the threat of environmental damage. This study has concluded that unequal access to tin resources in the Bangka coast will continue unless the state and the parties involved building a strong and inclusive political settlement.

Partisanship, Fiscal Transfers, and Social Spending in Korea: The Politics of Partial Decentralization

AbstractIn the last three decades, many Asian democracies have decentralized their political systems to promote the democratic, equal, and efficient distribution of national resources across regions. Nonetheless, most of these countries, including South Korea, are still in a stage of “partial fiscal decentralization,” in which locally elected officials have spending authority, while a significant portion of their financing relies on transfers from the central government. This article argues that the decentralized distribution is significantly influenced by the partisan interests of central and local governments. The central government transfers more funds to local governments that their co-partisans govern, and local incumbents follow partisan policy priorities to obtain the allocation of available fiscal resources. This argument is strongly supported by the empirical analysis of subsidy transfers and regional social expenditures in South Korea from 2002 to 2015. First, we find that the central government in Korea transfers larger subsidies to politically aligned regions. Second, regional governments with larger subsidy transfers have higher levels of social expenditures. Third, governors or mayors affiliated with a progressive party spend significantly more on social welfare and education than do those affiliated with a conservative party.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ МІСЦЕВОГО ОПОДАТКУВАННЯ ЯК ОСНОВИ ФОРМУВАННЯ ДОХОДІВ ОБ’ЄДНАНИХ ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНИХ ГРОМАД В УКРАЇНІ

The scientific article is devoted to the peculiarities of the formation of the system of tax revenues as sources of income of the budgets of the united territorial communities. The system of local and national taxes and fees, which are credited to local budgets, is analyzed in order to determine their "weight" in budget revenues. The Budget Code of Ukraine establishes the share of national taxes that is credited to local budgets of territorial communities. According to Art. 64 of the Budget Code of Ukraine to the general fund of the local community budget includes 60 percent personal income tax, 10 percent corporate income tax, corporate income tax and financial institutions, as well as part of the rent for the use of certain natural resources. These norms are well-founded and aimed at encouraging local governments to create new jobs and new enterprises. After all, the deduction of 60 percent of personal income tax to the local budget determines the interest of local governments in creating new jobs. Local governments cannot influence the determination of the national tax rate. Also, they can not establish any benefits for the payment of this category of taxes. At the same time, the determination of the conditions for the payment of local taxes belongs to the competence of the OTG governing bodies. The norms of legislative acts that establish the system of local taxes and fees have been studied. The peculiarities of local taxation were studied on the example of the budgets of territorial communities of Kharkiv region and the powers of local self-government bodies to establish the conditions for accrual and payment of local taxes and fees were clarified. Proposals have been developed to increase the financial independence of local governments at the level of territorial communities through tax tools, as well as to improve the legal regulation of taxes and fees at the level of budgets of united territorial communities. To improve the economic and legal mechanism of taxation of the united territorial communities, it is proposed to: 1) introduce a local fee for advertising and holding mass entertainment events in public places and other.

Literature Review on the Establishment of a Community Care System: For some Vulnerable Groups in Busan

Objectives: This study presented a community care model for the vulnerable(elderly people with dementia, mobility difficulties, and severe diseases). Methods: Comparison with existing community care programs operated at home and abroad and literature review were used. Results: It is necessary to establish a community care model that complements manpower shortage and effectiveness. Conclusions: For the successful operation of community care, support for community-based integrated care services must be carried out as a project according to the strategic stage that must be promoted after active interest from local governments and related human infrastructure. In addition, the interest of local governments is the most important for the promotion of community care programs, and specific consultations should be prioritized on what is needed for project promotion.

Tax instruments of local budget revenue regulation

The decentralization of finance in the context of reform of local self-government in Ukraine needs the improvement of the tax system i.e. the optimal allocation of taxes between the local and state budgets. The purpose of this research is to enhance the existing experience of budget decentralization with the identification of the practical results of the decentralization reform and its impact on the local territorial communities in Ukraine. The article examines and summarizes the current experience of budget decentralization in Ukraine and the results of the reform, as well as their community impact. The main focus of the study is on the principles of tax policy implementation in terms of taxes and fees credited to local budgets. The purpose of the study is to optimize the tax mechanisms for filling local budgets in Ukraine. The article examines the state of filling local budgets and its impact on socio-economic development of the community. It is determined that the basis of revenues are tax revenues, the share of which is growing every year. The reform resulted in increased interest of local governments in increasing revenues to local budgets, finding reserves to fill them, improving the efficiency of administration of taxes and fees. Thus, the main budget-forming tax is the personal income tax, which in the amount of 60 percent is credited to the budgets of rural, township, urban territorial communities. In its turn, the positive dynamics is the reduction of intergovernmental transfers. Increasing the dependence of local budgets on personal income tax and own local taxes is a positive consequence of the implemented budget reform. According to the results of the study, the directions of optimizing the use of tax instruments in filling local budgets are substantiated. One of the crucial conditions for creating a highly developed market economy is the formation of local self-government as an effectively functioning part of the public sector.

CURRENT ISSUES OF FORMATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM IN CHERKASY REGION

Peculiarities of formation of program tasks of tourism development in Cherkasy region are investigated. The analysis of indicators for compiling and determining the results of the implementation of tourism development programs in Ukraine for a number of years is carried out. The main directions of tourism development in current business conditions are highlighted. The topical issues of formation and implementation of the program of tourism development in Cherkasy region are determined taking into account the influence of a complex of factors, in particular those of economic, ecological, social character.
 It is substantiated that in the basis of formation of program tasks for the purpose of assistance to the development of tourism in Cherkasy region it is necessary to consider strategic plans of development both of Ukraine as a whole, its regions, and features and priorities of separate administrative-territorial communities.
 Emphasis is placed on the need to develop appropriate identifiers and indicators to characterize individual general indicators of tourism development in the respective territories, cluster units and to form a single base of potential and actual subject-object units of the tourism segment of the region's economy.
 To this end, the article proposes a model for the formation of criteria for assessing the objectivity of the formation of strategic regional objectives in the field of tourism and the results of program tasks in the tourism segment of the region's economy.
 The analysis of methodology of the formation of program tasks at the state level and criteria of taking into account obligatory indicators of an estimation of their performance on the basis of the achievement of corresponding qualitative and quantitative indicators both at the all-Ukrainian, and at regional level is carried out.
 Proposals are made to improve the procedure taking into account the interests of local governments, administrative-territorial communities and professional public associations in the direction of improving adaptive program indicators for tourism development.

An Australian Perspective on Local Government Investment in Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure

Electric vehicle (EV) adoption is growing worldwide with increasing market pull from consumers and market push from manufacturers of vehicles and charging equipment, as well as others in the supply chain. Governments have begun developing policies to support EV uptake and local governments, in particular, are examining what role they should play. In Australia, a large country with low population density, EV uptake has been slower in comparison to other similar economies. This paper discusses the status of EV charging infrastructure deployment in Australia with regards to local governments, by considering the extent to which they are relied upon for the deployment of such technology and what motivates them to act. It also covers the work undertaken by the authors with one local government in developing an EV charging infrastructure business model that will help the local community adopt and benefit from EVs. An applied use of the business canvas methodology adapted to suit local government interests is presented to assess the risks and benefits that different business models offer. The paper offers insights into the strategic and pragmatic responsibilities local governments balance in seeking to expand the EV charging infrastructure in their jurisdiction.

FORMATION OF DRAINAGE PROJECTS TO CHANGE THE PURPOSE AS A MECHANISM TO INCREASE THE CAPACITY OF UNITED TERRITORAL COMMUNITY

The creation of united territorial communities took place in a hurry, is still going on, and often contrary to the requirements of the proposed methodology, which determines the norms according to which the optimal formation of a viable territorial community is possible. It should be noted that "capacity" is rather understood as an economic concept, while in the proposed methodology the focus was more on geographical and infrastructural indicators. Therefore, communities are often created and operate without complying with the requirements of the methodology, and as a result there is a significant differentiation between the levels of their capacity. The key issue for the territorial community to exercise its powers is closely related to the filling of its budget. This increases the interest of local governments in increasing revenues, finding reserves to fill them, improving the efficiency of administration of taxes and fees, and so on. 
 One of the five eligibility criteria is community size. Most communities in this respect are landless with a high population density, sometimes with difficult natural conditions. This leads to the search for approaches to the efficient use of available land resources, the basis of which is almost everywhere the category of agricultural land. 
 Very often, these lands contain objects that correspond to other categories of lands, in particular the nature reserve fund and other nature protection, recreational, health and historical and cultural purposes. This creates a number of problematic issues related to: reduction of land tax revenues; probable loss of useful properties due to improper use and practical complexity of the mechanism of protection of such objects.
 Alternatively, it is proposed to divide the land plots with the separation of such objects and change their purpose. The article reveals the expected effect of the implementation of such measures. Note that increasing the level of capacity of communities is the key to improving the success of the state.

The Paradox of Public Trust Shaping Local Climate Change Adaptation

Growing attention is being directed towards understanding the ways in which climate change policy is shaped by the actions and interests of local governments. This study explores connections between local government’s efforts to uphold and maintain the public trust and their considerations about climate change adaptation associated with water management. Document analysis and 24 interviews with local public officials are used to shed light on these considerations in three small municipalities in central Pennsylvania: Chambersburg, Carlisle, and Gettysburg. The analysis provides indications that a paradox of public trust leads to public officials pursuing actions and considerations that are consistent with climate change adaptation, but not recognizing that they are doing so. The implications of this governing mindset for climate change outreach and policy are explored. Suggestions for countering the logic of inaction expressed by public officials that justified a lack of adaptation are identified, and the potential for state and federal interventions to stimulate climate adaptation in contexts like these local governments is explored.