Intensive Horticulture Research Articles

Naturally spreading and natural apple dwarfs in the forest-steppe zone of the Southern Urals

The article presents tests of natural creeping apple trees and natural dwarfs, carried out in the in the conditions of the Orenburg region. There were from 50 to 100 trees in the experiment in each variant. Vigorous standard plantations were used as control. The aim of the research was to test natural creeping apple trees, natural dwarfs against the background of standard varieties bred in the South Urals (Chelyabinsk), as well as to determine their prospects for intensive horticulture in the extreme conditions of the region. The preservation of plantings for all variants of the experiment for 20 years of research is high and amounted to 92-99 %, their condition was estimated at 4.5-5.0 points. The highest yield was noted for natural dwarfs (457.2 c/ha), the smallest yield was obtained on vigorous standard plantings (control) – 238.7 c/ha. Naturally creeping apple trees in terms of productivity were higher than control by an average of 25 %. Of the naturally creeping varieties, the most productive were the varieties Podsnezhnik (348.3 c/ha), Chudnoe (335.2 c/ha), the least productive were the varieties Plastun and Kovrovoe (255.1 and 262.5 c/ha, respectively). On the natural dwarfs, the most productive variety was the variety Brat Chudnogo (461.2 c/ha). In the control, the most productive varieties were the varieties Symbol (295.9 c/ha) and Nadezhda (270.5 c/ha), less productive were the varieties Pamyat Zhavoronkova and Fevralskoe (208.0 and 224.1 c/ha, respectively). Low-growing plantations, in particular layer and natural varieties of the Urals, are distinguished by their early maturity and, in general, higher productivity per unit area. The highest labor costs are accounted for by natural dwarfs (485.4 person-day/ha) and the lowest in vigorous plantings (317.4 person-day/ha). This has a positive eff ect on the profit and rentability of production.

Selection of seed stocks for propagation of apple trees in the Far East

The article presents the results of research on the selection of seed stocks aimed at the development of intensive horticulture in the Far Eastern region, which has great potential for growing apple fruits. There were summarized materials on the study of seed stocks of apple trees. In modern conditions in fruit growing, the most relevant direction is the creation of high-yielding apple varieties with high adaptive properties. Varieties must be early-growing, have high immunity and resistance to the most harmful pathogenic, and also have good compatibility with seed stocks that are resistant to the abiotic and biotic environmental factors of the Far Eastern region. The use of seed stocks makes it possible to propagate seedlings of the most promising varieties free from harmful viral infections without losing their genetic stability. Plantings planted with such planting material do not need expensive supports and require significantly fewer mineral fertilizers and water, because they have a powerful root system that penetrates into the deeper layers the soil. Seed stocks of the apple tree are initially free from viral infection, and, unlike the clonal stocks, do not require expensive recovery, which leads to significant material savings. High grafting on seed stock not only contributes to the accelerated entry of gardens into the productive period, but also helps protect trees from damage from sunburn and frost. The production and biological study of the seed stocks of the apple tree was carried out in the form of a collection variety study and production variety testing. The field method is used to evaluate seed stocks. The developed and scientifically substantiated methods for planting apple orchards on seed stocks make it possible to create stands that are resistant to the climate of the Far Eastern region and stably produce marketable fruits for several years. It was revealed that the Siberian berry apple tree, and the variety Ranetka Yantarnaya are the most highly adapted and can be used as a seed stock.

Biological potential of the Carmen apple variety in the South of Dagestan

The article provides a pomological estimation of the Carmen apple variety cultivated in the southeastern foothill sub-province of Dagestan. The purpose of the research is to study the biological potential of the variety and to reveal the best in productivity apple scion/stock combinations that combine high adaptive capabilities for constructing intensive-type orchards in the commercial horticultural zone. The establishment of such orchards is associated with high material costs; therefore, improving the technology plays a crucial role. Especially important is the selection of scion/stock combinations in the production of apple planting material, which in the intensive horticulture should be characterized by precocity, stable productivity, high fruit quality and environmental sustainability. In Dagestan, fruit zones are sharply heterogeneous in terms of soil and climate conditions, which prevents the unification of the technology of intensive apple plantations. The most promising for the development of commercial horticulture is the South-Eastern foothill sub-province. Among the unfavorable environmental factors that negatively affect the vital activity of fruit crops in Dagestan, the first place is occupied by recurrent cold in spring and early frosts in autumn. In accordance with the Program of scientific research of the Federal Agrarian Scientific Center of the Republic of Dagestan, it is planned to study the influence of different stocks – dwarf M9, SK7 and medium-tall SK2, MM106 on the productivity of the Carmen variety. Based on the research results, biometric parameters of tree growth in a young orchard were studied depending on the design of the plantings. It is noted that at the three-year-old, the condition of the trees estimated on a 5-point scale is good. The height of the trees, depending on the stock, reached an average of 1.9 to 2.6 m. On dwarf rootstocks M9 and SK7, the diameter of the tree stem in the Carmen variety was 3.0-3.3 cm; on stocks SK2 and MM106, respectively 3.6-4.0 cm. The most prominent growth activity of trees of various scion/stock combinations reflects the total length of shoots. The smallest shoot length was observed in stands with dwarf rootstocks M-9 and SK-7, the largest – on medium-sized rootstocks MM-106. The largest number of fruit formations was on the dwarf rootstock SK7 (24.7 PCs.), with a planting scheme of 3.0×1.5 m; per square meter of food area, the number of fruit formations was 4.3-5.4 PCs./m2, and on stocks SK-2 and MM-106 with a planting scheme of 5.0×2.0 m their number was 2.1-2.2 PCs./m2.

Elaboration of an ecologized scab protection system and a biologized apple plant nutritional program

Our work aimed to study the effectiveness of the combined use of various foliar fertilizers and protection products in tank mixtures for the scab suppression and their impact on productivity. The studies were carried out under the conditions of experimental plantations of the I.V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center according to generally accepted methods. We determined the biological effectiveness of the plant protection systems used, the formation of productivity components (fruit set, average fruit weight and yield per tree), the content of the main nutrients in the soil, leaves, and fruits. The application of a conventional plant protection system has contributed to better protection of apple trees from scab. The ecologized system has also provided a sufficiently high level of protection, which allows recommending it to producers. The introduction of ecologized protection systems that reduce the pesticide pollution of the environment requires various support measures for producers. The use of an ecologized system of foliar nutrition provided an increase in plant protection effectiveness, especially when combined with regular soil fertilizer application, as well as in optimizing the mineral composition of fruits. Biologization of soil nutrition is one of the most critical tasks for preserving soil fertility in intensive horticulture. The soil application of bacterial fertilizers contributed to a significant increase in productivity. The highest results were obtained when applying biological fertilizers together with reduced rates of mineral fertilizers.

The resistance to pulling the working part where the manure juice is poured locally

The object of the research consists of the architecture of the root system of intensive garden soil and trees, the process of interaction of the aggregate and its working part with the soil and roots, which pour the fertilizer juice locally. The only way to grow ecologically clean products from the garden is to feed the fruit trees locally with manure juice. In intensive gardens, it is advisable to pour the manure juice into the zone of branching tree roots 0.8–0.1 m long, 20–30 sm deep, and an average width of 15 sm. In the process of cutting the soil and roots of the working part of the fertilizer juice pouring unit, the force of gravity is formed. A dynamometer was used to determine the force required to cut the roots. To do this, it was dag a hole of 80 sm long, 30 sm deep and 15 sm wide along the row, without damaging the roots, leaving a distance of 20 sm directly from the trunk of the tree in the garden. The soil-cleaned roots were pulled into a dynamometer loop, pulled until they broke, and the breaking force was determined. For gardens, pouring sap on average 1 m long, 25-30 sm deep and 12-15 sm wide, leaving a protection zone of 20-25 sm from the trunk, increases the efficiency of fertilizer use. In the local method, the gravitational resistance of the working part, which pours the juice to depth, is on average 3.5 kN.

Water saving technique and technology of subsurface irrigation

This article is given some information about creating intensive gardens in desert areas; saving 40%-50% of yearly water which is used in a year thanks to effective economic technologies via irrigating through the soil. This is also useful to save energy up to 30%-40% by absorbing the sunshine with the help of the special modes. In this research we intended to prove that organizing irrigation system in the way of using underground waters and in this process the water enriched by mineral elements, fertilizer can be saved up to 25-35% on account of moistening plant roots through the pegs straightly which are devices specially produced. Moreover, the growth of plants is meliorated and the harvested stock will be increased up to 20-25%.This method can be used in both setting half scrubby intensive gardens in such kind of areas where water is insufficient and making use of energy-saving technologies in the future.

The impact of forest land use change to intensive agricultural system on the economic efficiency of nitrogen utilization

Identifying the dynamics of N-mineral soils in different Land Use Systems (LUS) with different levels of intensification, seven LUS were studied as well as intensive horticulture gardens. The coffee garden observed as of 7 - 10 years old. Measurements were made twice in the rainy and dry seasons. The use of forest land into coffee plantations and horticulture gardens was significantly (<0.05) to total-N, very significant (<0.01) to NO3 - soil concentrations, but did not significantly affect the soil NH4 + concentration. Horticultural land has the lowest NH4 +/N-mineral soil concentration ratio (0.98%) when it is compared to other LUS. The highest soil NO3 + concentration (about 1400 mg kg−1 soil) was found in intensive farming areas ie horticulture, about 5-17 times higher than in other LUS. The more intensive the land use system is followed by the increasing ratio of N-mineral/N-total soil concentration as well as the decrease in the NH4 +/N-mineral soil concentration. This indicates that the more intensive the LUS will further decrease the economic efficiency of N utilization and increase the potential for loss of N through NO3 - leaching, NO2 and NO evaporation, as well as run off, and potentially adverse impacts on aquatic biota due to eutrophication. This will lead to environmental damage, especially water pollution.

Productivity formation features of Apple trees (&lt;i&gt;Malus domestica&lt;/i&gt; Borkh.) with intermediate insertion of low-growth rootstock EM-IX in the Crime

The long-term results of studies on the formation of productivity in apple trees on the medium-sized rootstock MM-106 with an intermediate insert of a low-growth rootstock EM - IX are given. The objects of research are cultivars: Golden Delicious, Jonagold, Kimmeriya, Krymskoe with a planting pattern of 3.5 x 1.25 m and 3.5 x 1.75 m. Trees are formed according to the type of free spindle. As a result of the research, a high potential application of the combined stock (with intercalary insert) in the garden, which provides early fruiting, a rapid increase in yield, high marketability and keeping quality of fruits, is revealed. Domestic intensive gardens on a combined stock can be created in the conditions of the Crimea without any support, which saves material resources for their laying. The formation of trees according to the type of free spindle in the gardens makes it possible to compact the planting of trees in a row by 20-25% and reduce the amount of labor expended on pruning trees and harvesting 1.6 times, depending on the cultivar. Realization of the productivity potential in such gardens is determined by the high level of agricultural technology with the obligatory implementation of technological methods.

The Management of Agricultural Waste Biomass in the Framework of Circular Economy and Bioeconomy: An Opportunity for Greenhouse Agriculture in Southeast Spain

For decades, non-renewable resources have been the basis of worldwide economic development. The extraction rate of natural resources has increased by 113% since 1990, which has led to overexploitation and generation of vast amounts of waste. For this reason, it is essential that a sustainable development model is adopted—one which makes it possible to produce more food and energy with fewer fossil fuels, low pollutant gas emissions and minimal solid waste. Certain management policies and approaches, such as the strategy of a circular ecocomy or bioeconomy, are oriented towards sustainable production and consumption. The present study focuses on the importance of intensive horticulture in the Mediterranean region, specifically in the province of Almería (Spain). After having conducted a study of the main crops in this area, it was determined that the waste biomass generated presented strong potential for exploitation. With the proper regulatory framework, which promotes and prioritises the circularity of agricultural waste, there are several opportunities for improving the current waste management model. In the same way, the results of the economic evaluation demonstrate that the alternative of self-management of waste biomass is profitable, specifically from tomato crops. Compost and green fertilizer production also prove to be a key strategy in the transition towards a more circular and sustainable agricultural production model. As for the said transition, government support is vital in terms of carrying out awareness campaigns and training activities and providing financing for Research and Development (R&amp;D).

Metrological and methodical support of evaluation of quality of spraying of fruit plantations

The crossing to intensive gardening development requires continuous improvement and deepening of sectoral and cross-sectoral specialization, development of innovative technologies and devices of mechanization in major technological processes. In the technological process of cultivating fruit stands, a special role is given to chemical methods of pest and disease control, which is realized by the use of various sprayers. To obtain high-quality fruit products, a significant amount of chemical means of protection is currently used due to the fact that 30 or more sprayings are carried out during one growing season. Bad spraying of plant protection products leads to environmental defilement. Therefore, the qualitative assessment of the technological and technical characteristics of the sprayer is an urgent problem.

Carrying capacity of horticulture intensive farming land in Enrekang Regency (study: Anggeraja District)

The carrying capacity of farming land was analyzed so that the planning and development of the agriculture field can be processed according to land ability. This study aims to determine whether the carrying capacity of the status about agricultural land in the district of Anggeraja surplus or deficit, relations between land capability and carrying capacity of the land, as well as finding an effort to increase the carrying capacity of agricultural land in the district Anggeraja intensive horticulture. The research was conducted in the District of Anggeraja. This type of research is surveys using descriptive methods such as field data collection, data processing field, as well as the mapping method to see land capability at the study sites. Agricultural land carrying capacity analysis based on the Regulation of the Minister of the Environment Number 17 of 2009 and spatial analysis of land capability. The results showed that the District of Anggeraja is surplus status. Surplus for the value of the availability of land (SL) is greater than the value of the land needs (DL) which shows that the availability of land is still sufficient for biological products in the Anggeraja District. Efforts to increase the carrying capacity of agricultural land-intensive horticulture includes components the support means include a dam and road infrastructure support including fertilizers and pesticides as well as capital, support land productivity, among others, the selection of seeds, the use of organic fertilizers, and integrated pest management, support conservation of natural resources and the environment, among others, crop rotation, terracing and mounds.

OPTIMIZATION OF TREE LIGHTING IN PEACH GARDEN DUE TO SCHEMES OF PLANT LOCATION DENSITY

In the article is given an experimental material devoted to exploration of the impact of peach tree placement schemes in the garden on the quality of lighting of the crown different parts in order to optimize plant placement in intensive gardens. It was revealed significant differences in the inflow of photoactive solar radiation into the tree crown due to tree placement schemes, on the base of studies, carried out in 2015-2017 at Bukhara Agricultural Institute, branch of TashSAU with Lola variety of peach on a weak stock VVА-1. Most of all sunlight - 90 thousand lux comes to the intersections of the garden in spring-summer period. To the central part of crown from 72.0 to 104.7 thousand lux, between trees 69.6-93.9 thousand lux. From studied tree placement schemes, the most solar photoactive radiation is supplied to plants with a thinned scheme from 86.5 to 104.7 thousand lux. This density of placement should be considered as determining when growing peach according to intensive technology. KEYWORDS: Peach, garden, solar radiation, lux, scheme, crown, inter-row, lighting, growth, formation.

The role of fruit production in everyday life in Bükkalja in the 19-20th century

Fruit-growing played a very varied role in the folk culture of the settlements of Bukkalja. Fruit was one of the most important commodities in the trade between the Great Plain and the Highlands; nevertheless its production was based on extremely low quality cultivation. In spite of the fact that it was only a supplement to the livelihoods of the local population, it played an extremely important role. However, intensive horticulture was not developed in the area.

Ecologization of cultivar adopted technologies for scab protection and nutrition program of an apple tree in orchard and nursery

Different apple cultivars require a different approach to plant protection and nutrition according to their genotypic features. Currently, due to the relatively large number of cultivars in orchards and nurseries of horticultural farms, this approach is rarely used. Our work aimed to study the effectiveness of various foliar fertilizers and protection products in tank mixtures for the scab suppression and their impact on productivity according to cv’s genotypic features of ’Lobo’ and ’Zhigulevskoye’. The efficiency of protection and nutrition programs was studied in the nursery and orchard circumstances. According to generally accepted methods, we did our research in 2013-2015 in the experimental orchard and nursery of I.V. Michurin Federal Scientific Centre. We determined the biological effectiveness of the plant protection systems used, the development of productivity components (fruitset from free pollination, average fruit weight and yield per tree), the content of primary nutrients in soil, leaves, and fruits. The ecologized system has provided a sufficiently high level of protection, which allows recommending to producers. The introduction of such ecologized protection and nutrition systems that reduce the pesticide load assumes a much higher account of the interaction of apple trees with other plant and animal species and lifeless components of the nursery and orchard ecosystem. The use of an ecologized foliar nutrition system provided a high enough level of plant protection effectiveness, especially when combined with regular soil fertilizer application, and optimizing the mineral composition of leaves and fruits. Biologization of soil nutrition is one of the most critical tasks for preserving soil fertility in intensive horticulture. The soil application of bacterial fertilizers stimulated a significant increase in the average annual growth rate and stem diameters of young apple trees in the nursery and yield in the orchard. However, the highest results were obtained when applying bacteria cultures and artificial fertilizers at a reduced application rate.

ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ И ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ РАЗВИТИЯ ИНТЕНСИВНОГО САДОВОДСТВА В РОССИИ

The article notes that the growing popularity of healthy lifestyles contributes to the increase in consumption of fruits and berries. At the same time, the analysis of the dynamics of the gardening industry for 2000-2018 shows that the problem of providing fresh fruits and berries to the population remains one of the most important. Based on actual data, linear and logarithmic models of time series of key industry indicators for the period 2010 – 2019 have been compiled. Calculations showed that in the Russian Federation as a whole the trend of reduction of sown areas of perennial fruit plantations will continue with growth of yield and gross fees. In this regard, the issues of distribution and introduction of gardens of intensive type are updated. An overview of the views of domestic scientists-gardeners on the concept of “intensive garden” is given. It has been established that the distribution of intensive gardens is possible only if there are favorable natural and climatic conditions and a developed scientific and production base of nursery management. The current state and problems of gardening in one of the leading regions – the Republic of Dagestan - are considered. A significant technological lag of region in the further development of intensive horticulture has been identified. Various directions of intensification process in horticulture as the main and necessary condition of growth of efficient and sustainable production are summarized.

New methods in genotype diagnostics of small-fruit crops for intensive gardening

Physiological and morphological studies of red Russian and foreign breeding red currant varieties were carried out for establishing intensive plantings and introduction. Varieties Dana, Niva, Vika, Hollandische Rote are yielding, highly resistant and promising for introduction and industrial cultivation, during dry periods they are able to regulate metabolism through changing indicators of water balance (water deficit, fractional composition of water) and photosynthetic apparatus of leaves (leaf lamina area). Using Natali, Shchedraya and Jonkheer Van Tets varieties in production is possible with application of artificial irrigation. Selyanochka variety is most affected by weather conditions and is recommended to be grown in temperate climate area. Physiological and morphological methods of research allow to diagnose the genotypes resistance of garden crops to growing period abiotic factors at the early stages of plant development, they are confirmed by field observations and are promising in diagnosis for establishing intensive gardens and berry-fields.

Результаты исследований установки для ухода за почвой в интенсивном горном садоводстве

A new structural and technological scheme has been proposed and a prototype of a plant for soil care in intensive mountain gardening has been developed, which allows mowing and chopping grass vegetation in the aisles, feeding and evenly laying mulch on the loosened section of the near-trunk strip of fruit plantations, followed by mixing it with the soil. The use of the proposed technology and installation for its implementation allows: to accelerate the process of humification mixed with the soil of finely ground mulch material and the creation of favorable microbiological processes in the soil; improve the efficiency of absorption and accumulation of precipitation; covering the soil with mulch material suppresses the germination of weeds and protects the surface of the loosened soil from excessive evaporation of moisture.

Селекція на отримання імунних сортів яблуні (Malus domestica Borkh.)

The author presents the main principles of creating apple immune cultivars by means of the directed hybridization with using oligogenic donors, the immunity being conditioned by the parasite usual incapacity of penetrating into a plant and infecting under the most favourable conditions. The immunity is determined by one or several main genes (oligo-genes). The scab harmfulness was analysed. That makes obtaining immune and high resistant apple cvs the major direc-tion of this crop breeding at the Institute of Horticulture (NAAN of Ukraine). Those varieties would decrease or exclude at all the chemical methods of the scab control. The immune cultivars are presented which were entered into the State Register of Plant Varieties Suitable for Dissemination in Ukraine in 2006, namely: Edera, Garant, Amulet, Skifske Zoloto, Perlyna Kyieva and the new cvs that were entered into the above mentioned register for the latest five years or are planned to be, including the summer varieties Malusha, Palanka, Nastia, the winter ones Todes, Dmiana, Solomiia, Dozhnytsia. They are all favourable for the intensive horticulture, nearly all powdery mildew resistant, combine harmo-nius taste and aroma, have attractive fruits appearance and the winter cultivars are characterized by the long storage term. It is the winter cv Dmiana that requires especial attention. It differs significantly from existing varieties owing to unique taste qualities which may be compared with the best grape vine dessert cultivars. Besides ‘Dmiana’ is scab im-mune and not affectioned by powder mildew. The trees have not a large compact crown, are winter-hardy, early ripening. They begin fruit-bearing in the 2nd year af-ter planting with annual planting trees almost on all the vegetative rootstocks even without a crown. They increase rap-idly marketable yield but are susceptible to the fruits overloading and their diminishing in size. The fruits are middle (130-185 g), orbicular – conic, green – yellow with crimson – red erubesccence nearly on the whole surface. The pulp has aroma, very dense and juicy up to the storage end. The creation of new fruit crops cvs is complicated multi-year labour which must not be the acquisition of only breeders. To this labour other scientists must be drawn at different stages because the final task of the breeding work is a versatile study of a new variety and offering recommendations to future producers concerning the peculiarities and application.

Spring long stalk grafting as a promising resource-saving way of obtaining branched sweet cherry seedlings

The formation of costs in the cultivation of fruit crops have their own characteristics. Before establishing perennial plantings, it is necessary to grow planting material. The high cost of planting material is due to the rather sophisticated technology of growing it. Nowadays, seedlings grafted on low rootstock and have 3 or more branches are chosen to lay modern intensive gardens, thus accelerating the formation of crown in the garden and the entry of trees into the the fruiting period for 1-2 years, as well as by its growth strength and reduction of harvest costs. For cultivation of sweet cherries planting material, summer budding and winter grafting are used, but in these methods seedlings are poorly branched or well branched, but with sharp angles of lateral branches offset. Spring grafting with long stalks can become a promising and resource-saving way of obtaining branched sweet cherry seedlings. This method does not require the use of a grafting complex, provides minimal costs for grafting care, there is also no need for special methods of seedlings branchings strengthening.

Elevated dissolved heavy metal discharge following rainfall downstream of intensive horticulture

Heavy metals may be released from soils during rain events. Observations during the first flush (rain event preceded by dry period) are difficult, but may account for a large fraction of annual loads. Here, we report detailed time series measurements of dissolved heavy metals and the groundwater tracer radon (222Rn) over multiple rain events from a creek draining a catchment dominated by intensive horticulture on the subtropical east coast of Australia. The creek drains to an intermittently closed and open lake or lagoon (ICOLL), a typical estuary type along the east coast of Australia. A sandbank prevents the estuary mouth from connecting with the ocean during dry conditions. Following a 109 mm rain event, the ICOLL began to drain to the coastal ocean. Mean export of Hg, Cu, and Zn was 0.23 ± 0.05, 1.06 ± 0.25, and 15.70 ± 2.69 g m−2 day−1 for the entire time series and 0.72 ± 0.17, 1.27 ± 0.12, 24.14 ± 3.82 g m−2 day−1 averaged from high resolution sampling over 72 h of the first flush event. Trends of Hg export differed from the other heavy metals. Over 79% of the estimated Hg export occurred within 72 h of the ICOLL opening, compared to 30 and 38% of Cu and Zn. The first flush and subsequent major rain events (> 50 mm day-1) drove concentrations of Hg, Cu and Zn to exceed the Australia and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council (ANZECC) water quality guidelines (WQG) for both fresh and marine water. Comparisons of heavy metal export to downstream estuary sediment burial rates revealed that the estuary is likely a source of dissolved Hg and Cd to the coastal ocean when the ICOLL is open.