Intensity Calculation Method Research Articles

Motor magnetic field analysis using the edge-based smooth finite element method (ES-FEM)

This paper proposes a smooth finite element method (S-FEM) for efficient and accurate analysis of motor magnetic fields. The edge-based smooth finite element (ES-FEM) formulations are derived for two-dimensional triangular element meshes suitable for multi-material motor structures, and then a magnetic flux density calculation method appropriate for S-FEM to calculate nonlinear electromagnetic fields is introduced. In the calculation of motor magnetic field, ES-FEM has a proper softening effect on the stiffness matrix of the finite elements, which makes the calculation more accurate and more efficient than FEM. The magnetic flux intensity calculation method introduced in this paper is not only appropriate for ES-FEM to calculate the nonlinear electromagnetic field of motor, but also can improve the calculation accuracy of magnetic flux density. In the calculation of nonlinear magnetic field of motor, ES-FEM can also improve the calculation accuracy of magnetic field analysis compared with FEM. Several numerical examples demonstrate the improving effect of the ES-FEM discussed above on the motor's magnetic field calculation.

Sentiment Analysis on Online Videos by Time-Sync Comments.

Video highlights are welcomed by audiences, and are composed of interesting or meaningful shots, such as funny shots. However, video shots of highlights are currently edited manually by video editors, which is inconvenient and consumes an enormous amount of time. A way to help video editors locate video highlights more efficiently is essential. Since interesting or meaningful highlights in videos usually imply strong sentiments, a sentiment analysis model is proposed to automatically recognize sentiments of video highlights by time-sync comments. As the comments are synchronized with video playback time, the model detects sentiment information in time series of user comments. Moreover, in the model, a sentimental intensity calculation method is designed to compute sentiments of shots quantitatively. The experiments show that our approach improves the F1 score by 12.8% and overlapped number by 8.0% compared with the best existing method in extracting sentiments of highlights and obtaining sentimental intensities, which provides assistance for video editors in editing video highlights efficiently.

The energy intensity of mechanical processing depending on the cutting modes on the example of longitudinal turning

The paper analyzes the impact on the energy intensity of the modes and parameters involved in the cutting process. An example of the energy intensity calculation method is given, considered in the cutting modes obtained by the above methods. The results of the work will allow selecting the most energy-intensive cutting modes at the stage of technological preparation of production.

Efficient whole-process carbon intensity calculation method for power users in active distribution networks

With the tightening restrictions on carbon emission globally, the carbon intensity of the economic is receiving more attention than ever, but the results obtained by conventional methods are not accurate enough for the responsibility division. To change this situation, a power flow tracking method aimed at the distribution networks and an electricity-consumption-based carbon intensity calculation framework are proposed in this paper. Firstly, to overcome the obstacles created by the three-phase asymmetries and the scale expansion of the networks while processing power flow tracing, a phase-split calculation regime and a high-efficiency power flow tracing method are proposed, respectively. On that basis, a whole-process carbon intensity calculation framework is reported. By adding simplified models about industrial production processes, this paper gives the calculation route from the energy consumption to the carbon intensity for each user in the distribution network. Finally, we emulated with the IEEE 34 bus and 123 bus test feeders and analyze the numerical results, to prove the efficiency and effectiveness of the framework proposed.

A robust statistic‐aided edge detector for SAR images based on RUSTICO

Speckle noise exists inherently due to the special imaging mechanism of synthetic aperture radar (SAR), which is a challenge for edge extraction. The traditional methods failed to make full use of statistical characteristics of SAR images to detect the edges, which results in the loss of weak edges. To address this issue, combined with the robust inhibition-augmented curvilinear operator, this letter proposes a novel edge detector based on the ratio of local statistics (ROLSS) for SAR images. In this letter, the proposed detector achieves the balance between edge resolution and speckle suppression through the proposed intensity calculation method. By taking advantage of image statistic characteristics, the proposed ROLSS edge detector can draw complete continuous edges of many shapes areas and textures without any post-processing, such as edge thinning, extension, and so on. Experiment results show that the proposed detector yields more accurate edge maps with fewer false and missed pixels, and it holds robustness both in the speckle-polluted simulated image and the real X-band airborne SAR image.

Electric and Magnetic Field Estimation Under Overhead Transmission Lines Using Artificial Neural Networks

In this paper, a novel method for electric field intensity and magnetic flux density estimation in the vicinity of the high voltage overhead transmission lines is proposed. The proposed method is based on two fully connected feed-forward neural networks to independently estimate electric field intensity and magnetic flux density. The artificial neural networks are trained using the scaled conjugate gradient algorithm. Training datasets corresponds to different overhead transmission line configurations that are generated using an algorithm that is especially developed for this purpose. The target values for the electric field intensity and magnetic flux density datasets are calculated using the charge simulation method and Biot-Savart law based method, respectively. This data is generated for fixed applied voltage and current intensity values. In instances when the applied voltage and current intensity values differ from those used in the artificial neural network training, the electric field intensity and magnetic flux density results are appropriately scaled. In order to verify the validity of the proposed method, a comparative analysis of the proposed method with the charge simulation method for electric field intensity calculation and Biot-Savart law-based method for magnetic flux density calculation is presented. Furthermore, the results of the proposed method are compared to measurement results obtained in the vicinity of two 400 kV transmission lines. The performance analysis results showed that proposed method can produce accurate electric field intensity and magnetic flux density estimation results for different overhead transmission line configurations.

PERHITUNGAN INTENSITAS GEMPA BUMI BERDASARKAN NILAI PGA (PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION) MENGGUNAKAN DATA GEMPA BUMI MULTI-EVENT (STUDI KASUS: KABUPATEN PANDEGLANG, BANTEN)

Pandeglang Regency is located in the southern coast of Java Island which is adjacent to the megathrust subduction zone. This zone originates from the meeting of the Indo-Australian Plate which is subducted under the Eurasian Plate. So that it can cause frequent earthquakes due to the movement of the plunging plates. Other than that, Pandeglang Regency is also bordered by the Sunda Strait in the western part where the region has Mount Krakatau which has the potential to cause earthquakes due to volcanic eruptions. For this reason, an analysis of the calculation of earthquake intensity in Pandeglang Regency is needed as an initial step in disaster mitigation. This process uses multi-event earthquake data in the period of 2010 - 2018 and using the earthquake intensity calculation method which is calculated based on the PGA (Peak Ground Acceleration). The range of earthquake intensity in Pandeglang Regency is V - VII MMI with the largest percentage (91.463%) is VI MMI with area of 2513,526 km 2 . While the smallest percentage (0.301%) is V MMI with area of 8.27 km 2 . Districts in Pandeglang Regency which have the highest intensity of earthquakes are Angsana, Cibitung, Cimanggu, Pagelaran, Panimbang, Patia, Sindangresmi, Sobang, and Sukaresmi Districts.

Diffraction by ruled gratings with variable spacing: fundamental method of intensity calculation.

A regular diffraction grating produces intensity patterns that combine waves coming through equispaced slits, so that the waves emerging from any two neighboring slits have identical phase differences. In this paper, we calculate the degradation in the intensity pattern when the grating has irregular spacing. The model of randomness considers the grating spacing and openings as being created by a "random walk." The resolving power of the grating is evaluated in relation to the D lines of sodium. It is shown that as the number of rulings increases, the uniformity of their spacing becomes more important in precision spectroscopic measurements, such as in astrophysical spectroscopy.

Assessment of Wear Form Weights in the Fretting Wear of Spline Couplings with BP Neural Network

This paper investigates the fretting wear behavior of spline couplings under grease and oil lubrication conditions, which includes coupling eccentricity measurement and wear intensity measurement at a tensile test rig. Mechanism analysis of worn splines was also studied to understand the wear forms of the tested splines. Firstly, the wear intensities of spline couplings DIN 5480 45×2×21 8f/9Hlubricated with grease Gleitmo 805 and ISO VG 320 gearbox oil Mobilgear XMP 320 were measured. Test results showed that the wear intensity reduced rapidly in the running-in phase till 3-5×106 load cycles (rotations), depending on the lubrication conditions. After that the spline couplings had a stable wear behavior till 10×106. Secondly the influences of lubrications on splines wear intensities and wear mechanism were studied. It indicated that the spline with grease lubrication had best wear behavior in comparison with oil and not lubricated ones. Finally, a fretting wear intensity calculation method which integrated the weights of adhesive wear, abrasive wear and oxidation wear was developed to calculate the wear intensity of splines.1 BP neural network model was employed for assessment of the weights of each wear form. The BP results showed that mixed adhesive, abrasive and oxidation wear happened in the tested spline couplings, which was verified through chemical composition analysis of the spline teeth faces after different load cycles. The calculated fretting wear agreed well with the tested value, indicating that the developed fretting wear intensity calculation model including wear form weights evaluated via BP neural network simulation had high accuracy on predicting the fretting wear of involuted splines.

Effect of He+ ion implantation on Rb+-K+ exchanged KTiOPO4 optical waveguide

We report on the effect of 500 keV He[Formula: see text] ion implantation with a fluence of [Formula: see text] ions/cm2 on Rb[Formula: see text]-K[Formula: see text] ion exchanged KTiOPO4 optical waveguide. The refractive index distribution after ion implantation, ion exchange, and ion implantation and subsequent ion exchange were reconstructed by reflectivity calculation method, inverse Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin, and intensity calculation method, respectively. The near field intensity distribution of the waveguides was simulated by Beam Propagation Method. The phase analysis of the samples was measured by X-ray diffraction technique. The damage layer formed in the depth of maximum nuclear energy deposition by ion implantation acts as a barrier to block the ions diffusion into the sample. Results exhibit that ion implantation and subsequent ion exchange are effective means for optical waveguide formation.

Proton-implanted optical waveguides fabricated in Er3+-doped phosphate glasses

Er3+-doped phosphate glass is suitable to design and develop integrated photonic structures. Ion implantation is one of the most promising fabrication techniques for producing optical waveguides. In this work, we have combined Er3+-doped phosphate glass and ion implantation in order to improve the performances of waveguides. The proton-implanted Er3+-doped phosphate glass waveguides have been fabricated under implantation parameters with energies of (500 +550) keV and fluences of (1.0+2.0)×1016 ions/cm2. The guiding properties of the planar waveguide have been investigated at the wavelength of 632.8nm through the prism-coupling system and the end-face coupling arrangement. Irradiation-induced damage and refractive index modulation have been simulated by the stopping and range of ions in matter 2010 and the intensity calculation method, respectively. It is an important step to the fabrication of rare-earth-doped optical integrated devices.

Intensity-based laboratory-scale jet noise source characterization using the phase and amplitude gradient estimator method

A new method for the calculation of vector acoustic intensity from pressure microphone measurements has been applied to the aeroacoustic source characterization of an unheated, Mach 1.8 laboratory-scale jet. Because of the ability to unwrap the phase of the transfer functions between microphone pairs in the measurement of a broadband source, physically meaningful near-field intensity vectors are calculated up to the maximum analysis frequency of 32 kHz. This result improves upon the bandwidth of the traditional cross-spectral intensity calculation method by nearly an order of magnitude. The new intensity method is used to obtain a detailed description of the sound energy flow near the jet. The resulting intensity vectors have been used in a ray-tracing technique to identify the dominant source region over a broad range of frequencies. Additional aeroacoustics analyses provide insight into the frequency-dependent characteristics of jet noise radiation, including the nature of the hydrodynamic field and the sharp transition between the Mach wave and sideline radiation.

Optical properties of K9 glass waveguides fabricated by using carbon-ion implantation

K9 glass is a material with promising properties that make it attractive for optical devices. Ion implantation is a powerful technique to form waveguides with controllable depth and refractive index profile. In this work, optical planar waveguide structures were fabricated in K9 glasses by using 6.0-MeV C3+-ion implantation with a fluence of 1.0 × 1015 ions/cm2. The effective refractive indices of the guided modes were measured by using a prism-coupling system. The refractive index change in the ion-irradiated region was simulated by using the intensity calculation method. The modal intensity profile of the waveguide was calculated and measured by using the finite difference beam propagation method and the end-face coupling technique, respectively. The transmission spectra before and after the implantation showed that the main absorption band was not influenced by the low fluence dopants. The optical properties of the carbon-implanted K9 glass waveguides show promise for use as integrated photonic devices.

Optical waveguides in Er3+/Yb3+-codoped silicate glasses fabricated by proton implantation

In this work, a planar waveguide was fabricated by proton implantation in Er3+/Yb3+-codoped silicate glasses with energies of (500 + 550) keV and fluences of (1 + 2) × 1016 ions/cm2. The end-face coupling method was employed to determine whether the light could be confined in the waveguide or not. The prism coupling technique was applied to measure the guided mode spectrum and the intensity calculation method was used to construct the refractive index profile. With the profile, a near-field intensity distribution was calculated by the finite difference beam propagation method. The obtained results may be helpful in developing integrated optical devices.

Carbon-implanted monomode waveguides in magneto-optical glasses for waveguide isolators

Tb3+-doped aluminum borosilicate glasses are important magneto-optical materials for optical isolators. Optical waveguides are basic components in integrated photonics. By using the ion implantation technique, optical guiding structures can be produced in Tb3+-doped aluminum borosilicate glasses, and miniaturized waveguide isolators can be realized. In this paper, planar waveguides have been fabricated in Tb3+-doped aluminum borosilicate glasses by (6.0 + 5.5) MeV carbon ion implantation at doses of (8.0 + 4.0) × 1013 ions/cm2. The optical properties of optical waveguides are measured by equipments of prism coupling and end-face coupling systems. They are also analyzed by simulation programs of intensity calculation method and beam propagation method. The waveguides with good optical performances suggest potential applications on fabrication of waveguide isolators in Tb3+-doped aluminum borosilicate glasses.

An Investigation of the Extent of Crack Closure for Crack Growth in an Aluminium Alloy

The corrections incorporated in fatigue crack growth prediction programs for crack closure are usually tested by their ability to predict retardation following an overload and for the accuracy of their prediction lives for long cracks greater than about 1mm. They should, however, be examined on their ability to predict the life of cracks that grow from small sizes, such as small inherent material discontinuities, to failure, which is more typical of service situations and the growth produced by small cycles as well as the larger cycles. To examine the extent of crack closure in aluminium alloy 7050-T7451 and the prediction of that growth, quantitative fractography measurements of short periods of fatigue crack growth produced with a specially engineered spectrum were conducted and are reported here. The spectrum contained bands of constant amplitude loads with diminishing mean stress designed to examine the extent of closure. The quantitative fractography results are compared to predictions by the common analytical programs FASTRAN and AFGROW and further with a basic effective stress intensity calculation method at a crack depth of about 1mm. The results showed that the analytical programs were able to predict the presence of closure; however, the extent of the closure was not accurately predicted.

Monomode optical planar and channel waveguides in Yb3+-doped silicate glasses formed by helium ion implantation

Optical planar and channel waveguides in Yb3+-doped silicate glasses are fabricated by triple-energy helium ion implantation at a total dose of 6.0×1016ions/cm2. The dark mode spectroscopy of the planar waveguide was measured using a prism coupling arrangement. The near-field mode profiles of the planar and channel waveguide were obtained with an end-face coupling system. The refractive index profile was reconstructed by the intensity calculation method. The results indicate that a refractive index enhanced region as well as an optical barrier has been created after the beam process. After post-implantation treatment at 260°C for 1h, the channel waveguides possessed a propagation loss of ∼1.2dB/cm. The acceptable guiding properties suggest that further waveguide lasers may be realized on the He-implanted Yb3+-doped silicate glass waveguides.

Planar and channel waveguides in fused silica fabricated by multi-energy C ion in the visible and near-infrared band

Fused quartz is a key material in fabrication of integrated devices, which transmits extends from ultraviolet to infrared. We report the fabrication of planar and channel waveguides in fused quartz using multi-energy C ion at energies of (5+5.5+6)MeV and fluences of (1+1+1.5)×1015ions/cm2. The guiding modes at the wavelength of 633nm (He–Ne laser) and 1539nm (diode laser) were detected using the prism-coupling method, and the modes were stable after annealing in air. The refractive index profiles of planar and channel waveguides at the wavelength of 633nm and 1539nm were typical “well+barrier” distributions, which were reconstructed using the reflectivity calculation method (RCM) software and intensity calculation method (ICM), respectively. For comparison to the experimental results, the finite difference beam propagation method (FD-BPM) was used to simulate the guiding modes of the waveguides. We measured the near-field intensity distributions for the visible (633nm) and near-infrared (1300nm, 1539nm and 1620nm) wavelength regions, suggesting that the modes can be effective transmission in the wavelength range for optical fiber communications.

Optical planar waveguides in Yb3+-doped phosphate glasses produced by He+ ion implantation

Optical planar waveguides in Yb3+-doped phosphate glasses are fabricated by implanting triple-energy helium ions. The guiding modes and the near-field intensity distribution are measured by using the prism-coupling method and the end-face coupling setup with a He—Ne laser at 633 nm The intensity calculation method (ICM) is used to reconstruct the refractive index profile of the waveguide. The absorption and the fluorescence investigations reveal that the glass bulk features are well preserved in the active volumes of the waveguides, suggesting the fabricated structures for possible applications as waveguide lasers.

Monomode optical planar and channel waveguides in Yb3+-doped silicate glasses formed by helium ion implantation

We report on the fabrication of optical planar and channel waveguides in Yb3+-doped silicate glasses by triple-energy helium ion implantation at a total dose of 6×1016ions/cm2. The dark mode spectroscopy of the planar waveguide was measured using a prism coupling arrangement. The near-field mode profiles of the planar and channel waveguides were obtained with an end-face coupling system. The refractive index profile was reconstructed using the intensity calculation method. The results indicate that a refractive index enhanced region as well as an optical barrier has been created after the beam process. After post-implantation treatments at 260°C for 1h and 310°C for 30min, the channel waveguides possessed a propagation loss of ∼0.9dB/cm. The acceptable guiding properties suggest that further waveguide lasers may be realized on the He-implanted Yb3+-doped silicate glass waveguides.