Integration Of Various Functions Research Articles

TO THE DEFINITION OF HYBRID RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

The concept of a hybrid residential building is at the stage of active formation; and the interpretation of the term in architecture is diverse and covers various aspects of the building as a system. In the course of the study; three directions of application of the term hybrid residential building were determined. Each of the directions of application of the term is based on historical prototypes. In addition; the terms associated with each of the directions are presented.
 The first direction is related to the strategy of hybrid construction and is determined by the use of hybrid construction methods; hybrid materials and structural schemes; which allows to increase their best characteristics of heterogeneous materials; objects and processes and overcome their shortcomings. The second direction is related to the combination of housing; work and business of the resident in one residential structure and is determined by the need to solve the need for homework. The third direction of application of the term is related to the program complexity of the object and the formation of functional hybrids; in which public service functions and other functions that were previously considered incompatible with housing are integrated into the residential environment. In this case; we are dealing with megastructures characterized by a high degree of integration of various functions ("a city within a city") and a high degree of integration with the environment. In this direction; the appearance of a typological hybrid was revealed; in which established residential typologies are mixed in one structure.
 All directions are developing in parallel; but under the influence of the ecological paradigm in architecture; there are cases of combining the 2nd and 3rd directions with hybrid construction. At the same time; we did not find any functional hybrids where the design task would simultaneously include solving the possibilities of homework. And in general; we are dealing with the development of a hybrid approach to design; which arose in response to the challenges and problems of urbanization with the aim of organizing cities; survival and sustainable development.

Unique Ligand Exchange Dynamics of Metal–Organic Polyhedra for Vitrimer-like Gas Separation Membranes

Unique Ligand Exchange Dynamics of Metal–Organic Polyhedra for Vitrimer-like Gas Separation Membranes

Nanodevices for Biological and Medical Applications: Development of Single-Molecule Electrical Measurement Method

A comprehensive detection of a wide variety of diagnostic markers is required for the realization of personalized medicine. As a sensor to realize such personalized medicine, a single molecule electrical measurement method using nanodevices is currently attracting interest for its comprehensive simultaneous detection of various target markers for use in biological and medical application. Single-molecule electrical measurement using nanodevices, such as nanopore, nanogap, or nanopipette devices, has the following features:; high sensitivity, low-cost, high-throughput detection, easy-portability, low-cost availability by mass production technologies, and the possibility of integration of various functions and multiple sensors. In this review, I focus on the medical applications of single- molecule electrical measurement using nanodevices. This review provides information on the current status and future prospects of nanodevice-based single-molecule electrical measurement technology, which is making a full-scale contribution to realizing personalized medicine in the future. Future prospects include some discussion on of the current issues on the expansion of the application requirements for single-mole-cule measurement.

Fabrication of Dexamethasone-Silver Nanoparticles Entrapped Dendrimer Collagen Matrix Nanoparticles for Dental Applications

A bioengineered tooth is a well-studied subject. However, it is a challenge when seamless integration of various functionalities is required. In the case of teeth, integrating stem cell differentiating agents, regenerating the dentin tissue, and arresting the biofilm formation are three aspects that call for attention. Dental pulp stem cell differentiation to odontoblasts can be facilitated by dexamethasone (Dex). The ideal scaffold for regeneration applications – collagen (Col), has several advantages but also has no inherent rigidity. Silver nanoparticles (AgNps) are found to be an ideal material for preventing biofilm formation, with challenges arising from their stability and cytotoxicity. The route was chosen based on the successful demonstration of various platforms is the PAMAM (Den) dendrimers. The platform encompassing all the ingredients – AgNp@Den@Dex@Col had a max at 622 nm. FTIR studies revealed the presence of all components, and scaffold degradation temperature improved. A linked morphology was observed under TEM, and the zone of inhibition (MIC) was 3.5 mm, indicating good antibacterial activity. There was also a 60% reduction in biofilm formation against Staphylococcus aureus and 40% against Klebsiella pneumoniae by the fabricated nanocomposite AgNp@Den@Dex@Col. In essence, this work reports a platform where three functions of stem cell differentiation, regeneration, and biofilm formation are integrated.

EXPRESSIVE THERAPIES CONTINUUM-INFORMED EVALUATION OF THREE RESOURCE-ORIENTED RECEPTIVE AND ACTIVE MUSIC THERAPY TECHNIQUES IN CANCER PATIENTS IN PSYCHOSOCIAL REHABILITATION PROGRAMME

Expressive Therapies Continuum (ETC), a model posed by Lusebrink and widely used in arts therapies, stipulates that human being is perceiving the world and processing the information in three modes – motion (kinesthetic-sensory perception), emotion (perceptual-emotional perception) and thought (cognitive-symbolic perception), and that optimally functioning person can freely function in all the modes, can slide between the poles of each of the mode and can integrate the elements from various modes and poles. And vice versa - difficulty or inability to function or being stuck in certain modes, can indicate to malfunction and even psychopathology. If that is the case - purposeful integration of various functions by offering expressive activity promoting utilisation of various functions of the ETC, can promote the optimal functioning. In order to find out the capacity of the three resource-based music therapy activities – 1) receptive music therapy activity, 2) semi-structured musical improvisation, 3) song-writing activity - to stimulate the utilisation of specific levels and polarities of the ETC, participants (n=24 cancer patients participating in the psychosocial rehabilitation programme) were asked to assess the elements of the ETC they applied while executing each of the activities. Results of the study show that during the receptive music therapy activity participants mostly used the affective, symbolic and sensory function, during the song-writing activity the mostly used all ETC functions except for sensory, but musical improvisation provoked application of all the ETC functions, and therefore turned out as ultimate activity, capable of integrating all the modes of perception and information processing.

Design of Mutation Multi-target Detection and Tracking System

In order to realize the effective detection and tracking of mutation multi-target in the new optical test tasks, a multi-target detection and tracking system was designed and established. The modular integration of various functions is applied to the system in the programming environment of VS2008 and OpenCV. Through image background suppression, target fast detection based on visual attention mechanism and cluster tracking based on star topology, the effective detection and tracking of mutation multi-target is realized. It has been proved by tests that the system effectively solves the problems of limited detection capability, unstable tracking and poor robustness of the traditional multi-target detection and tracking algorithm and provides reliable technical support for new multi-objective test tasks such as submunition separation, cluster bomb detonation, and interference bombing.

System Based Interference Analysis in Capella.

In embedded systems the emergence of System on Chip (SoC) offers low cost, flexible and powerful computing architectures. These new COTS capabilities enable new applications in aerospace domain with more integration of avionic functionalities on a same hardware. The main drawback of such integration is the difficulty of mastering application's deployment on SoC architecture, while understanding miscellaneous emerging behaviors. Model Based Engineering techniques have been introduced to assist in system analysis at early stages of development process. For instance, Capella [BVNE] is a tooled language to support design of systems architecture (http://polarsys.org/capella). Capella helps to provide a consistent view of system architecture. However, Capella does is not satisfactory to understand emerging behaviors. For instance it is not useful to understand how deployment of different tasks (and their parameters) on different computing resources impacts conflicts (interferences) on interconnect between computational resources and memory. This problem is increasingly important with the integration of various functionalities. We propose to address this problem at different levels. First, we equipped Capella models with two kinds of reasoning capabilities. The first one is based on the worst case analytic evaluation of the interconnect interferences of a specific deployment (easy to compute but pessimistic). The second one is based on the (exhaustive) simulation and provides accurate interconnect interferences (more computationally intensive than the analytic methods but accurate). These reasoning capabilities help the designer considerably but he still has to explore several potential solutions by hand. To help him, we proposed a small DSL to express the exploration space from which the former reasoning can be performed automatically. We experimented with these techniques in the context of the ATIPPIC collaborative project, based on the modeling of simple but representative models in Capella.

Progress in Circulating Tumor Cell Research Using Microfluidic Devices.

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are a popular topic in cancer research because they can be obtained by liquid biopsy, a minimally invasive procedure with more sample accessibility than tissue biopsy, to monitor a patient’s condition. Over the past decades, CTC research has covered a wide variety of topics such as enumeration, profiling, and correlation between CTC number and patient overall survival. It is important to isolate and enrich CTCs before performing CTC analysis because CTCs in the blood stream are very rare (0–10 CTCs/mL of blood). Among the various approaches to separating CTCs, here, we review the research trends in the isolation and analysis of CTCs using microfluidics. Microfluidics provides many attractive advantages for CTC studies such as continuous sample processing to reduce target cell loss and easy integration of various functions into a chip, making “do-everything-on-a-chip” possible. However, tumor cells obtained from different sites within a tumor exhibit heterogenetic features. Thus, heterogeneous CTC profiling should be conducted at a single-cell level after isolation to guide the optimal therapeutic path. We describe the studies on single-CTC analysis based on microfluidic devices. Additionally, as a critical concern in CTC studies, we explain the use of CTCs in cancer research, despite their rarity and heterogeneity, compared with other currently emerging circulating biomarkers, including exosomes and cell-free DNA (cfDNA). Finally, the commercialization of products for CTC separation and analysis is discussed.

Implementation of Arithmetic and Nonarithmetic Functions on a Label-free and DNA-based Platform.

A series of complex logic gates were constructed based on graphene oxide and DNA-templated silver nanoclusters to perform both arithmetic and nonarithmetic functions. For the purpose of satisfying the requirements of progressive computational complexity and cost-effectiveness, a label-free and universal platform was developed by integration of various functions, including half adder, half subtractor, multiplexer and demultiplexer. The label-free system avoided laborious modification of biomolecules. The designed DNA-based logic gates can be implemented with readout of near-infrared fluorescence, and exhibit great potential applications in the field of bioimaging as well as disease diagnosis.

Nanoscale Manipulators: Review of Conceptual Designs Through Recent Patents.

Nanomanipulation techniques have gone through several phases to be used in scientific explorations not only to reveal more characteristics of nano, micro and mesoscopic phenomena but also to build functional nano-devices useful for specific applications. The nano-manipulator becomes a key instrument for technology bridging between sub-nano and mesoscale. The recent patents have exhibited integration of various functions in the nano-devices requiring sub-nanometer precision and highly stable manipulator with substantial pulling/pushing forces. This work reviews patents and works on conceptual designs of existing nanomanipulators with specific features. This includes design analysis leading to ultra-precision motion and stability with discussion of enabling technology. A novel integrated and numerically controlled instrument for nanomanipulation, visualization and inspection/characterization of materials at sub-nanoscale will be presented with a feature to keep the same datum for all operation and hence improve accuracy of samples. This paper has undertaken a review search in a structured examination of bibliographic databases for published and issued patents using a focused review keyword of nano-manipulation. The quality of selected patents was appraised using standard tools. The characteristics of screened patents were described, and a deductive qualitative content analysis methodology was applied to understand the modeling and testing of nanomachining process, the exact construction of nanostructure arrays and the inspection of devices with complex features. The paper encompassed forty patents. Fourteen patents exhibited the manipulation at the micro scale (MEMS manipulations), others outlined systems with sub-micron resolution and workspace range in mesoscale. Standard scale manipulation were described in 13 patents assuming only systems comprising positioning stages, arms and end-effectors where positioners are a few centimeters in size with workspace higher than one cm3. Finally, ten patents included in this review described the importance of end-effectors being extremely important in nanomanipulation as they do support the function defining the manipulation e.g. grippers, sprayers, Nano-tweezers. The findings of this patents review confirm the relevance of the nanomanipulation of objects in 3D system coupled with real time imaging having higher resolution in comparison with the standard manipulators including AFM, TEM, STM, SEM or NSOM. In terms of tooling, AFM cantilever tips, etched tungsten tips or tips with electron beam deposition can be used to manufacture or develop nanodevices e.g. nanowires in in-situ SEM. In handling and manipulating in ambient conditions, commercial microfabricated grippers although available, are less used compared to CNT nanotweezers. Nanomanipulation is currently enabled for nanoscale samples by on-chip operations using promising MEMS and NEMS devices to relatively large samples by the meso and standard scale nanomanipulators. Manipulation is comprehensive and requires multiple functions enabled by various types of end-effectors and probes actuated with high precision. Piezo actuators are at the moment of great performance. Nano and sub-nano samples require proper environment e.g, with electron microscopy to monitor and manipulate including testing, inspecting and fabricating and assembling.

Additive Manufacturing with Composites for Integrated Aircraft Structures

The combination of additive manufacturing (AM) with advanced composites unlocks potentials in the design and development of highly integrated lightweight structures. This paper investigates two design potentials where the combination of AM and carbon fiber prepreg technology is applied to honeycomb sandwich structures: (i) Reduction of number of parts: The use of selective laser sintered cores allows the integration of various functions into one single part. These include structural as well as tooling, positioning and assembly functions. (ii) Tailored mechanical performance: With AM it is possible to adapt the mechanical properties of the core according to local load requirements. These potentials are demonstrated using the example of the development of an aircraft instrument panel. The approach of combining AM with advanced composites is evaluated by assessing the weight and the number of parts for the demonstrator panel compared to a state-of-the-art aluminum machined instrument panel. Weight savings of 40 % and parts reduction by 50 % indicate that the technology is competitive for complex low volume parts.

F3N

Sensor networks supported by recent technological advances in low power wireless communications along with silicon integration of various functionalities are emerging as a critically important computer class that enable novel and low cost applications. There are many fundamental problems that Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) research will have to address in order to ensure a reasonable degree of cost and system quality. Cluster formation and cluster head selection are important problems in WSN applications and can drastically affect the net- work's communication energy dissipation. However, selecting of the cluster head is not easy in different environments which may have different characteristics. In this paper, in order to deal with this problem, the authors propose a power reduction algorithm for WSNs based on Fuzzy Logic (FL) and Number of Neighbour Nodes (3N). They call this system F3N. The authors evaluate F3N and LEACH by many simulation results. The performance of F3N system is evaluated for tree different parameters: Remaining Battery Power of Sensor (RPS); Degree of Number of Neighbour Nodes (D3N); and Distance from Cluster Centroid (DCC). From the simulation results, they found that the probability of a sensor node to be a cluster head is increased with increase of number of neighbour nodes and remained battery power and is decreased with the increase of distance from the cluster centroid.

Toward multifunctional "clickable" diamond nanoparticles.

Nanodiamonds (NDs) are among the most promising new carbon based materials for biomedical applications, and the simultaneous integration of various functions onto NDs is an urgent necessity. A multifunctional nanodiamond based formulation is proposed here. Our strategy relies on orthogonal surface modification using different dopamine anchors. NDs simultaneously functionalized with triethylene glycol (EG) and azide (-N3) functions were fabricated through a stoichiometrically controlled integration of the dopamine ligands onto the surface of hydroxylated NDs. The presence of EG functionalities rendered NDs soluble in water and biological media, while the -N3 group allowed postsynthetic modification of the NDs using "click" chemistry. As a proof of principle, alkynyl terminated di(amido amine) ligands were linked to these ND particles.

Optimal design of fatigue life for RCP with PoP package by using the Taguchi method

SummaryIn recent years, the electronic industries tend to offer products with smaller scales, lower cost, larger storage space and integration of various functions. The development of redistributed chip package (RCP) technology is facilitated to reduce package size for three‐dimensional integration and to enhance packaging capability for miniature requirements. Meanwhile, the logic unit is required to be combined with the memory unit to achieve miniaturization and system integration.The RCP with package on package (PoP) is constructed by stacking the RCP for the very fine pitch ball grid array at topside and the stack package ball grid array (SPBGA) at bottom side. The finite element software ANSYS is adopted in this study using the Global/Local modeling approach. The reliability of the RCP with PoP is subjected to a thermal cycle test of ‐40‐125 °C based on JEDEC specification. The Coffin‐Manson strain‐based model and the Morrow energy‐based model are employed for prediction of package fatigue life, in which the SAC387 (95.5Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu) solder joints are treated as viscoplastic behavior according to the Anand constitutive model. The other materials are modeled as elastic behavior.To investigate the solder joint reliability for the stacked package design, a numerical experiment by means of the single factor analysis is first conducted for investigation. The material factors such as Young's Modulus and coefficient of thermal expansion, the geometric factors such as component thickness are evaluated. Accordingly, the significant factors are filtered and analyzed by the Taguchi method to obtain the optimal combination. As a result, the optimal design increases package fatigue life, which contributes a significant improvement by up to 86.5% when comparing with the original model.Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Design and Implementation of Integrated Common Mode Capacitors for SiC-JFET Inverters

This paper deals with the issue of electromagnetic interference (EMI) in SiC-JFET inverter power modules, and proposes a solution to limit conducted emissions at high frequencies. SiC-JFET inverters can achieve very fast switching, thereby reducing commutation losses, at the cost of a high level of EMI. In order to limit conducted EMI emissions, it is proposed to integrate small-value common-mode (CM) capacitors, directly into the power module. High-frequency noise, which is usually difficult to filter, is then contained within the module, thus keeping it far from the external network. This approach is in line with the current trend toward the integration of various functions (such as protection, sensors or drivers) around power devices in modern power modules. To demonstrate this concept, the resulting CM noise was investigated, and compared with a standard configuration. Simulations were used to design the integrated capacitors, and measurements were carried out on an experimental SiC-JFET half-bridge structure. A significant reduction was achieved in the experimentally observed CM conducted emissions, with a very minor influence on the switching waveforms, losses, and overall size of the system. The benefits and limitations of this design are discussed for the case of mid-power range inverters for aircraft applications.

GrindBall: an advanced micro-grinding tool

Small machine tools and inherent miniaturized components are persistent development topics in scientific research. Miniaturization usually requires not only reproducing existing systems at a smaller scale, but also a complex integration of various functions into one single element. This concept is presented here by means of a miniature spherical grinding module (GrindBall). It combines a specifically developed magnetic bearing with fluid dynamic propulsion, thus enabling novel grinding kinematics and the possibility of integration in small machine tools. In this paper, the requirements of micro-grinding processes are introduced and the manufacture as well as performance of grinding spheres are discussed; the design of the magnetic bearing is presented and its functionality validated in experiments. Finally, results from numerical simulations leading up to the development of the propulsion system as well as its geometric layout are reported.

電子デバイス用 Cu 配線におけるCu 合金膜を用いた複数機能一体形成

電子デバイス用 Cu 配線におけるCu 合金膜を用いた複数機能一体形成

Microfluidics and complex fluids

In this paper, we describe four experimental studies we carried out over the last four years in the MMN lab, regarding the dynamical behaviour of complex fluids in microfluidic systems. The topics are: (1) Polymer breakup in microfluidic systems. (2) Flows of polymer solutions in microchannels close to a smooth wall. (3) Shear banding flows in microchannels (rheology, instabilities). (4) Flows of concentrated solutions of microgel particles through microchannels. Depending on the situation, we exploit the duality low Reynolds numbers/high Weissenberg numbers (for instance, by working at high shear rates without generating turbulence), use visualization windows naturally offered by the microfluidic environment or take advantage of the integration of various functionalities on the chip. In all cases, new information, hardly accessible to non-miniaturized approaches, could be obtained by using microfluidic technology.

Performance Evaluation of Two Fuzzy-Based Cluster Head Selection Systems for Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensor networks supported by recent technological advances in low power wireless communications along with silicon integration of various functionalities are emerging as a critically important computer class that enable novel and low cost applications. There are many fundamental problems that sensor networks research will have to address in order to ensure a reasonable degree of cost and system quality. Cluster formation and cluster head selection are important problems in sensor network applications and can drastically affect the network's communication energy dissipation. However, selecting of the cluster head is not easy in different environments which may have different characteristics. In this paper, in order to deal with this problem, we propose two fuzzy-based systems for cluster head selection in sensor networks. We call these systems: FCHS System1 and FCHS System2. We evaluate the proposed systems by simulations and have shown that FCHS System2 make a good selection of the cluster head compared with FCHS System1 and another previous system.

Symbolic computation using L-systems II: Extensions

An approach, based on Lindenmayer systems (L-systems), to symbolic computation presented earlier [1] is extended to allow differentiation and integration of various functions and solution of simultaneous linear equations. All the rules presented earlier and the new ones are incorporated in a symbolic L-system software (SLMATH) which is implemented on a UNIX based system. Sample results are presented.