Abstract
A comprehensive detection of a wide variety of diagnostic markers is required for the realization of personalized medicine. As a sensor to realize such personalized medicine, a single molecule electrical measurement method using nanodevices is currently attracting interest for its comprehensive simultaneous detection of various target markers for use in biological and medical application. Single-molecule electrical measurement using nanodevices, such as nanopore, nanogap, or nanopipette devices, has the following features:; high sensitivity, low-cost, high-throughput detection, easy-portability, low-cost availability by mass production technologies, and the possibility of integration of various functions and multiple sensors. In this review, I focus on the medical applications of single- molecule electrical measurement using nanodevices. This review provides information on the current status and future prospects of nanodevice-based single-molecule electrical measurement technology, which is making a full-scale contribution to realizing personalized medicine in the future. Future prospects include some discussion on of the current issues on the expansion of the application requirements for single-mole-cule measurement.
Highlights
Personalized medicine is known as tailor-made medical care and healthy life system for each person by providing appropriate treatment and medication
Nucleic acid and nucleotides, such as DNA and RNA, are biologically important targets for understanding diseases and health conditions caused by genetic abnormalities and abnormal expression, as DNA is the main body of genes, and RNA is a substance that is translated from DNA during gene expression
The detection of cAMP and neurotransmitters such as adrenaline, a neurotransmitter are reported [41,42,43,44,45]. Direct sensing of these molecules were successfully achieved by optimizing the size of nanopores and nanogap for nanodevices because the nanodevice sensors are sensitive to the size of molecular volume, three-dimensional structure, and hydration radius of the targets
Summary
Personalized medicine is known as tailor-made medical care and healthy life system for each person by providing appropriate treatment and medication. The target markers in these samples are electrically measured at the single molecule level using nanodevices, such as nanopores, nanogap electrodes, and nano fluid/channels. Nanopipette based single molecule measurement is one of the important methods for single molecule electrical measurements. The detection principle of nanopipettes is done by blockage of the ionic current through the pipette by the passage of the target samples. The tunnel-current intensity is related to the molecular energy level so that signal intensity represents the electrical conductivity of individual molecules. This method enables the analysis of chemical bonds, steric structure, molecular interactions between target molecules and gold electrodes, and the polarity of sample molecules. We introduce the cutting-edge medical applications that have been made possible by using nanodevices
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