Intake Of Soft Drinks Research Articles

Eating out of Home: Influence on Nutrition, Health, and Policies: A Scoping Review.

Eating out of home (EOH) is a common practice worldwide but research gaps have been identified. The aims of this review were (a) to find a common definition for EOH, (b) to determine the nutritional contribution of EOH, and (c) to analyze the relationship of EOH with health parameters in adults. Fifty-seven articles were finally selected. The definition of EOH was not harmonized between researchers and the comparison between studies was quite difficult. Restaurant and fast food were the terms most used, followed by chain restaurant, à la carte, sit-down restaurant, eating at table, full service, ready to eat, takeaway, buffet and buffet by weight, bar, cafes, and cafeterias, either alone or attached to at least one of the above. The profile of the main EOH participant was a highly educated, high-income, and unmarried young man. EOH was related to a body mass index (BMI) or being overweight in a different way depending on age, sex, or EOH frequency. A high rate of EOH led to poorer diet quality, characterized by higher intakes of energy, total and saturated fats, sugar, and sodium, as well as lower intakes of fiber, dairy, fruit, vegetables, and micronutrients. Regarding beverages, a higher intake of soft drinks, sugar-sweetened beverages, fruit juices, beer, and other alcohol was observed when EOH. There is a need for a methodological consensus for analyzing the impact of EOH on dietary intake and health to avoid bias. Additionally, measures and policies should be utilized to help consumers to make healthier choices when EOH is compatible with business regarding those running EOH establishments.

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Erosive Tooth Wear among Preschool Children-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The prevalence of dental erosion among preschool children and its associated factors range widely between studies. The aims of this review are to evaluate the literature and to determine the prevalence and associated factors of dental erosion among children below 7 years old. An electronic search was undertaken to identify observational studies evaluating the prevalence of dental erosion and its associated factors in children below 7 years old. Dual independent screening, data extraction, risk of bias assessment, meta-analysis, meta-regression, and evaluation of quality of evidence were performed. Twenty-two papers were included. The overall estimated prevalence of dental erosion in children was 39.64% (95% CI: 27.62, 51.65; I2 = 99.9%), with very low certainty of evidence. There was also low-quality evidence suggesting that the likelihood of (1) boys having dental erosion was significantly higher than girls (p < 0.001) and (2) children with digestive disorders having dental erosion was significantly higher than those without such digestive disorders (p = 0.002). Qualitative synthesis identified that more frequent intake of fruit juices and soft drinks correlated with erosive tooth wear. Dental erosion is prevalent among over one-third of preschool children. Digestive disorders and dietary factors are the main potential contributing factors.

Food Insecurity among Adolescent Students from 95 Countries Is Associated with Diet, Behavior, and Health, and Associations Differ by Student Age and Sex

ABSTRACTBackgroundAdolescents’ developmental tasks and challenges vary based on age, sex, and social context. Food insecurity affects adolescents, but existing research has been limited to a few country contexts and has treated adolescence as a singular developmental moment with limited consideration of potential differences in how food insecurity relates to developmental experiences based on adolescent age and sex.ObjectivesWe aimed to describe relations between student-reported food insecurity and students’ profiles of nutritional, physical activity, school absenteeism, health/mental health, and victimization experiences, and how these differ by student age and sex.MethodsUsing cross-sectional data from the Global School-based Student Health Survey, we examined adolescent reports of their food security among 337,738 students 11–18 y old from 95 countries. We identified their profiles of focal experiences, and used mixed-effects linear and logistic regression models to examine differences in these profiles by student food insecurity and how these differ by student age and sex.ResultsOf students, 25.5% aged 11–14 y compared with 30% aged 15–18 y reported food insecurity in the past 30 d. Food insecurity was associated with less frequent fruit and vegetable intake; more frequent soft drink intake; worse mental health; less physical activity; more missed school; higher odds of smoking, drinking, and using drugs; and more bullying victimization and sexual partners. Food insecurity was associated with reduced age- and sex-specific protection: greater substance use among younger adolescents, more sexual partners among older females, and greater worry among younger males. Food insecurity was also associated with increased age-specific risk: greater soft drink consumption among younger adolescents.ConclusionsAcross countries, adolescent food insecurity was associated with poorer nutritional, mental health, behavioral, and relationship profiles; these associations differed with student age and sex. Food insecurity interventions should attend to adolescent developmental stage and the gendered contexts through which adolescents navigate daily life.

Beverage Consumption and Ulcerative Colitis: A Case-Control Study from Saudi Arabia.

Background: The association between beverage intake and ulcerative colitis (UC) is not well-established, with no available data from Arab countries. Herein, we investigated the potential association of consuming coffee, tea, and carbonated soft drinks with UC among a population from Saudi Arabia. Methods: This hospital-based case-control study used data of 171 newly diagnosed UC patients and 400 patients with other gastrointestinal conditions who served as controls. All UC cases were ascertained by endoscopy, while beverage intake was assessed by a questionnaire that was completed before diagnosis. We computed odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of UC and UC extension for frequent versus infrequent intakes of coffee, tea, and carbonated soft drinks using logistic regression. Results: Overall, 23.4% of UC patients had pancolitis, 21.1% extensive, 51.4% left-sided, and 4.1% proctitis. UC patients had a similar sex distribution to the controls but were older and had a lower BMI. After adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, and smoking history, frequent intakes of coffee and tea were associated with lower odds of UC: 0.62 (0.42, 0.91) and 0.53 (0.35, 0.79), respectively. On the other hand, frequent intakes of carbonated soft drinks were associated with increased odds of UC: 9.82 (6.12, 15.76). The frequency of beverage consumption was not associated with UC extension. Conclusion: UC was negatively associated with frequent coffee and tea consumption but positively associated with frequent carbonated soft drink intake in Saudi people. More population-based prospective cohort studies are needed to confirm our findings.

Long-Term Consumption of a Sugar-Sweetened Soft Drink in Combination with a Western-Type Diet Is Associated with Morphological and Molecular Changes of Taste Markers Independent of Body Weight Development in Mice.

We investigated whether the long-term intake of a typical sugar-sweetened soft drink (sugar-sweetened beverage, SSB) alters markers for taste function when combined with a standard diet (chow) or a model chow mimicking a Western diet (WD). Adult male CD1 mice had ad libitum access to tap water or SSB in combination with either the chow or the WD for 24 weeks. Energy intake from fluid and food was monitored three times a week. Cardiometabolic markers (body weight and composition, waist circumference, glucose and lipid profile, and blood pressure) were analyzed at the end of the intervention, as was the number and size of the fungiform papillae as well as mRNA levels of genes associated with the different cell types of taste buds and taste receptors in the circumvallate papillae using a cDNA microarray and qPCR. Although the overall energy intake was higher in the WD groups, there was no difference in body weight or other cardiometabolic markers between the SSB and water groups. The chemosensory surface from the fungiform papillae was reduced by 36 ± 19% (p < 0.05) in the WD group after SSB compared to water intake. In conclusion, the consumption of the SSB reduced the chemosensory surface of the fungiform papillae of CD1 mice when applied in combination with a WD independent of body weight. The data suggest synergistic effects of a high sugar-high fat diet on taste dysfunction, which could further influence food intake and promote a vicious cycle of overeating and taste dysfunction.

Dietary Practices as a Potential Predictor for Dental Erosion among Patients Having Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: An Analytical Cross-sectional Study.

The aim of this study was to assess how dietary practices impact gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) patients in Haryana state, India, from the perspective of either preventing or promoting dental erosion. The primary objective of this study was to find a correlation between the presence of dental erosion and dietary practices among patients with GERD.The secondary objective of this study was to assess the correlation between GERD patients' dietary practices and dental erosion severity. Three hundred and thirty study participants, who've been 18 years of age or older with the diagnosis of GERD for at least six months or more were included. Evaluation of dental erosion was performed with basic erosive wear examination (BEWE) index. On age, gender, medical history, medication history, and dietary habits, a pretested structured questionnaire was used. Statistical analysis software SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) variant 20.0 was used to conduct the statistical analysis. Analytic statistics and descriptive statistics were used in the data analysis. Dental erosion was present in 84.8% of the study participants. The majority of study participants, 122 (37%), had no risk of dental erosion. The occurrence of dental erosion was shown to be substantially adversely associated to the intake of acidic meals and soft drinks in the present investigation (odds ratio [OR] = 0.5, P < 0.05). There has not been any proven link between the severity of dental erosion and the frequency of consuming acidic meals, fruit juice, and soft drinks. Milk consumption frequency and dental erosion severity were observed to be considerably inversely associated (r = -0.1, P = 0.001). Patients with GERD frequently experienced dental erosion. One probable risk factor for the development of erosive dental lesions can be considered GERD. Most of the patients had dental erosion with a low degree of severity. When dental erosion occurs, the mineral quantity that dissolves from enamel is influenced by several factors, including the buffering action of the acids, pH, and duration of exposure. Whereas if the food and drinks contain adequate amounts of fluoride, calcium, and phosphate, the dissolution can be prevented. The intake of fruit juice, acidic foods, as well as soft drinks was not consumed to be a risk factor in the current study for directly causing or for promoting the severity of dental erosion since they were consumed less frequently. A higher frequency of milk ingestion was found to reduce the severity of dental erosion. Regular milk consumption could be regarded as an alternative dietary practice to stop dental erosion. As dental erosion is a complex condition, it's essential to have an early diagnosis and implement the proper preventive measures. It is vital to inform people about dental erosion and how it is interrelated to GERD and dietary practices.

Sleep, nutritional status and eating behavior in children: a review study.

ABSTRACTObjective: To review the current literature on the relationship between sleep, nutritional status and eating behavior, as well as mechanisms associated with these elements in children.Data source: The literature research was conducted in the PubMed, LILACS and Scopus databases, using the following terms: “Child”; “Nutritional status”; “Sleep”; “Physical activity OR Physical activities OR Exercise”. The articles included were those that met the research objective. Review articles, letters to authors, or guidelines were excluded.Data synthesis: 402 articles were initially found in the literature search. After careful analyses of the title and abstract, and application of inclusion criteria, only 24 studies were included in the present review. Most studies (n=13) suggest that short sleep duration (<9-10 hours/night) is associated with overweight/obesity in children. Only three studies did not show associations between overweight/obesity and sleep variables. Short sleep duration is also associated with poor food quality, higher intake of soft drinks and stimulant beverages before bedtime, as well as micronutrient deficiency.Conclusions: Sleep duration is related to overweight and obesity development in infants. Changes in dietary pattern are also related to sleep debt, being one of the mechanisms that contribute to excessive weight gain. It is necessary that health professionals understand the importance of sleep quality in the nutritional status maintenance in children.

Lifestyle Factors Related to Low Femoral and Spinal Bone Density in Young Saudi Adult Women

Osteoporosis is a major health problem both world wide and in Saudi Arabia, many lifestyle factors are considered as causes for the increase in osteopenia and osteoporosis. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of some lifestyle factors on bone mineral density (BMD) in young Saudi adult women. Measurements of BMD (g/m2) in the femoral neck area and the lumbar spine (L2-L4) was performed using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in 101 females age range 20–24.9 years. BMD, T-score and Z-score were evaluated. Lifestyle factors were assessed through a questionnaire. Dairy and milk consumption, physical activity, animal protein consumption and sun exposure were the factors that showed significant association with some BMD parameters. Whereas limited calcium and Vitamin D intake and high consumption of soft drinks are the major contributers to osteopenia and osteoporosis in young females. Funding Information: This research was supported by a grant from the “Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP-2021/188), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Declaration of Interests: The author declares that she have no competing interests. Ethics Approval Statement: Before taking measurements, the study protocol was explained to participants, and the informed consent was signed upon their agreement before inclusion in the study. Measurements were performed according to principles of Helsinki declaration. the study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the College of Applied Medical Sciences – King Saud University (Ethics No. CAMS18/3536).

The predictive value of evaluative bias, attentional bias, approach bias, and self-regulatory control in soft drink consumption

Global consumption of soft drinks has increased rapidly over the past 50 years, making this a major public health problem. Guided by dual-process models, the present study aimed to provide a comprehensive investigation of the roles of cognitive biases (evaluative, attentional, and approach biases) and self-regulatory control in soft drink consumption and choice. Participants were 128 undergraduate students (17–25 years). They completed computer-based measures of the three biases (Implicit Association Task, Dot Probe Task, and Approach Avoidance Task) and self-regulatory control (Go/no-go Task). Soft drink consumption and choice were measured using a taste test and a take home beverage choice task, respectively. Evaluative bias for soft drink cues was positively associated with the amount of soft drink consumed. Self-regulatory control was negatively correlated with amount of soft drink consumed, but only for men. There was no interaction between cognitive biases and self-regulatory control in predicting soft drink consumption or choice. Nonetheless, the results support the application of dual-process models to soft drink consumption in that automatic (evaluative bias) and controlled processes (self-regulatory control) each predicted amount of soft drink consumed, albeit independently and only for certain individuals. Future research should extend these findings to habitual soft drink consumers and to individuals who actively wish to limit their soft drink intake.

Association between Soft-Drink Intake and Obesity, Depression, and Subjective Health Status of Male and Female Adults.

This study explores the association between soft-drink intake and obesity, depression, and subjective health status in male and female adults. Soft-drink consumption has become a serious public health issue worldwide. Participants of this study were selected (n = 3086) from the respondents in the Seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016 and divided into the non-soft-drink group (men, 502; women, 1117) and the soft-drink group (men, 684; women, 783). Soft-drink intake data were obtained, using a validated quantitative food frequency questionnaire and the 24 h dietary recall. Total energy intake and fat density were significantly higher, but the nutrient densities of carbohydrate, total dietary fiber, and micronutrients were significantly lower in the soft-drink group than in the non-soft-drink group. In men, soft-drink intake was found to be significantly associated with a lower risk of depression. Conversely, in women, soft-drink intake was found to be significantly associated with the higher risks of depression, obesity, and poor subjective health status. Therefore, less frequent soft-drink intake may prevent obesity and depression in Korean women.

Association between intake of soft drinks and testicular function in young men

Is intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) or artificially sweetened beverages (ASB) associated with testicular function in young men? Among young men unaware of their semen quality and reproductive hormone levels, intake of SSBs was associated with lower sperm concentration, lower total sperm count, and a lower ratio of serum inhibin-B/FSH. SSBs may adversely impact testicular function, but results are not consistent across studies. Moreover, the associations of ASB, energy-drinks or fruit juices with testicular function are unclear. Young healthy men and unselected for fertility status men enrolled in a cross-sectional study between 2008 and 2017. A total of 2935 young (median age: 19 years) men enrolled in the study. Intake of SSBs, ASBs, fruit juices, and energy-drinks was assessed with a validated food frequency questionnaire. Testicular function was assessed through conventional semen quality parameters (semen volume, sperm concentration, total count, motility and morphology), testicular volume assessed with ultrasound, and serum reproductive hormone concentrations (total testosterone, free testosterone, E2, inhibin-B, LH, FSH, sex hormone-binding globulin) were measured. In multivariable-adjusted analyses, men in the highest category of SSB intake (median: 1.1 servings (∼220 ml)/day) had a 13.2 million/ml lower median sperm concentration (95% CI: -21.0, -5.5) than non-consumers. A similar pattern was observed with total sperm count (-28 million (95% CI: -48, -9)), serum inhibin-B (-12 pg/ml (95% CI: -21, -4)), and inhibin-B/FSH ratio (-9 (95% CI: -18, 0)). The adjusted median difference in sperm concentration and inhibin-B associated with increasing SSB intake by 1 serving (∼200ml)/day at the expense of water was -3.4 million sperm/ml (95% CI: -5.8, -1.0) and -7 pg/ml (95% CI: -11, -3), respectively. Inferring causality is limited owing to the cross-sectional design. We adjusted for a number of potential confounders but cannot exclude that unmeasured lifestyle and behavior associated with soft drink intake is associated with testicular function in these young men. In the largest study to date, intake of SSBs was associated with lower sperm concentration, total sperm count, and serum inhibin-B/FSH ratio, consistent with a direct suppressive effect of SSB intake on testicular function among otherwise healthy men, potentially affecting fertility. However, the observed association between higher SSB intake and lower semen quality does not necessarily imply a decrease in fertility. Supported by research from the Danish Council for Strategic Research (2101-08-0058), Independent Research Fund Denmark (8020-00218B), European Union (212844), the Kirsten and Freddy Johansen's Foundation (95-103-72087), the Research Fund of the Capital Region of Denmark (A6176), and the NIH (P30DK046200). The authors report no conflict of interest. N/A.

Impact of Coffee/Green Tea/Soft Drink Consumption on the Risk of Hyperuricemia: A Cross-Sectional Study.

This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the association between hyperuricemia and the frequency of coffee, tea, and soft drink consumption, based on data from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) (2004–2016). We used the KoGES health examinee data, obtained from urban residents aged ≥ 40 years. Information on the participants’ medical history, nutrition (total calorie, protein, fat, and carbohydrate intake), frequency of alcohol consumption, smoking status, household income, and frequency of coffee/green tea/soft drink intake was collected. A logistic regression model was used to analyze the data. Subgroup analyses were performed according to the participant’s age and sex. Among 173,209 participants, there were 11,750 and 156,002 individuals with hyperuricemia and non-hyperuricemia controls, respectively. In an adjusted model, frequent coffee and green tea consumption did not increase the risk of hyperuricemia, compared to the “no intake” reference group. However, an adjusted odds ratio of hyperuricemia was 1.23 (95% confidence interval, 1.11–1.35, p < 0.001) for participants who reported consuming soft drinks ≥ 3 times per day, compared to the respective “no drink” reference group. Even after adjusting for nutritional and sociodemographic factors, frequent soft drink intake was associated with an increased risk of hyperuricemia. Meanwhile, neither coffee nor green tea intake was associated with an increased risk of hyperuricemia.

Adherence to Recommended Eating Patterns Is Associated With Lower Risk of Peripheral Arterial Disease: Results From the Women's Health Initiative.

The potential role of nutritional factors in the development of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) remains poorly understood. We evaluated multiple recommended eating patterns as reflected by predefined diet quality indices in relation to long-term risk of PAD. We included 138 506 US postmenopausal women in the Women’s Health Initiative who had no known PAD at baseline (1993–1998). Four diet quality indices, including alternate Mediterranean diet index, alternate Healthy Eating Index-2010, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet index, and Healthy Eating Index-2015, were derived using dietary information collected by a validated food frequency questionnaire at baseline. Incident cases of symptomatic PAD in the lower extremities were ascertained and adjudicated through March 2019 via medical record review. During a median 18.6 years of follow-up, 1036 incident PAD cases were identified. After multivariable adjustment, all diet quality scores were significantly and inversely associated with 21% (for alternate Healthy Eating Index 2010) to 34% (for Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension index) lower risk of PAD when comparing the highest with the lowest quartiles (all P-fortrend values ≤0.010). Among contributing food groups and nutrients, intakes of legumes, dietary fiber, and vegetable protein were associated lower risk of PAD, while intakes of unprocessed red meat, processed meat, and regular soft drinks were associated with higher risk. In a broad sample of US postmenopausal women, adhering to different recommended eating patterns is associated with lower risk of PAD. Our findings suggest that current clinical and public health strategies that recommend healthful eating patterns may also be applicable to PAD prevention. (

Fast food and sweet intake pattern is directly associated with the prevalence of asthma in a Qatari population

ObjectiveThe relationship between dietary patterns and the prevalence of asthma is not well understood. We aimed to investigate the association between dietary patterns and asthma in adults in Qatar.MethodsIn this study, cross-sectional data from the Qatar Biobank were used (n = 986). Participants were Qatari or long-term Qatar residents aged ≥20 years old. A food frequency questionnaire was used to collect dietary intakes. Three dietary patterns were identified using factor analysis. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association between dietary patterns scores and asthma.ResultsAmong 986 eligible participants, 6.6% (n = 65) reported that they were diagnosed with asthma. Three dietary patterns were identified. These were (1) “Traditional” (high intake of rice, chicken/meat/fish, and breads); (2) “Prudent” (high intake of fruits, vegetables, and fish); and (3) “Fast Food/Sweets” (high intake of desserts, fast food, and soft drinks). The fast food/sweet dietary pattern was associated with increased likelihood of having asthma [comparing high vs. low tertile, OR for asthma = 1.25; 95% CI (1.02–1.54); p = 0.035]. Traditional and Prudent dietary patterns were not associated with the prevalence of asthma.ConclusionThe fast food/sweet dietary pattern was directly associated with the prevalence of asthma among adults in Qatar. Reducing the fast foods and sugary-rich foods may be beneficial for respiratory health.

Multiple behavioural risk factors of non-communicable diseases among adolescents in four Caribbean countries: prevalence and correlates.

The study assessed the prevalence and associated factors of behavioural risk factors of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) among adolescents in four Caribbean countries. In all 9,143 adolescents (15 years=median age) participated in the cross-sectional "2016 Dominican Republic, 2016 Suriname, 2017 Jamaica, and 2017 Trinidad and Tobago Global School-Based Student Health Survey (GSHS)". Eight behavioural risk factors of NCDs were assessed by a self-administered questionnaire. Prevalence of each behavioural NCD risk factor was physical inactivity (84.2%), inadequate fruit and vegetable intake (82.2%), leisure-time sedentary behaviour (49.6%), daily≥2 soft drinks intake (46.8%), ever drunk (28.6%), twice or more days a week fast food consumption (27.6%), having overweight/obesity (27.4%), and current tobacco use (13.8%). Students had on average 3.6 (SD=1.4), and 79.0% had 3-8 behavioural NCD risk factors. In multivariable linear regression, psychological distress and older age increased the odds, and attending school and parental support decreased the odds of multiple behavioural NCD risk factors. A high prevalence and co-occurrence of behavioural risk factors of NCDs was discovered and several factors independently contributing to multiple behavioural NCD risk factors were identified.

Determinants of Fruits and Vegetables Consumption among In-School Adolescents in Ghana

Background: Fruit and vegetable consumption is an important source of nutrients for healthy growth and development, as well as a protective factor against chronic non-communicable diseases. Paucity of data exists on adolescents’ fruit and vegetable consumption in Ghana. This study, therefore, sought to determine the prevalence and correlates of fruit and vegetable consumption among in-school adolescents in Ghana. Methods: Data for this study were extracted from the 2012 Global School-Based Health Survey. A cross-sectional analysis on 2786 in-school adolescents from junior and senior high schools was conducted. Descriptive analyses using frequencies and percentages were used to present the results on the prevalence of fruit and vegetable consumption. Multivariable binomial regression analysis was performed to determine the association between fruit and vegetable consumption and explanatory variables. The results of the regression analyses were presented using adjusted odds ratio (aOR) with their respective confidence intervals (CIs). Statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05. Results: The prevalence of adequate fruits, adequate vegetables, and adequate fruit and vegetable consumption were 35.7%, 26.8%, and 27.8%, respectively. In-school male adolescents had lower odds of adequate fruit and vegetable consumption compared to female adolescents (aOR = 0.64, 95%CI = 0.51–0.82). Adolescents in senior high schools (aOR = 0.36, 95%CI = 0.22–0.61) were less likely to consume adequate fruits and vegetables compared to those in junior high schools. The odds of adequate fruit and vegetable consumption were higher among adolescents who consumed soft drinks (aOR = 3.29, 95%CI = 2.42–4.46), fast foods (aOR = 1.42, 95%CI = 1.13–1.77), and those who had sedentary behavior (aOR = 1.38, 95%CI = 1.07–1.77). Conclusions: The findings revealed that fruit and vegetable consumption among Ghanaian adolescents is relatively low. Sex of adolescents, grade, soft drink intake, fast food consumption, and sedentary behavior were factors associated with adequate fruit and vegetable consumption. Health promotion interventions to scale up fruit and vegetable consumption should pay attention to the factors identified in this study.

COVID-19 Related Social Distancing and Changes in Dietary Practices in People Living With HIV From São Paulo, Sp, Brazil

ObjectivesTo investigate COVID-19 related social distancing (CRSD) by people living with HIV (PLWH), and changes in these persons' dietary practices.MethodsThis is a web-based survey (conducted from November 2020 to January 2021), which invited (via social media WhatsApp) PLWH registered at a University-based specialized outpatient clinic. With multiple-choice questions, the virtual questionnaire included sociodemographic, lifestyle, and COVID-19-related information, before and during CRSD. Dietary practices questions, adapted from a Brazilian epidemiological study, inquired about beans, vegetables, fruits and fruit juices, red and white meat, soft drinks, sweets, and salty snacks. Habits such as cooking, and home-delivered meals were also investigated. Data were analyzed by descriptive aspects, as well as Chi-square and Cochrane-Q association tests (with P-value < 0.05).ResultsThe sample included 407 PLWH, 68.8% men, 50.7(±9.8) years old, 73.2% with a high educational level. Being employed was referred by 65.8%, from which 30.7% was working remotely; 45.4% mentioned reduction of their incomes during CRSD. The recommendation for CRSD was followed by 90.4% of the respondents, and 14.5% reported total isolation. Only 9.1% referred COVID-19 diagnostic with 1.2% hospitalizations. The CRSD was significantly associated with working remotely (P = 0.02), but not with age (P = 0.62), schooling (P = 0.61), or income (P = 0.46). Regarding food habits, the participants significantly reduced the intake of raw (P < 0.001) and cooked (P = 0.004) vegetables and red meat (P < 0.001). Otherwise, the intake of soft drinks (P = 0.001), sweets (P < 0.001), and salty snacks (P < 0.001) were significantly increased. Cooking at home increased 46.4%, and home-delivered meals did not change.ConclusionsThe majority of PLWH followed the CRSD; COVID-19 diagnostic, as well as hospitalizations, were rare. However, the increased intake of unhealthy, ultra-processed foods and the reduced intake of vegetables showed disagreements with HIV-directed guidelines. As a suggestion, on-line messages on healthy eating maybe would prevent future health worsening of PLWH due to CRSD.Funding SourcesSao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP process 2018/25388–4)

MO904DIETARY PATTERNS IN HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS: RELATIONSHIP WITH CLINICAL AND NUTRITIONAL PARAMETERS

Abstract Background and Aims Nutritional recommendations for hemodialysis (HD) patients focus on the achievement of a sufficient energy and protein intake without exceeding phosphorus, potassium, sodium and/or fluids intake limits. This study aimed to identify different dietary patterns of HD patients and analyze their relationship with clinical and nutritional parameters. Method This was a longitudinal prospective multicenter study with 582 HD patients from 37 dialysis centers. Dry weight, Kt/V, serum potassium, phosphorus, calcium, sodium, creatinine and C-reactive protein were measured. Dietary intake was obtained using the Food Frequency Questionnaire. Dietary patterns were derived from principal component analysis based on 20 food groups which were adjusted for total energy intake. Linear regression was used to analyze patterns and the variables of interest. All statistical tests were performed using SPSS 26.0 software. A p-value lower than 0.05, was considered statistically significant. Results Patients’ mean age was 67.8±17.7 years and median HD vintage was 65 (43-104) months. Three different dietary patterns were identified: “Western” (31.3% of the patients) with high intake of soft drinks, home-made fried potatoes, caffeinated drinks, red and processed meat, and low intake of fruit and vegetables soup; “Mediterranean” (33.5% of the patients) with high intake of vegetables, beans, fish, olive oil, eggs, and low intake of milk and milk products. Finally, “Low animal protein” (35.2% of the patients) with high intake of whole grain bread, cookies and sweets, vegetables soup and low intake of white bread, rice, pasta and potatoes. Regarding clinical parameters, the Mediterranean pattern was predictor of a higher dry weight (p=0.001), higher creatinine (p=0.032) and lower serum calcium (p=0.024), whereas Western pattern predicted higher phosphorus (p=0.006), sodium (p=0.014) and creatinine (p=0.001). Low animal protein pattern predicted lower creatinine levels (p=0.011). After adjusting for age, gender, presence of diabetes, HD vintage and Kt/V, serum calcium was the only parameter which remained statistical significant within the Mediterranean pattern. Comparing the nutritional parameters studied, the Mediterranean pattern was the strongest predictor of a higher intake of protein (%) (p&amp;lt;0.001), folate (p&amp;lt;0.001), vitamin B12 (p&amp;lt;0.001), vitamin B6 (p&amp;lt;0.001), vitamin C (p&amp;lt;0.001), vitamin D (p&amp;lt;0.001), potassium (p=0.015) and omega 3 fatty acids (p&amp;lt;0.001) and a lower intake of carbohydrates (%) (p&amp;lt;0.001), calcium (p&amp;lt;0.001) and sodium (p=0.006). Conclusion Three different dietary patterns were identified in these HD population. The pattern which was closer to the well-known Mediterranean diet was associated with a better nutritional intake profile, which, at least theoretically, are associated with better clinical outcomes.

The effect of television advertising on soft drink consumption: Individual vulnerabilities in approach bias and inhibitory control

Continual exposure to soft drink cues in the environment is thought to be a major contributor to the rising consumption of soft drinks. This study investigated the effect of one such cue, television advertising, on soft drink choice and intake. Within the context of dual-process models, we examined whether any such effects would be stronger for individuals with an automatic tendency to reach for soft drinks (approach bias) or a difficulty resisting soft drinks (poor inhibitory control). Participants (N = 127; 18–25 years) viewed television advertisements for either soft drinks or control (non-sweetened) beverages. Approach bias and inhibitory control were assessed by soft drink versions of the approach-avoidance and go/no-go tasks, respectively. Participants who had viewed the soft drink advertisements were more likely to choose a soft drink as their first drink than those who had viewed the control advertisements. This effect was stronger for participants with an approach bias for soft drinks. In addition, participants with poorer inhibitory control chose more soft drinks overall following the soft drink advertisements. Although exposure to soft drink advertisements did not affect soft drink intake in the taste test, participants with poorer inhibitory control consumed more of the soft drinks. In line with dual-process models, individuals with strong automatic tendencies or poor self-regulatory control were more responsive to television advertising for soft drinks. At a practical level, these cognitive vulnerabilities provide potential targets for intervention to help resist soft drink cues.

Diet Quality and Lower Refined Grain Consumption are Associated With Less Weight Gain in a Multi-Ethnic Asian Adult Population.

The prevalence of obesity is increasing in many Asian countries. However, longitudinal data on the impacts of dietary factors on weight gain in Asian populations are sparse. We evaluated the relationship between changes in intakes of nutrients, foods, and beverages and diet quality and long-term changes in body weight. We used data (n= 3064) from the Singapore Multi-Ethnic Cohort, a prospective cohort including Chinese, Indian, and Malay residents aged 21-65 years. Dietary intakes were assessed using an FFQ, and body weight and waist circumference were measured during health examinations. Diet quality was evaluated using the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) and Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI-2010) scores. Data were collected at baseline (2004-2010) and follow-up (2011-2016), with a mean follow-up of 6.0 years. Linear regression was used to assess the associations between dietary changes and weight change, adjusted for socio-demographic and lifestyle variables. Improvements in dietary quality scores (DASH, -0.34kg per 5 points; AHEI-2010, -0.35kg per 10 points) and replacement of carbohydrates with protein (-0.44kg per 5% of energy) were significantly associated with less weight gain. Increased intakes of white rice (+0.25kg per serving/d), soft drinks (+0.69kg), red meat (+0.58kg), and poultry with skin (+0.74kg) were directly associated with weight gain. The replacement of 1 serving per day of white rice with whole grains (-0.68kg), vegetables (-0.33kg), poultry without skin (-0.79kg), and eggs (-0.87kg) was associated with less weight gain. Similar associations were observed between changes in dietary factors and changes in waist circumference. Among Asian adults, increasing dietary quality, reducing soft drink consumption, and replacing white rice with whole grains, vegetables, and selected high-protein foods was associated with less weight gain.