Institutional Characteristics Research Articles

Which employers pay a higher college wage premium?

PurposeThe authors' work aims to identify the employer-specific drivers of the college (or university) wage gap, which has been identified as one of the major determinants of the dynamics of overall wage and income inequality in the past decades. The authors focus on three employer-level features that can be associated with asymmetries in the employment relation orientation adopted for college and non-college-educated employees: (1) size, (2) the share of standard employment and (3) the pervasiveness of incentive pay schemes.Design/methodology/approachThe authors' establishment-level analysis (data from the Basic Survey on Wage Structure (BSWS), 2005–2018) focusses on Japan, an economy characterised by many unique economic and institutional features relevant to the aims of the authors' analysis. The authors use an adjusted measure of firm-specific college wage premium, which is not biased by confounding individual and establishment-level factors and reflects unobservable characteristics of employees that determine the payment of a premium. The authors' empirical methods account for the complexity of the relationships they investigate, and the authors test their baseline outcomes with econometric approaches (propensity score methods) able to address crucial identification issues related to endogeneity and reverse causality.FindingsThe authors' findings indicate that larger establishment size, a larger share of regular workers and more pervasive implementation of IPSs for college workers tend to increase the college wage gap once all observable workers, job and establishment characteristics are controlled for. This evidence corroborates the authors' hypotheses that a larger establishment size, a higher share of regular workers and a more developed set-up of performance pay schemes for college workers are associated with a better capacity of employers to attract and keep highly educated employees with unobservable characteristics that justify a wage premium above average market levels. The authors provide empirical evidence on how three relevant establishment-level characteristics shape the heterogeneity of the (adjusted) college wage observed across organisations.Originality/valueThe authors' contribution to the existing knowledge is threefold. First, the authors combine the economics and management/organisation literature to develop new insights that underpin the authors' testable empirical hypotheses. This enables the authors to shed light on employer-level drivers of wage differentials (size, workforce composition, implementation of performance-pay schemes) related to many structural, institutional and strategic dimensions. The second contribution lies in the authors' measure of the “adjusted” college wage gap, which is calculated on the component of individual wages that differs between observationally identical workers in the same establishment. As such, the metric captures unobservable workers' characteristics that can generate a wage premium/penalty. Third, the authors provide empirical evidence on how three relevant establishment-level characteristics shape the heterogeneity of the (adjusted) college wage observed across organisations.

Spatial characteristics of community mental health institutions in urban contexts—Using the architectural design of the Mallet ST Youth Mental Health Centre in Sydney, Australia as a case study

Promoting the Comprehensive Mental Health Action Plan 2013-2030 issued by WHO, there is a global trend to transform the mental health care system from a psychiatric hospital-centred mode to a community-based network. Under this trend, decentralised community mental health institutions are gradually replacing psychiatric hospitals and mitigating the stigma of mental illness in the community. Plus, the operation mode and functions of mental health facilities become different, with their space design emphasising different features and requirements. Especially in urban contexts where it is crowded and people face more stressors and complex environments, mental health facilities have more challenges in dealing with the relationship with the surrounding community, reducing stigma from the community, and the impact of the space on patients’ mental health. The goal is to explore the spatial characteristics of community mental health institutions in cities and to establish architectural design strategies for these institutions. Through a summary of theories on the built environment of community mental health institutions, combined with an analysis of internationally approved projects, five spatial characteristics were identified: (1) community shared space, (2) threshold space, (3) therapy space, (4) activity space, and (5) natural space. The research on the above five spatial characteristics, combined with the local social and cultural background and the specific needs of adolescents’ mental health, was innovatively applied to the architectural design of the Mallet ST Youth Mental Health Centre in Sydney, Australia.

In Search of Institutional Servingness: Institutional Characteristics and Outcomes of Minority-Serving Institutions

Minority-serving institutions (MSIs) are considered models of excellence to support underrepresented racial and ethnic students; however, multiple definitions of MSIs complicate the consumption and production of research on these critical institutions. The U.S. Department of Education (ED) uses set criteria to define MSIs, based primarily on enrollment. However, scholars and practitioners have argued for considering factors beyond enrollment, such as equitable student outcomes and institutional markers of a serving culture. This study used descriptive analyses of IPEDS data to explore the extent to which MSIs served their target population. We use national weighted averages to report results on each MSI category compared to all other institutions. We found that MSIs enrolled higher percentages of MSI-aligned students and employed more-significant percentages of MSI-aligned instructional staff. Most MSIs generally retained higher percentages of MSI-aligned students. Most MSIs showed higher completion proportions, though nearly all MSI categories had lower graduation rates among MSI-aligned students. Some MSIs provided institutional aid to higher proportions of students; others provided lower proportions. Findings confirm that enrollment alone cannot be a proxy for servingness. We encourage researchers, practitioners, and government agencies to use more-holistic definitions. We make recommendations for government agencies to remove burdens to researching MSIs.

The rise of the Spanish right during the Second Republic (1931–36). Social structures, Catholic associations, and conservative electoral mobilization

AbstractComparative historical analyses have emphasized the role played by conservative parties in the consolidation of democratic regimes in Europe. They have also identified the main factors shaping the political and electoral strength of the right in democratization processes. On the basis of these analyses, the Spanish Second Republic (1931–36) has been characterized as a very inauspicious ground for the development of a strong conservative party. However, the right managed to build a successful electoral force in a short period of time. This paper explores the factors affecting the electoral strength of the Spanish right by conducting ecological statistical analyses in the three republican legislative elections. Empirical results show that the right managed to build strong links with national voters on the basis of sociopolitical cleavages and underlying social and institutional characteristics. In particular, they reveal the key importance of the religious cleavage in the party system of the 1930s and the crucial role played by Catholic lay organizations in the success of the right. Ultimately, this finding shows that, contrary to previous theoretical expectations, initial organizational precariousness was not an unsurmountable obstacle for the electoral success of the Spanish right.

ОРГАНІЗАЦІЙНО-ІНСТИТУЦІЙНА АДАПТАЦІЯ АГРАРНОГО ПІДПРИЄМНИЦТВА ДО ЗАСАД ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОГО ЗЕЛЕНОГО КУРСУ В УМОВАХ МІЖНАРОДНОЇ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ІНТЕГРАЦІЇ

The priority directions for ensuring the organizational and institutional adaptation of agrarian entrepreneurship in Ukraine to EU requirements regarding the implementation of the European Green Course roadmap are characterized. It has been proven that the transition to a "green" course aims to introduce the best global practices that can be used in the Ukrainian agricultural sector. Proposals are outlined regarding the need to draw attention to the development of sectors of the "green" economy and the need to form an appropriate industry policy that organizationally and institutionally corresponds to the motives of international economic integration. The concept of the mechanism of the transition of agricultural enterprises of Ukraine to the conditions of the European Green Course is generalized. The article examines the problems faced by subjects of agrarian entrepreneurship on the path of transforming the economy to the conditions of globalization. It has been highlighted that the use of green technologies will help increase the competitiveness of Ukrainian agricultural enterprises both during the war and after its end. The results of the survey on the annual assessment of the progress of companies in meeting their commitments on climate change were developed, which allowed to assess how they are meeting their commitments, where they face difficulties and what can be done to further improve the transition to the European Green Course. Institutional features in the EU countries are outlined, which vary not only between the countries themselves, but also within them, depending on the level of development and mechanisms for protecting the agricultural sector. It has been proven that the "green" economy aims to alter incentives within the economic system so that public and private investments take into account all the costs and benefits they generate. This will contribute to the redistribution of human and financial capital to improve people's well-being and promote sustainable development. The results of the study show that the adaptation of agrarian entrepreneurship to the conditions of the European Green Course should be consistent with a clear regulatory policy of the state, providing new information about critical processes that can affect practical efforts to reform policies to create a "green" economy.

Architectural and Constructive Features of Museums and Exhibition Institutions: Innovative Transformation of Space in the Conditions of War

Architectural and Constructive Features of Museums and Exhibition Institutions: Innovative Transformation of Space in the Conditions of War

PERLUSTRATION IN THE SEMIRECHENSK REGION (END OF XIX CENTURY-BEGINNING OF XX CENTURY)

During the empire, the main purpose of surveillance was to find out what the majority thinks, supports, and keep the people under control. In other words, to influence the people and completely own their minds. Therefore, whether in Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union or in the Russian Empire the main goal of surveillance and collection of information about public opinion was the transformation of the masses. Censorship considered surveillance mechanisms in the Russian Empire, were carried out with the help of employees of postal and telegraph institutions. There were no perlustration centers in the Semirechensk region. At the end of the XIX and beginning of the XX centuries, the Semirechensk region received correspondence and parcels from all territories of the Russian Empire and from abroad. Employees of the local administration, special institutions and postal and telegraph institutions controlled correspondence according to the established mechanism. The purpose of this article is to determine the activities and features of postal and telegraph institutions (late XIX - early XX centuries) for the implementation of censorship in the Semirechensk region. The history of perlustration in the Russian Empire, the introduction of perlustration in the Semirechensk region, as well as the problems of monitoring individuals in the empire during the period under review are comprehensively examined.

Financial content of money laundering concept: literature review

The article presents the review of scientific publications on combating money laundering (AML). The subject of the study is economic phenomena and processes that reveal the role of financial sector in AML. The purpose of the article is to provide scientific arguments for and against the encumbrance of financial organizations with anti-money laundering measures, to identify the research gaps in publications and to focus on their solution. Methodology and approach: database of e-library, ResearchGate, Academia conducted a systematic review of publications on AML with an emphasis on the specific features of various financial and non-financial institutions. The study identifies their main topics, such as the main resource of shadow economy, money laundering schemes, ML landscape, the role of banks in ML. The author provides an in-depth analysis of the publications indicated in the links of the selected articles as well as the gaps in research that should be studied in future. The paper reveals a promising direction of research, due to the lack of scientific publications on the problem of administering adequate punishment from regulatory authorities to individuals and banks for non-compliance with anti-money laundering norms, allowing to maintain a balance between the severity of punishment (in order to prevent future violations) and maintaining the stability of business processes in banks (in order to strengthen banking system reputation).

ИНСТРУМЕНТЫ АДМИНИСТРАТИВНО-ПРАВОВОГО ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ ФИНАНСОВОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ ГОСУДАРСТВА

The article analyzes the problems of the instrumental component in the administrative and legal mechanism of ensuring the financial security of the state. It is emphasized that the transformation in the modern administrative and legal doctrine of the categories “forms of public administration” and “methods of public administration” into the category of “instruments of public administration” actualizes the study of instruments of administrative and legal provision of financial security of the state by law enforcement agencies. It is established that modern legal doctrine applies a broad approach to the definition of the category of “legal instruments”, according to which instruments are understood as the whole range of means of legal regulation/ influence, and it is proposed to disclose specific instruments of public administration through the prism of a system of its institutional and functional characteristics.

Surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation during mitral valve surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common tachyarrhythmia, affecting approximately 33 million people worldwide, and is frequently associated with mitral valve disease. Surgical ablation during mitral valve surgery provides an opportune circumstance for arrhythmia correction. The results of recent randomized trial data are promising, demonstrating both safety and efficacy. The aim of this systematic review is to report the efficacy and morbidity of concomitant surgical ablation for AF during mitral valve surgery. Five electronic databases were searched from inception to March 2023. All studies reporting the primary outcome, freedom from AF (FFAF), for patients with a history of AF undergoing concomitant mitral valve surgery were identified. Studies with patient cohorts less than 100 were excluded. Relevant data were extracted and a meta-analysis of proportions was conducted using a random-effects model. Survival data were pooled from original Kaplan-Meier curves and reconstructed, reporting aggregate FFAF and survival. Thirty-six studies with a total of 8,340 patients were included in the systematic review. All 36 papers reported postoperative FFAF with a pooled result of 76.9% [95% confidence interval (CI): 73.8-79.9%] at a weighted mean follow-up of 40.2 months, however this result was associated with significant heterogeneity (I2=89%). A total of 31 studies reported postoperative short-term mortality, with a pooled result of 1.68% (95% CI: 1.15-2.29%). Aggregate survival at 1 to 5 years was 93.7%, 92.5%, 91.3%, 89.4%, and 87%, respectively, and aggregate FFAF for 1 to 5 years was 90.2%, 83.5%, 79.5%, 76.4% and 73.2%, respectively. Evaluation of the evidence suggests that concomitant ablation for AF during mitral valve surgery is both safe and efficacious. The results were associated with significant heterogeneity, reflective of variable institutional protocols, patient characteristics, and lesion sets. Randomized data with longer term follow-up would help validate these results.

Editorial: New horizons and developments in the field of public governance, regulatory mechanisms, and fraud detection in the light of macroeconomic imperatives

On behalf of the editorial team, I feel proud to introduce the second issue (special issue) of volume 13 (2024) of the Journal of Governance and Regulation. The current issue includes scholarly articles falling in the purview of a wide range of research themes, for example, public governance, corruption, legal aspects and regulatory environment, cybersecurity, behavioural aspects related to merger and acquisition, public sector internal control system, forensic accounting, sustainable tourism governance, and institutional settings and characteristics of public bodies including state organizations and universities, among others.

Unsafe at any Bandwidth: Towards Understanding Risk Factors for Ransomware in Higher Education

United States higher education institutions host an assortment of services that are accessible via public IP addresses. The wide variety of network services and the important personal and institutional data stored on such services make higher education institutions particularly desirable targets for attackers. This study analyses the vulnerabilities found through Shodan scans on these networks, in conjunction with institutional characteristics data taken from the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), to examine correlations between an institution’s characteristics and the vulnerabilities found on its networks. By exploring this data, the study aims to bring awareness to the current state of higher education institution network security and determine vulnerability trends between certain institutions. Our analysis reveals that most institutions have many medium impacts but highly exploitable vulnerabilities, with most being on Apache HTTP servers. We also present that the most significant indicators of an institution’s vulnerability are its enrolment and yearly total expenses. We investigate how smaller institutions have lower numbers of vulnerabilities, but their vulnerabilities have the potential for higher impact. We conclude that there is a significant chance of ransomware risk in US higher educational institutions.

МЕТОДОЛОГИЯ ОЦЕНКИ ЦЕЛОСТНОСТИ РЕГУЛЯТОРНОГО МЕХАНИЗМА РАЗВИТИЯ СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ МЕЗОСИСТЕМ

In carrying out this study, the aim was to structure the methodology for assessing the integrity of the regulatory mechanism for the development of socio-economic mesosystems based on the presented scientific and practical regional aspects. The author presents the evaluation elements of the integrity of the regulatory mechanism based on the indicator of the interdependence of resources, regulations of the mesosystem and the development environment of socio-economic mesosystems. A matrix approach has been used to assess the regulatory mechanism of mesosystem development, which will make it possible to implement the principle of integrity, taking into account the institutional features of mesosystems.

РОЗВИТОК ІНСТИТУЦІЙНОГО СТРАТЕГУВАННЯ ПІДТРИМКИ КРЕАТИВНИХ ІНДУСТРІЙ В УКРАЇНІ

Solving the problems of reconstruction and balanced development based on the creative economy in Ukraine requires the adoption of systemic decisions of state regulation in terms of identifying the entrepreneurial activity of creative industries and stimulating the development of creative entrepreneurship as the basis for innovative development. The purpose of the article is to study the entrepreneurial activity of creative industries in Ukraine, to identify the main development trends and to determine the directions of development of the State policy of supporting creative entrepreneurship to win and ensure innovative development. For this purpose, it is important to solve the following main tasks: to determine the structure of creative industries; to conduct a statistical analysis of the activity of creative entrepreneurship in Ukraine; to identify significant factors of activity of creative industries and assess the level of their development; to formulate directions for the institutional transformation of the state policy of supporting creative entrepreneurship. The research methodology involves identifying the institutional features of the development of creative industries and determining the directions of institutional strategizing of their support. The article highlights the peculiarities of the functioning of creative industries in Ukraine. The peculiarities of the institutional framework for the functioning of the creative economy in Ukraine and in the EU countries are investigated. The characteristics and typology of creative industries are presented. The entrepreneurial activity of creative industries in the economies of the EU and Ukraine is analyzed. The increasing role and importance of creative industries in economic and social development is proved. The problems of development of creative industries and factors of inhibition of creative entrepreneurship in the Ukrainian economy are identified. The concepts of cultural and creative industries are systematized. It is proposed to divide the creative industries according to the principle of creative product into creative intellectual and creative intellectual industries in economic research. Adaptive directions of institutional strategizing and state policy to support creative industries in Ukraine are formulated.

Nurse Wage Status and Wage determinants

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify the causes of the shortage of nurses in local small and medium-sized hospitals by confirming the wage status according to the characteristics of nurses and the characteristics of medical institutions and analyzing the factors affecting the wages of nurses.Methods: The study was conducted by linking the DB of medical institutions owned by the National Health Insurance Corporation, DB of medical personnel, and DB of health insurance qualification. As of the end of 2018, only nurses working at hospital-level medical institutions who were reported to the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service were registered as registered members of the health insurance at the medical institution. The dependent variables were the monthly average wage of nurses, and the independent variables were age, institution establishment, medical institution type, region, and number of beds. In the analysis, first, wages by individual and institutional characteristics were identified through basic statistical analysis, and factors affecting wages were analyzed through regression analysis.Result: As a result, the wages of nurses increased 71,184 won as the age increased, and the establishment of medical institutions was 291,574 won less and corporations 660,725 won less than the national government. The types of medical institutions were 400,964 won less and 675,829 won less than general hospitals. The size of the city was 325,989 won less in metropolitan cities and 263,672 won less in metropolitan areas than in the metropolitan area. As the number of beds at medical institutions increased by one bed, it was 708 won higher.Conclusion: According to the analysis of the wage status according to the characteristics of nurses’ personal characteristics and medical institutions, and the wage determinants of nurses, the relatively low wages of nurses in local small and medium hospitals were the main cause of job shortage. The market principle is that the wage increases if there is a shortage of supply in the labor market compared to the demand of nurses. On the contrary, the wage is lower in local SMEs. As a result, there seems to be some nurses who give up their activities. In order to resolve the labor shortage in local small and medium-sized hospitals, it is necessary to narrow the wage gap, and to create a working environment such as elastic working so that the daily work can be balanced.

영유아권리존중 프로그램이 교사의 심리적 안녕감과 영유아권리존중 보육실행에 미치는 영향

This study attempted to investigate the effect of teachers' psychological well-being and respect for infant rights on childcare implementation by developing a program for respecting infant rights. The subjects of this study were 19 childcare teachers working at G Daycare Center (10 experimental groups) and T Daycare Center (9 comparative groups) located in G city, Gyeongsangbuk-do. The teachers in the experimental group conducted a respect for infant rights program for 12 weeks, and in the case of the comparative group, classes according to the standard childcare course were conducted without a separate program. In order to verify the effectiveness of the infant rights respect program, tests on psychological well-being and respect for infant rights were conducted before and after the implementation. The SPSS 22.0 program was used for statistical processing of the collected data, and homogeneity was verified by performing an independent sample t-test for the pre-test. The results of this study are as follows. First, the infant rights respect program was effective in improving the psychological well-being of teachers, and it was verified that it was effective in improving the sub-areas of self-acceptance, positive interpersonal relationships, autonomy, control over the environment, purpose of life, and personal growth. Second, the respect for infant rights program had a positive effect on the level of infant rights respect child care implementation, and it was proven to be effective in improving the best interests of children as well as respecting the sub-areas of one day. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a variety of infant rights respect programs suitable for the needs and characteristics of educational institutions and members to promote teachers' psychological well-being and to better implement respect for infant rights childcare.

혁신도시 이전 공공기관의 지역발전사업 투자특성에 관한 연구

The purpose of this study is to analyze the details and investment scale of regional development projects carried out by public institutions relocating in innovative cities to identify regional characteristics and the cause of regional gaps. To this end, the characteristics of regional development projects were analyzed targeting 63 public institutions that moved to 10 innovative cities nationwide. As a result of the analysis, first, the total investment in regional development projects was cut in the order of public enterprises, quasi-governmental institutions, and other public institutions, and statistically, there were differences between groups. Second, the size of investment in the field of regional industrial development was highly correlated with the sales variable among the size characteristics of public institutions, and the priority purchase of local goods had the highest correlation with the number of employees in all three types of public institutions. In particular, it was analyzed that local talent development projects and resident support projects showed a low correlation with institutional size variables in all types of public institutions. This suggests that the system needs to be improved so that public institutions with larger assets and higher sales can promote investment in the field. Finally, it was analyzed that public institutions that are highly related to regional specialized industries have invested more than local industries and human resources development. This could lead to policy implications that the connection between the work of public institutions and local industries should be considered first when additional public institutions are relocated in the future, and that local government-level industrial promotion policies should be carried out to strengthen the connection between public institutions and regional specialized industries that have completed the relocation.

경찰공무원 국외교육훈련 실태 및 개선방안에 관한 연구

This study focuses on how the overseas education and training system for police officials should be improved to enhance the capacity of police officials to lead a knowledge-based society and strengthen the competitiveness of police affairs, starting with the perception that the current overseas education and training system for police officials has various problems. Therefore, this study examined the significance, necessity, and institutional characteristics of the overseas training system for police officials, and identified problems through data on overseas training performance over the past 10 years. As a way to improve overseas education and training for police officials, first, granting them the right to select autonomous training subjects, second, diversifying the selection criteria for training subjects, and third, diversifying training countries and training institutions were proposed.

Investigation of the factors affecting the curriculum fidelity of teachers working at different types of schools


 
 
 
 
 The purpose of this study is to examine the factors affecting the curriculum fidelity of teachers working in different types of school. In the study, case study design from qualitative research designs was used. The participants of the study werre teachers working in primary, secondary and high school types in publice school affiliated to the Ministry of National Education in rural district in a province located in the Northers Anatolia region of Türkiye in the fall semester of the 2022-2023 academic year. The participants was determined by convenient sampling method. The data of the study were obtained through a semi-structured interview form. The research data were analyzed using the thematic analysis method in accordance with qualitative research and findings were determined. While determining the findings, themes and categories were obtained and direct quotations were included to reflect the teachers' opinions. As a result of the research; It was determined that they expressed the opinion that curriculum characteristics, institutional characteristics, student characteristics, geographical conditions, family structure, social development of students, centralized education system, high-stakes tests, and pre-service and in-service training that teachers receive affect teachers' curriculum fidelity.
 
 
 

Do “Top” Universities the Best in Everything? How the Status and the Size of Russian Universities Correlate to Student Engagement

The characteristics of the university that issued the higher education diploma are an important signal for the employer, indicating the quality of the graduate’s training. However, it remains unknown to what extent top Russian universities really differ in the quality of the educational process from other universities, and do not simply use their ability to admit the most talented and motivated students. This paper attempts to answer this question using student engagement indicators, which are considered worldwide as a valid tool for assessing the quality of higher education. The article aims to examine the relationship between student engagement and two institutional characteristics of universities (a special status and the size of the university) by employing survey data on 16,143 students studying at 401 Russian universities. The results demonstrate that students studying at federal, national research and flagship universities have comparatively lower class engagement and social engagement compared to students from universities without special status. In addition, students at institutions with a size between 1,000 and 3,500 students were the most engaged in class activities and, at the same time, disengaged, while a size of less than 1,000 students was negatively associated with disengagement. The results obtained, on the one hand, require further research into the relationship between institutional characteristics and student engagement. On the other hand, they indicate the need to increase the weight of indicators of the quality of the educational process in universities in government excellence initiatives aimed at identifying leading universities and supporting them, as well as the importance of developing valid indicators of the quality of the educational process that can be used as a criterion in such government competitions.