Installation Scheme Research Articles

Reducing the measurement error of signal propagation delays using an optical reflectometer with picosecond resolution

The problems requiring high-precision measurements of signal propagation delays in optical fibers are considered. Design features of a pulsed optical reflectometer with a picosecond resolution designed for measuring propagation delays of a signal are considered. It is shown that the error of such a reflectometer includes the additive and multiplicative components. A method for determining the additive component of the optical reflectometer error based on measurements of signal delays introduced by individual optical fiber coils and the total delay introduced by series-connected coils is proposed. The requirements to the measurement conditions are formulated and the results of the error estimation of the proposed method are presented. To exclude the multiplicative component of the reflectometer error, a method for determining corrections to the reflectometer readings is proposed. The method is based on measuring the propagation delays of the signal in the coils of the optical fiber, first using reference equipment (installation for measuring the propagation delay of the signal), and then using an optical reflectometer, and then calculating the differences of the obtained measurement results. The scheme of installation for measurements of a propagation delay of signal in a coil of optical fiber is presented, the principle of operation of measuring installation is described. The results of the estimation of the error in determining the corrections to the reflectometer readings by the proposed method are presented. It is shown that the exclusion of the additive and multiplicative components of the error will reduce the error of optical reflectometers to values less than ± 100 ps.

Improvement of the technological process of surface application of mineral fertilizers

The article presents a study of centrifugal distributors. The advantages and disadvantages of their use are identified. Based on this, in order to improve technological means for the surface application of mineral fertilizers, it was proposed to develop a self-loading distributor for solid mineral fertilizers from soft containers, which in an aggregate with energy means would perform the functions of transporting mineral fertilizers to the field, loading them into the distributor bunker and their distribution over the surface of the field. It proves that the topic is relevant and is of great economic importance. This article offers a description of the device, the principle of operation and its technical characteristics. It also presents the sequential operations of the technological process: loading, transportation of fertilizers to the field and the very introduction of mineral fertilizers. The purpose is to improve the operational and technological characteristics of the self-loading fertilizer distributor, which is provided by the knives installation scheme, their shape, which allows obtaining a consistently large opening for the release of fertilizers and is equipped with a dressing grid. The proposed design and technological solution allows the distributor being selfloaded with solid mineral fertilizers packed in soft disposable containers weighing up to 1 ton, using a lift installed at the rear of the tractor frame, cutting the bottom of this container and uniform feeding of fertilizers to the spreading disc. In this case, the upper part of the cover of the soft container acts as a part of the distributor bunker, increasing its useful volume

Determination of Parameters of Grates on Rubber Brackets of Fiber Material Cleaners

The article shows the installation scheme of the grate and the principle of operation of the cleaner of fibrous material from large litter. The oscillation of the grates installed in the upper and lower cleaning zones with different thickness of the rubber support was studied. On the basis of theoretical studies of the grate in the form of a single-mass system, regularities of the change in vertical mixing and speeds of grates are obtained. Graphical dependences of the change in the amplitude of oscillations of the mixes and the speeds of the grate are constructed on the variation of the mass of the grate, the disturbing force on the cotton being revealed, and also on the stiffness coefficient of the elastic support. Full-factorial experiments obtained regression equations. By solving the problem, graphical dependencies of the change in the cleansing effect on incoming factors are constructed. The analyzes substantiate the parameters of the fibrous material cleaner.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF ELECTROMECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ASYNCHRONOUS MOTOR WITH INDUCTION RHEOSTATS IN ROTOR’S CIRCUIT

The article deals with the results of the study of static electromechanical characteristics of an asynchronous motor with a wound rotor (AM) with the inclusion of advanced samples of induction rheostats (IR) with improved parameters in its rotor circuits. In many enterprises, induction motors with wound rotor and rheostatic starter are used to drive mechanisms and their bridging is carried out with bulky contactor-relay equipment which requires constant continuous maintenance and periodic repairs. In this situation, the equipment reliability increasing, which uses a wound rotor AM, is an important task that can be solved by switching induction rheostats (IR) into the circuit of the wound rotor AM. This approach gives the possibility to sharply reduce the amount of contact equipment, as well as due to the nonlinearity of electromagnetic parameters of IR - to ensure a smooth acceleration of the engine with a given starting current. If you divide the shielded coil with an additional ferromagnetic insert, you can increa­se the variation value in the electro-magnetic parameters changing the direction of current in the semi-coils. The use of analytical methods for such constructs gives only approximate results. Therefore, the task of the work is to clarify geometrical dimensions of ferromagnetic elements and obtain electromechanical characteristics with the help of experimental studies. The paper presents drawings of the scheme of the experimental installation and the half-phase IR coils inclusion. The investigations were performed for the MTB-412-8 engine when the stator win­dings are switched on in the star and powered by a linear voltage U 1 = 220 V. Experiments were carried out both in the direction of the mass-size indicatorsreducing and in the direction of obtaining the required AM characteristics. Therefore, in the course of the experiment, all IR constructions have been modified several times. In this case, the thickness of the inner plates varied from 2 to 16 mm, as well as the thickness and length of the inner rings. The choice of the indicated geometric design parameters is due to the necessity of increasing the IR production efficiency. The figures below show the mechanical characteristics and the AM starting currents obtained as a result of the effect investigation of the switching methods of IR half-phase coils and the thickness of the middle sheet. The results of the study show that the ferromagnetic insert (middle sheet) affects the electromechanical characteristics of AM and IR by the form of mechanical characteristics can be adjusted by changing the insert thickness. AM has the best mechanical characteristics with IR at inclusion of parallel-oncoming coils and with 4 mm insertion thickness for this type of engine.

Studying the influence of the catalytic effect of transition metals and their oxides on the process of steam gasification of stone coal

Studying the process of steam gasification of stone coal continues. The study of the process occurs in the conditions of aerosol nanocatalysis technology (AnC). The aerosol nanocatalysis technology is a fundamentally new, simple and competitive catalysis technology without the use of a carrier. This is a technology for the implementation of heterogeneous catalytic processes, based on mechanochemical effects. Mechanochemical effects result from mechanical effects on the catalytically active component. The rotation reactor of aerosol nanocatalysis is a multipurpose purpose. The scheme of the laboratory installation with the rotating reactor has been modified to study the process of coal gasification. The main feature of this process is the formation and activation of catalyst nanoparticles. Which is realized by means of rotation of the reactor. Mechanochemical activation increases the reactivity of the catalyst particles, which leads to an increase in the rate of chemical reactions. The efficiency of gasification processes can be significantly improved by using suitable catalysts that allow to lower the temperature while maintaining the high speed of the process and to regulate the composition of the products. The effect of catalysts on the composition of the synthesis gas in the conditions of the aerosol nanocatalysis technology was investigated. For this purpose, were taken the catalysts, which are most widely used in the process of steam gasification of coal. The influence of each of the catalysts used in the study on the change in the content of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, ethylene, ethane in the resulting synthesis gas is determined. Justification of the choice of catalyst to obtain a synthesis gas of one or another composition was given. The opportunity the obtaining of synthesis gas, the composition of which is favorable for the production of methanol, was considered. When processing the research data, the relative error, confidence probability and accuracy of approximation were calculated. Values of the obtained accuracy indicators show a satisfactory level of compliance of measurements with true values.

Technological process of application of mineral fertilizers by self-loading machine

The article presents a study of centrifugal distributors, advantages and disadvantages of their use are identified. Based on this, in order to improve technological means for the surface application of mineral fertilizers, it was proposed to develop a self-loading distributor for solid mineral fertilizers from soft containers, which in an aggregate with energy means would perform the functions of transporting mineral fertilizers to the field, loading them into the distributor bunker and their distribution over the surface of the field. It proves that the topic is relevant and is of great economic importance. This article offers a description of the device, the principle of operation and its technical characteristics. It also presents the sequential operations of the technological process: loading, transportation of fertilizers to the field and the very introduction of mineral fertilizers. The objective is to improve the operational and technological characteristics of the self-loading fertilizer distributor, which is provided by the knives’ installation scheme, their shape, which allows to obtain a consistently large opening for the release of fertilizers and is equipped with a dressing grid. The proposed design and technological solution allows the distributor to be self-loaded with solid mineral fertilizers packed in soft disposable containers weighing up to 1 ton, using a lift installed at the rear of the tractor frame, cutting the bottom of this container and uniform feeding of fertilizers to the spreading disc. In this case, the upper part of the cover of the soft container acts as a part of the distributor bunker, increasing its useful volume.

Methods of theoretical researches the non-linear electrophysical properties of solid dielectrics with compound crystalline structure

Methods quasiclassical kinetic theory investigate the phenomena of nonlinear ion-relaxation polarization in solid dielectrics with a compound structure of the crystal lattice. As a particular case, the mechanism of nonlinear proton-relaxation polarization in hydrogen-bonded crystals (HBC), classified according the electrophysical properties as proton semiconductors and dielectrics (PSD) is theoretically studied. Generalized kinetic equation and spectra of complex permittivity (CP), which allow to describe the nonlinear properties of dielectric losses in HBC in range of ultra-low temperatures (1- 10 K) and low fields (100 kV/m - 1000 kV/m), and in range of ultra-high temperatures (550-1500 K) and strong fields (10 MV/m - 1000 MV/m). The scientific and practical significance of received results consists in development of the theoretical basis of algorithm for computer prediction of materials properties and parameters that are functional elements of technological schemes of industrial installations and systems.

INSTALLATION FEATURES OF SPATIAL LATTICE METAL COVERING OF A PRODUCTION BUILDING IN LIMITED SPACE CONDITIONS

A version of the project for the installation of the spatial structure of the coating of an industrial building was developed. The technological feature of the project was the presence of cramped working conditions. The feasibility study of the methods of assembly and installation of the coating, taking into account the peculiarities of the construction of the coating, the features of the construction site and the needs for lifting machines, showed the eff ectiveness of the installation of the coating with enlarged blocks assembled on the ground. Mounting the unit using a traverse allowed to reduce the estimated height of the hook and select a crane that does not diff er in the high cost of rent. It became possible to apply the adopted installation scheme provided that an individual design of the beam was developed. The calculation and design of the traverse itself was performed, as well as the calculation of the enlarged unit for the installation situation.

INCREASING OF PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY OF LANDS AT THE EXPENSE OF IMPROVEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY AND EQUIPMENT FOR DISSOLUTION OF MINERAL SUBSTANCES IN BIOLOGICAL FERTILIZERS

Solving the problem of the dissolution of mineral substances (in particular, lime) in biological fertilizers (bioreactor waste after production of biogas and biodiesel) and the use of these fertilizers in agriculture can increase the productivity of the main crops (wheat, rye, corn, oats, potato) in 2–3 times and therefore is an urgent task. The complete dissolution of lime in biological waste in a ratio of 1 to 3 in a closed container without the use of mixing or other means of intensification of the process, requires a significant expenses of time (about 3 weeks or 500 hours), does not satisfy agricultural enterprises. Under of using of heating of a mixture of lime with waste for intensification the dissolution, a lot of useful microorganisms die in it, which reduces the value of biological fertilizers based on it. Known equipment for mechanical dissolution: screw and drum mixers, vibration mixers, centrifuges - work with relatively small amounts of waste (up to 1 ton) and therefore do not provide the necessary productivity of the working process, while increasing the mass of the portion leads to a noticeable decrease in the dissolution efficiency. In the work, a scheme of a special installation for dissolving mineral substances in biological fertilizers is developed, which will provide a combined static and dynamic load of a portion of fertilizers with its additional heating, which will increase productivity and reduce the energy intensity of the work process. The equations of motion of the executive element and the dependencies to determine the main operating parameters of the installation are obtained. On the basis of their a mathematical model and design calculation method can be developed.

Ultrafiltration concentration of whey in a pilot plant

Experimental data on the retention coefficient and the output specific flow are obtained. The test solutions were goat and cow's milk whey after obtaining cheese. The description, general view and technological scheme of a pilot installation of a tubular type are given. The studies were carried out on semipermeable tubular type ultrafiltration membranes manufactured by AO "ZAVKOM". Based on the studies, graphical dependences of the retention coefficient on the specific output stream were constructed and analyzed. During the analysis, it was noted that with an increase in the output specific flow of the solvent, the retention coefficient decreases. The reason for this is the boundary layers of fat and protein formed in the near-membrane layers, which prevents the passage of protein molecules through the pores of the membrane. Also during the experiment, it was noted that goat milk serum has a more oily structure and requires prior separation. For the theoretical calculation of the retention coefficient and specific output stream, mathematical expressions are developed and numerical values of the values of empirical coefficients are obtained. The developed mathematical expressions describe the experimental data with good confidence. The obtained experimental and calculated data can be used with great reliability in the calculations of mass-transported flows of substances through semipermeable membranes, as well as in engineering methods for calculating and predicting the effectiveness of the use of membrane processes for the concentration of whey.

Neutron lifetime measurement with the big gravitational trap for ultracold neutrons. Current state and future prospects.

A new measurement of the neutron lifetime, carried out with the aid of a large gravitational spectrometer made in Petersburg Institute of Nuclear Physics (PNPI) is presented: τn = 881.5 ± 0.7 ± 0.6 s. In our experiment the measurement of neutron lifetime is carried out using the method of storing ultracold neutrons in a material trap with gravitational barrier. Further improvement of the obtained result can be achieved at the helium temperatures. Here we present our neutron lifetime result, modified installation scheme and the first results of cryogenic tests are discussed.

IoT 표준 플랫폼 연동을 위한 자가용 전기설비 식별체계와 식별자 관리기술 연구

This paper presents the identification scheme and management method for high voltage electric installation on the customer side with the IoT platform. We introduced the combination of customer number, sensing name, sensing object name and the name of location categorization as the identification scheme. This paper also includes the procedure of adding, updating and deleting identifiers to deploy the identification scheme, and example tables of identifiers. We defined both the identifier of sensors and electric equipment respectively. We can increase the readability of the identifier associating functionality and location through the proposed identification scheme. Our goal is to know where the sensor device is installed, what it detects. We have also improved to handle DB table named as the same identifier assigned by the identification server.

A novel impact-assessment framework for distributed PV installations in low-voltage secondary networks

This paper proposes an impact-assessment framework to appropriately assess the impacts of two different types of distributed solar photovoltaic (DPV) installation on a realistic distribution network. To examine the spontaneous customer-based installations, a detailed Monte Carlo-based technique is introduced. For the controlled utility-based installation, a multi-objective optimization problem for the sizing and location of DPV installation is formulated aiming to improve energy loss, voltage deviation, and voltage fluctuation, avoiding reverse power flow and voltage violation. Solar insolation study is performed using light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data to estimate the potential of the network for DPV installation. In addition, a synthetic load profile modeling is developed to create yearly electricity load profiles for all the buildings in the given distribution network. The proposed framework is applied to a local distribution network with synthetic load profiles, Geographic Information System (GIS), and realistic solar insolation. It is found that for customer-based installation, voltage violation occurs beyond 30% of DPV penetration level, demonstrating the necessity of utility-based installation scheme for higher penetration ratios. Beyond a specific threshold, the probability of reverse power flow significantly increases in customer-based installation. Therefore, to achieve higher penetration ratios without reverse power flow and other negative impacts, utility-aided installation is necessary.

Attempting to Model a Fresh Three Dimensional Coverage Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks

The coverage framework and the installation policies are straightforwardly linked to the feasible distribution of the restricted resources for the wireless sensor network like node energy, transmission bandwidth and energy for estimation along with the quality enhancement which is immensely resolved for the wireless sensor networks. A three-dimensional coverage model and installation scheme are designed which initially performs an assessment of the usual polyhedron frameworks in the three-dimensional prospects, a coverage model based on cuboids is proposed. The association among the coverage and sensor nodes is assumed along with the minimal number of sensor nodes to preserve the network regions comprehensive coverage is estimated. Lastly, the sensor nodes are installed based on the coverage model after the observation region which is subclassified into restricted three-dimensional grids. The results of analysis reveal that the evaluation against the conventional arbitrary schemes, the sensor number of sensor nodes are minimized efficiently based on the precise ratio of coverage employing the coverage framework and deterministic installation methods.

Experimental Installation used for Preparation of Breathing Mixtures Needed for Professional Diving

Starting from the mathematical modelling of the gas dynamics processes and, of course, from the needs of the Diving Center, several schemes of experimental installations were developed. These schemes are used for the preparation of binary or ternary gas mixtures, specific: for autonomous professional diving, for the system diving, respectively for those simulated or real which are performed in the hyperbaric chambers of the Diving Center or in the diving turrets.The principle of preparing breathing gas mixtures in the experimental installation ensures that an invariable flow rate (with the pressure of the gaseous mixture from a pressurized cylinder) is injected (constant mass flow) while ensuring the permanent control of this flow. The installation delivers an invariable gas mixture flow regardless of the gas pressure value inside the storage cylinder.Depending on the number of components from which the binary or ternary breathable mixture is to be prepared, the design of the plant has been structured in two parts or in the case of a more complex ternary structure of the gaseous mixture, the plant has three distribution-injection lines active. Each of these lines independently carries the three pure component gases used to continuously produce the required respiratory mixture.Finally, the tests of the gas-dynamical processes related to the plant were presented very succinctly, following a comprehensive testing and evaluation plan in the summer of last year.

Application of the Glass-Metal Composite Made by Spin Casting Method for Pressure Hulls of Deep-Sea Submersibles

In this work the manufacturing techniques of layered constructional material metal-glass-metal by method of centrifugal casting are considered. The scheme of installation for production of cylindrical shells from a glass-metal composite is provided, the research of the main technological modes providing reliable connection of aluminium coverings with the glass which is in a plastic state is conducted optimum values of temperature parameters are defined. Methods of electronic microscopy have investigated the diffusive layer which is formed on border glass-aluminium.

Assessment of the vehicle vibration loading with taking into account the dynamic stiffness of the leaf spring

New multilink models of leaf spring suspensions take into account a number of important features. First, we are talking about the features of the kinematics of suspension elements in the design scheme of the vehicle. Their account is provided by application of the differential equations of large displacements of bodies and also modeling of a leaf spring in the form of the links, connected by joints. Secondly, the nonlinearity of the hysteresis dynamic characteristics of the suspension is taken into account, with the help of which the dynamic stiffness of the leaf spring is considered. The dynamic stiffness is depending from the dry friction between spring leafs and the amplitudes of cyclic oscillations with a random external road forcing. Thirdly, the accuracy of the installation scheme of the leaf spring in the vehicle suspension is considered. It takes into account the peculiarities of fixing the leaf spring and their impact on the change in stiffness.

STUDY OF DEFORMATION AND STRESS STATE OF OVERHEAD PIPELINES ON THE PERMAFROST SOILS

Background The development of the fuel and energy complex of Russia causes the necessity of construction of overhead pipelines in the areas of permafrost prevalence in the Arctic and near-Arctic latitudes. This implies implementation of detailed analysis of the factors that ensure the operational reliability of pipeline systems and environmental safety of the environment, which are not sufficiently explored today. The main factors for ensuring the reliability of pipeline systems are optimal design solutions, reasonable calculation methods and rational installation schemes. This work is devoted to the first two factors. Aims and Objectives Scientific substantiation of the program calculation method of overhead pipelines and determination of optimal design solutions at their construction on permafrost soils. Methods At this stage, the following methods of research were used: analysis, generalization and modeling (by means of the universal software system of finite element analysis - ANSYS). Results There are received dependencies of transverse displacements and maximal stresses, arising in the overhead pipeline at self-compensation of deformations from geometrical parameters of system and constant of friction on supports.

THE METHOD OF LOCAL AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF THERMOPHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF EXTERNAL WALLS OF BUILDINGS AT THE LOCATIONS OF CONDENSATE LOSS

Today the buildings of the 60-80th of the XX century do not satisfy to modern requirements for energy saving. The low value of the resistance to heat transfer leads overcooling of the wall surface in the cold period of the year and to overheating in the warm period. In addition, over the years of operation building envelopes subjected to numerous of climatic changes that were not envisaged in the design earlier. The lowering of microclimate parameters in the room negatively affects to the comfort and health of a person. As a result, the specific heat consumption for heating increases, the resistance to heat transfer decreases, and the thermal diffusivity increases. Therefore, a new method for calculating the actual value of the resistance to heat transfer is developed. The problem of providing sanitary and hygienic and thermophysical comfort conditions in the premises of the student hostel of the Volga State University of technology is also being solved. This occurs by controlling the temperature of the internal surface of the outer walls with a heating cable. Such a design will not only keep the difference between the wall surface temperature and the internal air temperature within the limits of the norm, but will also help to solve the problem of condensate precipitation by raising the temperature of the inner surface of the wall above the dew-point temperature. The developed technique takes into account the conditions of the heat transfer regime at a particular time, and also makes a correction to the final value of the design resistance. This makes the technique applicable for processing the results of field experiments and determining the actual resistance to heat transfer. Also results of field experimental researches of external walls of buildings are resulted and the scheme of laboratory installation is shown.

EXPERIMENTAL INSTALLATION FOR DETERMINATION OF AERODYNAMIC CHARACTERIS-TICS OF WIG

The problem of increasing the speed of ships to achieve tactical advantages is one of the key issues in the development of the Naval Forces. The purpose of the article is to justify the possibility of creating a rotary unit for determining the basic aerodynamic characteristics of screenplanes, developing a method for conducting a model experiment on a rotary installation. As an object of experimental aerodynamic research in the wind tunnel T-1, a model of the WIG of the type “Орленок” and, the shielding surface which was a wooden smooth screen were chosen. As a result of processing the experimental data for the WIG model, the dependences of the lift coefficients on the angle of attack were obtained. It is shown that the determination of the aerodynamic characteristics of WIG in wind tunnels requires large power capacities, high qualifications of the researcher, and the methods of conducting a model experiment with shielding surfaces have a number of limitations. It was concluded that reducing the cost of a model experiment can be achieved using a rotative unit, while the simplicity of the implementation of a wave screen in such a setup is a significant advantage over a model experiment in a wind tunnel. The variants of the rotative installation for the study of the main aerodynamic characteristics of the WIG are feasible. In this case, the known scheme of the rotative installation is changed, since the screening surface itself plays the role of a screen to reduce the effect of a slipstream. In the subsequent work it is supposed to substantiate the main technical characteristics of the rotational installation, the development of the methodology of conducting the experiment.