Infrared Laser Radiation Research Articles

Near infrared laser irradiation on single multicellular spheroids

Light is being widely used in biomedicine due to its non-invasive nature, with application in imaging techniques and as a therapeutic agent. However, several aspects of its effect on irradiated tissues still leads to discussion in the scientific community. This particularly relates to novel biological models, as is the case of 3D multicellular spheroids, which are rising as an intermediate model between in vitro monolayer cultures and small animals. The applications of these spherical cell aggregates are diverse and include tissue reconstruction, drug testing or cancer studies, to cite some. To address the effect of light on these models, we use spheroids formed by MCF-7 (adenocarcinoma) or by U-87 MG (glioblastoma) cells. After their growth, they have been irradiated individually with focused laser radiation in the near-infrared (808 nm and 1450 nm), which provokes size changes in the spheroid. Time-lapse imaging in a brightfield microscope allows to define a reduction parameter, which informs about the extent of the size change. This parameter is correlated with cell viability studies; thus, we can set a safe range of reduction in which spheroids are not damaged by irradiation, and a threshold that should be avoided to keep cell mortality low. This correlation can be used as preliminary and visual information on the survival of cells during optical experiments with 3D spheroids.

Cascade Amplification of Pyroptosis and Apoptosis for Cancer Therapy through a Black Phosphorous-Doped Thermosensitive Hydrogel.

Cell pyroptosis has a reciprocal relationship with various cancer treatment modalities such as chemotherapy. However, the tumor microenvironment, characterized by hypoxia, substantially restricts the development and application of tumor therapies that integrate cell pyroptosis. Therefore, the cascade amplification of oxidative stress by interfering with redox homeostasis in tumors may be a promising approach. In this study, black phosphorus (BP) nanosheets and a glutathione peroxidase 4 inhibitor (RSL3) were coloaded into a thermosensitive PDLLA-PEG-PDLLA (PLEL) hydrogel (RSL3/BP@PLEL). Owing to the photothermal property of BP nanosheets, the RSL3/BP@PLEL hydrogel may trigger the release of loaded drugs in a more controllable and on-demand manner. Investigation of the antitumor effect in a mouse liver tumor model demonstrated that local injection of the hydrogel formulation in combination with near infrared laser irradiation could efficiently suppress tumor growth by interfering with the redox balance in tumors. Mechanistic study indicated that the combined treatment of photothermal therapy and glutathione depletion based on this hydrogel efficiently induced cell pyroptosis through both caspase-1/GSDMD and caspase-3/GSDME pathways, thereby triggering the repolarization of tumor-associated macrophages from M2 to M1. Overall, we developed a biocompatible and biodegradable hydrogel formulation for application in combination cancer treatment, providing a new platform for enhancing the efficacy of cancer therapy by amplifying cell pyroptosis and apoptosis.

Efficient Drug Delivery of Ti3C2Tx MXenes for Synergistic Treatment of Human Hypopharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Ti3C2Tx MXene is a versatile two-dimensional material that exhibits exceptional properties, such as an abundance of surface functional groups that facilitate modifications. Additionally, Ti3C2Tx MXene possesses remarkable photothermal effects. In this study, ultrathin Ti3C2Tx nanosheets with dimensions (∼200 nm) suitable for biological applications were prepared by ultrasonication of larger pieces of Ti3C2Tx MXene with a cell pulverizer operating at a specific power. The ultrathin nanosheets exhibited a significant photothermal conversion efficiency (47.1%) under an 808 nm infrared laser irradiation. In addition, they showed an excellent mass extinction coefficient of 15.7 L g-1 cm-1. By exploiting the intermolecular force between these ultrathin nanosheets and doxorubicin (DOX), a drug loading efficiency of 72.8% was achieved. Through layer-by-layer surface modification of a sulfhydryl-modified polymethacrylic acid (PMAsh) shell and a transferrin (Tf) layer with targeting function, a multifunctional nanomedicine platform (Ti3C2Tx-DOX-PMAsh-Tf) was constructed. Experiments executed in vitro with cells and in vivo to inhibit tumors manifested that Ti3C2Tx is biocompatible. Furthermore, the results showed that the drug release behavior of Ti3C2Tx-DOX-PMAsh-Tf is responsive to glutathione (GSH) stimulation. The synergistic treatment of photothermal therapy and the anticancer drug DOX effectively achieved the inhibition of human hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

Red blood cell membrane-coated functionalized Au nanocage as a biomimetic platform for improved MicroRNA delivery in hepatocellular carcinoma

Dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) expression is closely related to cancers and managing miRNA expression holds great promise for cancer therapy. However, their wide clinical application has been hampered by their poor stability, short half-life and non-specific biodistribution in vivo. Herein, a novel biomimetic platform designated as RHAuNCs-miRNA for improved miRNA delivery was prepared through wrapping miRNA-loaded functionalized Au nanocages (AuNCs) with red blood cell (RBC) membrane. RHAuNCs-miRNA not only successfully loaded miRNAs but also effectively protected them from enzymatic degradation. With good stability, RHAuNCs-miRNA had the characteristics of photothermal conversion and sustained release. Cellular uptake of RHAuNCs-miRNA by SMMC-7721 cells was in a time-dependent manner via clathrin- and caveolin-mediated endocytosis. The uptake of RHAuNCs-miRNAs was affected by cell types and improved by mild near infrared (NIR) laser irradiation. More importantly, RHAuNCs-miRNA exhibited a prolonged circulation time without the occurrence of accelerated blood clearance (ABC) in vivo, resulting in efficient delivery to tumor tissues. This study may demonstrate the great potential of RHAuNCs-miRNA for improved miRNAs delivery.

Laser-Activated Second Harmonic Generation in Flexible Membrane with Si Nanowires.

Nonlinear silicon photonics has a high compatibility with CMOS technology and therefore is particularly attractive for various purposes and applications. Second harmonic generation (SHG) in silicon nanowires (NWs) is widely studied for its high sensitivity to structural changes, low-cost fabrication, and efficient tunability of photonic properties. In this study, we report a fabrication and SHG study of Si nanowire/siloxane flexible membranes. The proposed highly transparent flexible membranes revealed a strong nonlinear response, which was enhanced via activation by an infrared laser beam. The vertical arrays of several nanometer-thin Si NWs effectively generate the SH signal after being exposed to femtosecond infrared laser irradiation in the spectral range of 800-1020 nm. The stable enhancement of SHG induced by laser exposure can be attributed to the functional modifications of the Si NW surface, which can be used for the development of efficient nonlinear platforms based on silicon. This study delivers a valuable contribution to the advancement of optical devices based on silicon and presents novel design and fabrication methods for infrared converters.

Invitro impact of a combination of red and infrared LEDs, infrared laser and magnetic field on biomarkers of oxidative stress and hemolysis of erythrocytes sampled from healthy individuals and diabetes patients.

Low-intensity infrared laser irradiation with output emissions of the laser and LED for in vitro irradiation of plasma and erythrocyte samples collected from healthy individuals and diabetes mellitus (DM) patients was used in the current study. The generated emission was in the range 0.85-0.89nm with pulse duration near 130ns and repetition rates of pulses 50, 150, 600, and 1500Hz, average power 0, 50, or 100mW, in the range of 1-9min for different 30 variants of irradiation. The levels of 2-thiobarbituric-acid reactive substances (TBARS), aldehydic and ketonic derivatives of oxidatively modified proteins (OMP), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), acid-induced resistance of erythrocytes, and activities of the main antioxidant enzymes were assessed in erythrocyte and plasma samples after irradiation. The low-intensity infrared laser irradiation and low-intensity light emitted by a red LED decreased the lipid peroxidation levels in the erythrocytes of both healthy individuals and DM patients. A statistically significant decrease in TBARS and OMP levels and an increase in the TAC level were observed at the irradiation energy of 34.39 and 68.79J/cm2 for samples collected from both healthy individuals and DM patients. The effects of the irradiation were accompanied by a statistically significant decrease in catalase activity of both healthy individuals and DM patients. In many variants of the laser irradiation and low-intensity light emitted by a red LED used in our study, a decrease in the percent of hemolyzed erythrocytes was observed, suggesting that laser therapy protocols should take into account fluencies, frequencies, and wavelengths of the laser before the beginning of treatment, especially in DM patients.

Nanodrug Inducing Autophagy Inhibition and Mitochondria Dysfunction for Potentiating Tumor Photo-Immunotherapy.

Anticancer immunotherapy is hampered by the poor tumor immunogenicity and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Herein, a liposome nanodrug co-encapsulating doxycycline hydrochloride (Doxy) and chlorin e6 (Ce6) to simultaneously induce autophagy inhibition and mitochondria dysfunction for potentiating tumor photo-immunotherapy is developed. Under near infrared laser irradiation, Ce6 generates cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) and elicits robust photodynamic therapy (PDT)-induced immunogenic cell death (ICD) for immunosuppressive TME remodeling. In addition, Doxy induced mitochondria dysfunction, which increases ROS generation and enhances PDT to exert more potent killing effect and more powerful ICD. Meanwhile, Doxy increases MHC-I expression on tumor cells surface by efficient autophagy inhibition, leading to more efficient antigen presentation and CTLs recognition to increase tumor immunogenicity. The nanodrugs elicit remarkable antitumor therapy by combining Ce6-mediated PDT and Doxy-induced autophagy inhibition and mitochondria dysfunction. The developed nanodrugs represent a highly efficient strategy for improving cancer immunotherapy.

Tumor-targeted redox-regulating and antiangiogenic phototherapeutics nanoassemblies for self-boosting phototherapy

Cancer cells are equipped with abundant antioxidants such as glutathione (GSH) that eliminate reactive oxygen species (ROS) to deteriorate the therapeutic efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT). Another challenge in PDT is circumventing PDT-induced hypoxic condition that provokes upregulation of pro-angiogenic factor such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). It is therefore reasonable to expect that therapeutic outcomes of PDT could be maximized by concurrent delivery of photosensitizers with GSH depleting agents and VEGF suppressors. To achieve cooperative therapeutic actions of PDT with in situ GSH depletion and VEGF suppression, we developed tumor targeted redox-regulating and antiangiogenic phototherapeutic nanoassemblies (tRAPs) composed of self-assembling disulfide-bridged borylbenzyl carbonate (ssBR), photosensitizer (IR780) and tumor targeting gelatin. As a framework of tRAPs, ssBR was rationally designed to form nanoconstructs that serve as photosensitizer carriers with intrinsic GSH depleting- and VEGF suppressing ability. tRAPs effectively depleted intracellular GSH to render cancer cells more vulnerable to ROS and also provoked immunogenic cell death (ICD) of cancer cells upon near infrared (NIR) laser irradiation. In mouse xenograft models, tRAPs preferentially accumulated in tumors and dramatically eradicated tumors with laser irradiation. The design rationale of tRAPs provides a simple and versatile strategy to develop self-boosting phototherapeutic agents with great potential in targeted cancer therapy.

Золотые нанозвезды как фотоагент при антимикробном воздействии инфракрасного (808 нм) лазерного излучения

Gold nanostars with an average core diameter of 122,2 nm and a spike length of 114,6 nm were synthesized and characterized at a concentration of 5,36×1010 pcs/ml with an absorption maximum of 840 nm. Gold nanostars were coated with thiolated polyethylene glycol, its amount was about 8×104 molecules per 1 particle and about 4,4×1015 molecules/ml in the colloid. The zeta potential of gold nanostars coated with PEG-SH was −2.3 mV. The combined effect of gold nanostars and low-intensity infrared (808 nm) laser radiation on the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus 209 P and Escherichia coli 113-13 has been studied. Incubation of suspensions of microorganisms in the presence of nanoparticles without access to light did not lead to a significant reduction in the number of bacteria. Irradiation for 30 min of bacterial suspensions containing nanoparticles caused the death of 39% of the S. aureus population and 80% of the E. coli population. During the thermometry of the studied suspensions, it was found that the temperature increase is dose-dependent. The increase in temperature of the control samples that did not contain photothermal agents did not exceed 1 °C in both cases throughout the entire time of the experiment. For suspensions of bacteria (equally S. aureus and E. coli) incubated with gold nanostars during irradiation, an increase in temperature indicators, on average, by 4 °C was revealed. The more pronounced antibacterial activity of the combination of gold nanostars and infrared (808 nm) laser radiation against E. coli can also be explained by the greater sensitivity of gram-negative microorganisms to photothermal exposure.

Dual-Oxygenation/Dual-Fenton Synergistic Photothermal/Chemodynamic/Starvation Therapy for Tumor Treatment.

Due to the complexity of tumor pathogenesis and the heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment (TME), it is difficult to obtain satisfactory efficacy with a single therapy. In this study, a hyaluronic acid (HA)-modified ruthenium nanoaggregate (RuNA) and glucose oxidase (GOD) -loaded manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanoflowers (MRG@HA) have been prepared. RuNA and MnO2 nanoflowers can generate O2 in TME, alleviating tumor tissue hypoxia. RuNA is a good photothermal agent for high-temperature ablation of solid tumors under infrared laser irradiation. GOD consumes glucose in the presence of O2 and converts it into glucuronic acid and hydrogen peroxide, reducing tumor nutrient supply while promoting Fenton-like reactions of MnO2 nanoflowers and RuNA to produce cytotoxic hydroxyl radicals. MRG@HA can also actively target tumor cells through the affinity of HA and CD44 receptor to improve the antitumor effect. In vitro and in vivo studies have confirmed the synergistic effect of MRG@HA with tumor photothermal/chemodynamic/starvation therapy, showing its great potential for clinical application in tumor therapy.

FT-IR Analysis of P. aeruginosa Bacteria Inactivation by Femtosecond IR Laser Radiation.

We report the successful inactivation of P. aeruginosa strain by femtosecond infrared (IR) laser radiation at the resonant wavelengths of 3.15 μm and 6.04 μm, chosen due to the presence of characteristic molecular vibrations in the main structural elements of the bacterial cells in these spectral ranges: vibrations of amide groups in proteins (1500-1700 cm-1), and C-H vibrations in membrane proteins and lipids (2800-3000 cm-1). The underlying bactericidal structural molecular changes were revealed by the stationary Fourier-transform IR spectroscopy, with the spectral peaks parameters being obtained by Lorentzian fitting with the hidden peaks revealed by the second derivative calculations, while no visible damage to the cell membranes was identified by scanning and transmission electron microscopy.

CYTOMORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN MCF7-DOX CELLS AND THEIR CORRELATION WITH THE ACTIVITY OF THE CELL CYCLE REGULATOR P21 AFTER COMBINED EXPOSURE TO INFRARED LASER AND DOXORUBICIN

Introduction: In recent years, studies of infrared laser irradiation effect on tumor cells in combination with various chemotherapeutic agents have been developing dynamically. Objective: To study the effect of infrared laser in combination with low doses of doxorubicin on cytomorphological characteristics of MCF-7DOX culture cells and p21 expression level. Materials and Methods: MCF-7DOX tumor cells were cultured in DMEM medium with 10% fetal calf serum (FCT) and 40 μg/ml gentamicin. Doxorubicin was added to the cells to a final concentration of 2 μg/ml and 0.5 μg/ml. Cells were irradiated with infrared laser (Fotonika-Plus, Ukraine) with a wavelength of 810 nm (irradiation time — 5 min, power density — 50 mV/cm², irradiation dose 15 J/cm²). Photomicrographs of cells were taken using a Carl Zeiss microscope, Germany. An immunocytochemical study was also conducted using monoclonal antibodies to the factor p21 (Thermo Scientific, USA). Results: The evaluation of morphological characteristics in micropreparations testifies to the antitumor effectiveness of the combined effect of infrared laser irradiation and doxorubicin. It is noteworthy that the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy in combination with photobiomodulation were observed when using different doses of doxorubicin: 2 μg/ml and 0.5 μg/ml. When studying the biological activity of cells using immunocytochemistry, it was established that the combination of doxorubicin and infrared laser irradiation led to an increase in the expression of p21, and it is important to note that a similar effect was observed at both concentrations of doxorubicin: as at 2.0 μg/ ml and 0.5 μg/ml. The simultaneous destructive effect on tumor cells and the increase in p21 expression allows us to make a preliminary cautious assumption that the proposed technique of combination of infrared laser irradiation with doxorubicin determines the effect of the p21 factor in the role of a tumor suppressor. Conclusions: The results of the study allow us to consider the use of doxorubicin in combination with infrared laser as a promising method of cytotoxic effect on tumor cells.

A Synergistic Antibacterial Platform Combining Low–Temperature Photothermal Therapy and Antibiotic Therapy

Antimicrobial resistance has brought great burden to global public health. Alternative strategies are needed to reduce the development of drug resistance. Herein, we have developed an effective synergistic antibacterial strategy combining low–temperature photothermal therapy (LT–PTT) with antibiotic therapy, improving the bactericidal efficiency to avoid antimicrobial resistance. Copper sulfide templated with bovine serum albumin (CuS–BSA) nanoparticles were selected as the photothermal agent, and co–loaded into the hydrogel (Gel) with mupirocin. The Gel could slow down the release rate of CuS–BSA and mupirocin, thereby prolonging the effective drug reaction time. More importantly, when applying near–infrared laser irradiation, the antibacterial activity of the platform could be enhanced greatly by LT–PTT effect of CuS–BSA nanoparticles. In vitro and in vivo results both confirmed that the antibacterial efficacy of the synergistic therapeutic strategy was improved greatly with complete bacterial removal. Overall, this platform has posed a potential strategy to reduce the development of drug resistance and improve patient compliance.

RGB color camera for dynamical measurements of high temperature distribution on a surface of the heated solid

In this report we describe a fast 3-color method of the measurement of temperature distributions on a surface of a heated solid using a RGB color camera with a high frame rate (100 images per second). Statistical error the RGB method is not high, and do not exceed around 5.5% which is surprising taking in to account the number of the measurements at each pixel. Comparison of the results of the temperature measurements on a tungsten plate heated by infra-red laser radiation and conducted with this technique and those obtained with the acousto-optical tunable filter technique demonstrate that error of the temperature measured by 3-color method is only two times as high as that of the tandem acousto-optic filter technique method.

Measuring the Temperature and Intensity Distributions of Infrared Laser Radiation on the Surface of a Solid Body in a High-Pressure Cell

Measuring the Temperature and Intensity Distributions of Infrared Laser Radiation on the Surface of a Solid Body in a High-Pressure Cell

Seam Properties of Overlap Welding Strategies from Copper to Aluminum Using Green Laser Radiation for Battery Tab Connections in Electric Vehicles.

Laser beam welding of metals has progressed dramatically over the last years mainly arising from joining applications in the field of electromobility. Allowing the flexible, automated manufacturing of mechanically, electrically, and thermally stressed components, the process is more frequently applied for joining highly reflective materials, for example for battery tab and busbar connections. The local, non-contact energy input favors this welding technology; however, joining of copper and aluminum sheets still poses a challenge due to the physical properties of the joining partners and intermetallic phases from dissimilar metal interaction, which reduce seam performance. The use of green laser radiation compared to infrared laser radiation offers the advantage of a significantly increased absorptivity for copper materials. A changed incoupling behavior is observed, and a lower deep penetration threshold has been already proven for 515 nm wavelength. When copper and aluminum are welded with the former as top sheet, this welding mode is essential to overcome limited aspect ratios from heat conduction welding. However, the opportunities of applying these beam sources in combination with spatial power modulation to influence the interconnection area of copper-aluminum joints have not yet been studied. The aim of this work is therefore to investigate the seam properties and process stability of different overlap welding strategies using green laser radiation for dissimilar metal welding. A microstructural analysis of the different fusion zones and mechanical strength of the joints are presented. In addition, the experimental parameter sets were analyzed regarding their application in battery module busbars by examining the electrical resistance and temperature distribution after welding. A parameter window was identified for all investigated welding strategies, with the stitched seam achieving the most stable results.

Features of lipid metabolism in patients after coronary artery bypass grafting treated with physiotherapy methods in the conditions of a health resort

Rehabilitation of patients after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is one of the most difficult tasks, since it includes a number of certain conditions that limit the use of hardware and physical methods. When conducting cardiac rehabilitation, special attention is paid to optimizing metabolic processes in cardiomyocytes, reducing the dose of drugs, and improving the psycho-emotional status and functional state of the cardiovascular and nervous systems in patients. Correction of lipid metabolism is crucial for effective rehabilitation after CABG, since in cardiovascular patients, it is characterized by pronounced instability and a tendency to dyslipidemic changes. The study included 117 patients after endovascular (EV) methods of treatment. The median age of the patients was 58.6±1.5 years (p <0.01). At the stage of additional treatment, all patients have been treated with drug and non-drug methods, as provided for by the clinical standard (a special complex of physical therapy for patients with CVD and non-drug methods in the form of drug electrophoresis and low-intensity infrared laser radiation). Clinical complaints and indicators of lipid metabolism in patients after CABG treated comprehensively with the use of physiotherapy methods and physical means against the background are analyzed. Clinical complaints and indicators of lipid metabolism in patients after CABG treated comprehensively with the use of physiotherapy methods and physical means against the background supportive drug therapy in the conditions of the rehabilitation department of the health resort were analyzed.

Light-induced ordering of nanodomains in lithium tantalate as a result of multiple scanning by IR laser irradiation

The ordering of a light-induced structure of isolated circular ferroelectric nanodomains was discovered in lithium tantalate crystals under multiple scanning by infrared laser irradiation. The effect was considered as domain arising and growth under the action of alternating in sign pyroelectric field arising during sample heating and subsequent cooling. The circular domains appeared due to 1D to 2D shape transformation after the second scan and grew during subsequent scanning by merging with arising domains accompanied by shape restoration. The ordering of the domain pattern during multiple scanning characterized by an increase in the peak of the autocorrelation function was attributed to domain interaction. This mechanism was confirmed by computer simulation using the kinetic approach based on the analogy between the growth of domains and crystals. It was demonstrated that the quasi-regular pattern of one-size circular domains could be created by scanning with shift. The discovered domain ordering effect is similar to that in magnetic materials.

Bacteria engineered with intracellular and extracellular nanomaterials for hierarchical modulation of antitumor immune responses.

Induction of immunogenic cell death (ICD) by hyperthermia can initiate adaptive immune responses, emerging as an attractive strategy for tumor immunotherapy. However, ICD can induce proinflammatory factor interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production, leading to indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO-1) activation and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, which dramatically reduces the ICD-triggered immunotherapeutic efficacy. Herein, we developed a bacteria-nanomaterial hybrid system (CuSVNP20009NB) to systematically modulate the tumor immune microenvironment and improve tumor immunotherapy. Attenuated Salmonella typhimurium (VNP20009) that can chemotactically migrate to the hypoxic area of the tumor and repolarize tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) was employed to intracellularly biosynthesize copper sulfide nanomaterials (CuS NMs) and extracellularly hitchhike NLG919-embedded and glutathione (GSH)-responsive albumin nanoparticles (NB NPs), forming CuSVNP20009NB. After intravenous injection into B16F1 tumor-bearing mice, CuSVNP20009NB could accumulate in tumor tissues and repolarize TAMs from the immunosuppressive M2 to immunostimulatory M1 phenotype and release NLG919 from extracellular NB NPs to inhibit IDO-1 activity. Under further near infrared laser irradiation, intracellular CuS NMs of CuSVNP20009NB could photothermally induce ICD including calreticulin (CRT) expression and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB-1) release, promoting intratumoral infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Finally, CuSVNP20009NB with excellent biocompatibility could systematically augment immune responses and significantly inhibit tumor growth, holding great promise for tumor therapy.

The Effect of Infrared Laser Irradiation on the Surface Morphology and Electrical Properties of Zinc Metal

This study details the irradiation of pure (99.995%) and immaculate metallic Zinc using Nd: YAG laser (1064 nm, 10 mJ, 9–14 ns). The influence and impact of multiple laser shots on the formation of microstructures and crystal structure orientations is assessed. Arrays of ablated craters are machined on the whole surface of the target to probe the electrical and topographical characteristics of laser-treated surfaces. Irradiated samples are examined by multiple characterizing techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and a four-point probe for electrical conductivity measurements. SEM and AFM analysis exhibited the formation of laser-induced ripple structures with periodicity sheerly dependent on laser shots. A comparison of surface topography of the virgin and treated samples disclosed a pronounced modification in surface texture. The XRD patterns of laser shined targets indicate no momentous structural change in the crystal structure, whereas the measurements on the electrical conductivity of the irradiated surfaces exhibit an exponential descending trend with an augmentation in laser shots.