Influence Of Blending Ratio Research Articles

Evaluation on ash fusion behavior of eucalyptus bark/lignite blends

Abstract One of the most crucial problems in using biomass fuel is the amount of solid wastes produced, which will cause serious deposition and corrosion. This work is mainly focused on an evaluation of ash fusion characteristics of eucalyptus bark, lignite and their blends by using thermal analysis technique. The ash deformation temperatures of eucalyptus bark and lignite were 1181 °C and 1320 °C. The differences between ash softening temperature and hemispherical temperature were 31 °C and 13 °C for biomass/lignite blends with biomass blending ratios of 20% and 80%. Also, the influences of blending ratio and heating rate on the co-fusion kinetics of eucalyptus bark and lignite were revealed based on two-stage scheme, which referred to pre-peak and post-peak around maximum reaction rate point in the main ash fusion region. The activation energy of ash fusion for eucalyptus bark/lignite blends in the pre-peak stage and the post-peak stage was in the range of 419–828 kJ/mol, and 322–702 kJ/mol, respectively. The biomass blending ratio should be controlled within 40% in order to reduce the possibility of sintering for eucalyptus bark/lignite blends. The ash fusion kinetic characteristics of mixture samples had no linear relation with blend ratios due to interaction between biomass and coal.

An investigation of the relationship between blend ratio, linear density and loop length on geometrical and air permeability properties of bamboo cotton-knitted fabrics

Air permeability is one of the most important aspects of clothing. This study presents the geometrical and air permeability properties of single-jersey-knitted fabric structures made from cotton, bamboo and cotton–bamboo-blended yarns. The objective was to determine the influence of blend ratio, yarn linear density and stitch length on geometrical and air permeability properties of bamboo cotton-knitted fabrics. Yarns with linear densities of 19.6, 23.6, 29.5 tex and with the same twist level were used to construct the fabrics of single-jersey structure with loose, medium and tight structures. The air permeability of the fabrics was observed to increase with an increase in bamboo fibre content. The anticipated increase in air permeability with a decrease in yarn linear density (tex) and an increase in stitch length was observed. Bamboo fibre in the fabric causes a reduction in fabric thickness and mass/unit area for all linear densities of yarn.

Influence of blend ratio on properties of novel thermoplastic vulcanizates based on copolyester/epoxidized natural rubber blends

Novel thermoplastic vulcanizates based on copolyester (COPE) and epoxidized natural rubber with 30 mol% epoxide (ENR-30) were prepared with various blend ratios and their properties were investigated. The main target was to prepare the dynamically cured COPE/ENR-30 blends with low hardness (lower than 80 Shore A) but superior in damping properties. The mixing torque of the blend mixer was captured and it was found that increasing the fraction of rubber increased the final mixing torque. Dynamic mechanical properties of the blends were also determined. It was found that with increasing rubber proportion, storage modulus and complex viscosity were increased but tan δ was decreased. In addition, morphology of the blends shows increasing size of vulcanized rubber domains dispersed in the thermoplastic matrix with increasing of rubber proportion. However, the strength properties decreased in terms of Young’s and 100 % moduli, tensile strength, elongation-at-break, and hardness. This might be attributed to the increasing size of vulcanized rubber domains. Enhanced rubber elasticity and damping properties were observed with increasing rubber content in the blends, as indicated by decreased tension set and tan δ. Furthermore, temperature scanning stress relaxation results show that with increasing rubber content the blends had their relaxation curves shifted upwards and thermal resistance increased. In addition, thermal properties characterized by DSC show the decreasing heat of crystallization (H) of COPE, or decreasing crystallinity, with increasing rubber content.

Influence of blend ratio and linear density on liquid spreading characteristics of bamboo/cotton-blended yarn knitted fabrics measured by liquid spread tester

In this study, a new liquid spread tester, designed and developed in an earlier work by the authors, has been used for the study and analysis of the transverse wicking characteristics of single jersey-knitted fabric produced from bamboo/cotton-blended yarn. The most significant liquid spreading characteristic, namely the liquid spreading rate, has been measured and analysed for two sets of the knitted fabric composed of bamboo/cotton yarn, one of linear density Ne 20s and the other of Ne 40s yarn. The yarn blend composition was varied in a similar manner for both sets of fabric. It was observed that liquid spreading rate decreased with increase in bamboo content for all the blend proportions investigated. It was also found that this property is higher in the wale-way direction than the course-way direction.

Blended Yarn Analysis: Part I—Influence of Blend Ratio and Break Draft on Mass Variation, Hairiness, and Physical Properties of 15 Tex PES/CO Blended Ring-Spun Yarn

This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of P/C blend ratio and break draft on yarn quality and physical properties. 15 tex yarn samples were spun from three blend ratios, i.e., P/C 30/70, 50/50, and 70/30 at ring frame with six break drafts (1.35, 1.38, 1.42, 1.45, 1.49, and 1.53). The results of blend ratio were analyzed through linear regression technique to predict correlation between two variables. Strong correlation observed between blend ratio and yarn quality and physical properties, as the share of polyester increased all yarn characteristics improved. Prominent improvement in yarn mass variation and hairiness was observed when polyester percentage increased from 30% to 50% whereas tenacity and elongation improved more remarkably when polyester share increased to 70% from 50%. Most of the yarn characteristics were found optimum at break draft 1.49.

Structure of <i>Antheraea pernyi/Bombyx mori</i> Silk Fibroin Scaffolds

As the tissue engineering scaffolds, the pore structure and condensed structure of silk fibroin scaffolds should be adjusted and controlled. In this study, Antheraea pernyi/Bombyx mori (A. p/B. m) silk fibroin blend scaffolds were prepared by freeze-drying. The influence of blend ratios on the pore structure and condensed structure of the scaffolds was investigated. The results showed that the average pore diameter of the blend scaffolds changed from 56 to 326 μm. Due to the difference of properties and the macromolecules aggregation status of two silk fibroin solutions, the pore diameter, content of α-helix and crystallinity of the scaffolds decreased with the increasing of the proportion of B. m silk fibroin. By adjusting the blend ratios, the pore structure and condensed structure of A. p/B. m silk fibroin blend scaffolds could be controlled.

Surface morphology, mechanical and tribological properties of blended deproteinized natural and polyisoprene rubbers

The morphology, and mechanical and tribological properties of deproteinized natural rubber with constant viscosity (DPNR) and synthetic cis-1, 4 polyisoprene vulcanizates (IR2200) using ISAF220 carbon black (CB) blends were studied in various ratios: 100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75 and 0/100. Results for different operating test conditions under applied normal load, sliding speed and sliding distance were analyzed. The experimental results showed that the addition of CB (30 phr.) has significantly affected the wear and frictional performance of both DPNR-CV and IR2200 by decreasing the abrasion weight loss by more than 80% compared with the unfilled DPNR and IR2200. Adding 30 phr CB decreases the abrasion weight loss to more than 70%. The surface topography of micro-scales abrasion was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Using SEM micrographics, the influence of blend ratios on wear mechanisms and spacing imprinted abrasion patterns was highlighted.

Preparation and Characterization of Hydrophilic Ultrafiltration Membrane with PVDF and PAA Blends

Hydrophilic Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) flat ultrafiltration membranes were prepared by wet-spinning method. The influence of blending ratio ( the mass ratio of PVDF and PAA), polymer concentration on preparation of blending modified hydrophilic PVDF ultrafiltration membranes were investigated, the technical parameters of preparation of hydrophilic PVDF membranes were determined, and hydrophilic PVDF membranes were prepared. Then, hydrophilic PVDF membranes were characterized in terms of IR spectra, contact angle, scanning electron microscopy images, pure water flux and rejection. The results showed that hydrophilic ultrafiltration membrane could be prepared with PAA and PVDF blends, the hydrophilicity improved greatly, and it was better than traditional PVDF membrane.

Effect of Blend Ratio and Draw Ratio on the Mechanical Properties of PET/PP Blended Conjugate Fibers

This study analyzes the influence of blend ratio and draw ratio on the fiber properties of blend fibers composed of poly (ethylene terephthalate), or PET, and polypropylene, or PP, (hereafter referred to as PET/PP conjugate fibers). For a comparison, PET and poly (butylene terephthalate), or PBT blends, (hereafter referred to as PET/PBT conjugate fibers) are also investigated. Various blend ratios of fibers are melt spun and drawn in a multistep drawing method. The conjugate fibers are evaluated using tenacity, Young's modulus, wide-angle X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests. The results show that multistep drawing using a lower first-step draw ratio provides a higher tenacity and Young's modulus. Furthermore, when the blend ratio is 75/25 in a PET/PP conjugate fiber and 50/50 in a PET/PBT conjugate fiber, the polymer components undergo a phase inversion phenomenon. A PP sub-micron (10−1 ∼ 100 micron) fiber of about 0.0001 ∼ 0.00017 tex in fineness, or about 0.4 ∼ 0.5 micron in diameter, can be obtained when PET/PP conjugate fiber is treated with a 25% NaOH aqueous solution by weight. However, A PBT sub-micron fiber cannot be achieved using a PET/PBT conjugate fiber.

Tearing behavior of blends of isotactic polypropylene and nitrile rubber: influence of blend ratio, morphology and compatibilizer loading

Tearing behavior of blends of isotactic polypropylene (PP) and nitrile rubber (NBR) has been investigated with special reference to the effect of blend ratio and addition of compatibilizing agents. It has been observed that the tear strength of blends depends on the rubber concentration. Attempts have been made to correlate the tear strength with the morphology of the blends. Various composite models such as parallel model, series model, Halpin-Tsai equation and Coran's model have been used to fit the experimental values. The effect of addition of phenolic modified polypropylene (Ph-PP) as a compatibilizer on the tear strength of PP/NBR blend was investigated. The observed increase in tear strength with increase of Ph-PP concentration has been explained in terms of the reduction in particle size of dispersed NBR domains.

そば粉の放射線殺菌に関する研究 （第６報） そばの食味評価及び物性に及ぼす照射線量と製麺条件の影響

ガンマ線0.2～0.4Mrad照射そば粉を用いて, そばの食味評価及び物性に及ぼす照射線量と製麺条件の影響を検討したところ, 以下の結果が得られた。(1) そば粉70%配合の麺では, ガンマ線の照射線量の増大に伴って麺の食味評価が下がり, とくに麺のテクスチャーに関する評価が大きな影響を及ぼし, 硬さや粘りが大きな比重を占めていた。また, 0.3Mrad照射そば粉でも, 味や香りにガンマ線照射処理による違和感が感じられたが, その影響は僅かであった。(2) 70%配合の麺の円板曲げ加重試験では, 照射線量の増大に伴う弾性率の低下が認められ, 0.3Mrad照射で弾性率が約15%低下した。(3) ファリノグラフ試験における最大トルクは, 照射線量の増大に伴ってほぼ直線的に減少し, 照射線量0.1Mrad増すことによって, 約3%のトルクが減少した。(4) 0.3Mrad照射そば粉では, 配合比が高くなるに従って官能評価が下がり, 弾性率の増加及びたわみの減少が認められた。(5) 0.3Mrad照射そば粉を30%配合した麺では, 加水割合により官能評価が変わり, 32%加水が最適の評価を得た。また, 物性試験では, 2%の加水量の増加に対して, 10%の弾性率の減少及び20%の最大強度の低下を示した。(6) 0.3Mrad照射そば粉を30%配合した麺は, 味や香りに照射処理による影響が感じられず, 未照射品と比較しても遜色なかった。