Indirect Speech Acts Research Articles

Особенности реакций-реплик с вопросительным словом «почему»

The article describes specificity of responsive replicas with the interrogative word “why” that are widely used in the Russian dialogic speech. The research objective includes analysing the structure, meaning, pragmatic function and intonation of “why”-replicas as responses to the modus. The study is based on the Russian National Corpus data. Scientific originality of the research lies in the fact that the author for the first time provides a comprehensive analysis of “why”-replicas functioning in the Russian dialogic speech. The findings indicate that “why”-replicas considered as responses to the interlocutor’s modus tend to transform into a conventionalized indirect speech act - objection to the interlocutor’s claim - or a negative reply to a question.

주의력 결핍 과잉행동 장애 아동의 간접 화행 이해 특성

연구목적: 화용 능력은 다양한 상황에서 문맥을 적절하게 이해하고 그에 맞게 대처하는 사회적인 능력으로 의사소통에 있어 핵심적인 역할을 하게 된다. ADHD 아동들은 화용적인 측면의 문제로 의사소통에 어려움을 보이는 것으로 알려져 있기에 이들의 간접 화행 이해 특성을 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법: 초등학교 1-2학년 ADHD 아동 13명과 일반 아동 13명을 대상으로 간접 화행 이해 과제를 실시하였다. ADHD 아동들과 일반 아동들 간 간접 화행 이해에 차이가 있는지를 알아보기 위하여 독립표본 t-검정을 실시하였으며, 더불어 아동들의 간접 화행 이해 과정에서 나타난 오류에 대해 유형 분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과: ADHD 아동들은 일반 아동들에 비해 간접 화행을 이해하는 데 유의미하게 저조함을 보였으며, 간접 화행에 대한 이해를 촉진하였을 때 그 수행이 향상되었다. 그러나 여전히 일반 아동들에 비해 오류가 많았고, 간접 화행을 문자 그대로의 의미로 해석하려는 경향을 보였다. 결론: ADHD 아동들은 두드러진 언어 결함이 없는 것으로 확인 되더라도 화용 능력이 요구되는 의사소통 상황에서 맥락을 활용하여 상대방의 의도를 파악하는 데 어려움을 겪는 것으로 보이며, 이것이 이들의 의사소통의 문제를 야기하는 원인이 될 수 있겠다.

Dempster-Shafer Theoretic Learning of Indirect Speech Act Comprehension Norms

For robots to successfully operate as members of human-robot teams, it is crucial for robots to correctly understand the intentions of their human teammates. This task is particularly difficult due to human sociocultural norms: for reasons of social courtesy (e.g., politeness), people rarely express their intentions directly, instead typically employing polite utterance forms such as Indirect Speech Acts (ISAs). It is thus critical for robots to be capable of inferring the intentions behind their teammates' utterances based on both their interaction context (including, e.g., social roles) and their knowledge of the sociocultural norms that are applicable within that context. This work builds off of previous research on understanding and generation of ISAs using Dempster-Shafer Theoretic Uncertain Logic, by showing how other recent work in Dempster-Shafer Theoretic rule learning can be used to learn appropriate uncertainty intervals for robots' representations of sociocultural politeness norms.

Basic Strategies for Indirect Reduced Apology in English

Attention is paid to the methods of implementing direct and indirect speech acts of apology. It is shown that the use of an indirect speech act of apology along with a direct speech act of apology is typical of the English language. It is noted that the tendency toward the use of stable expressions observed in the English language allows us to analyze the implementation of the indirect speech act of apology with the help of linguistic corps by requesting clichéd expressions used instead of standard speech apology formulas. The description of the methods of formation of indirect speech acts is given. The conditions necessary for the implementation of these speech acts are indicated. The authors dwell on a detailed study of such a method of forming an indirect speech act of apology as reduction, since this method is the main one for an indirect apology. An overview of the main strategies for reduced apology in the English language is given. The analysis of the implementation of these strategies, which can be used individually or combined with each other depending on the context, is performed. The novelty of the study is that for the first time a detailed description of the realizations of the reduced speech act of apology based on the material of linguistic corps is given.

INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS IN TOBA DREAM MOVIE

This study focused on indirect speech act used by the main characters in Toba Dream movie. The objectives of the study were to: (1) find out the types of indirect speech acts used in Toba Dream movie, and (2) describe how types of indirect speech acts used in Toba Dream movie. This research was conducted by using descriptive qualitative method. The data of the study were all utterances uttered by the main character in Toba Dream movie and collected by watching the movie. The result of the study showed that there were four types of indirect speech acts found in Toba Dream movie, they were: representative, directive, commisive, expressive containing indirect speech acts in Toba dream Movie. Representative (25,71%) were realized by interrogative sentences and imperative sentences. Directive (21,43%) were realized by declarative sentences and interrogative sentences. Commisive (14,28%) were realized by declarative sentences. The main characters in Toba dream movie dominated the use of indirect speech act to express statement, command and warning. It showed that they could produce the language more politely and keep the hearer’s face while getting instruction or information indirectly.Keywords: indirect speech act, movie pragmatic, Toba Dream

МОВЛЕННЄВИЙ ЖАНР НА МЕДИЧНУ ТЕМАТИКУ: СТАТУСНІ ПАРАМЕТРИ ТА РОЗРОБКА АНКЕТИ

The research in the field of speech genres has initiated discussions among scientists and led to the emergence of numerous analyses in recent years. Eminent Ukrainian and foreign scientists have dedicated their in-depth studies to the classification of speech genres, finding and underlining their basic characteristics. They have introduced their own definitions of the term speech genre and schemes that scientists can use with the aim of indentifying the hypergenre and the subgenres. Having analyzed the contributions of the above-mentioned researchers, we could not find the definition of the speech genre in medical subject area. The term that defines the speech genre in medical subject area as a separate genre has not been introduced yet. Rapid development of mass media, the creation of new web sites and the introduction of TV programmes which dwell upon medical problems, diseases and disorders giving both expert and public opinions on the issue have caused the appearance of the new hypergenre in medical subject area. The scientists could not have introduced the term earlier due to the fact that the genre did not exist until the end of the twentieth century. Nowadays, more and more subgenres are appearing. Consequently, we realize that the analysis of the hypergenre and subgenres in medical subject area is impossible without a proper definition. Not only does the lack of the definition exist, but also we lack the questionnaire which will enable us to study the speech genre in medical subject area taking into account its unique features. We must devote scrupulous attention to the existing speech genre questionnaires. Furthermore, we have to study hypertextuality that is typical of speech genres in medical subject area in English mass media. We have created the questionnaire on the basis of the already existing questionnaires with the aim of conducting a thorough research into speech genres in medical subject area and identifying the subgenres of this hypergenre. The most distinctive features that are typical of the genre include exact sphere of genre use, hypertextuality and indirect speech act.

Pragmatic Formulaic Sequences in Canonical Constructions and Indirect Speech Acts

Pragmatic Formulaic Sequences in Canonical Constructions and Indirect Speech Acts

The peculiarities of dialogic reiteration within the indirect speech act of reproach (in German and in Russian)

The peculiarities of dialogic reiteration within the indirect speech act of reproach (in German and in Russian)

Future Anterior in the Document Language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania

The paper deals with the semantics and the distribution of the future anterior in the 14th‒16th century official writing of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The paper focuses on the construction which comprises a perfective present form of the auxiliary be (bud-) and an l-participle. The paper takes into consideration data from more than 900 charters as well as from the Lithuanian Statute of 1588. The author claims that the future anterior in official Ruthenian is licensed by contexts with suspended assertion (conditional, disjunction, indirect question, propositional predicate, etc.). In most other cases, it is powered by iterative, habitual, or experiencer meanings, or by the multiplicity of the objects involved in the situation. In some contexts, the use of the future anterior is defined exclusively by syntactic rules, i. e., the use in the dependent clause. In this respect, the future anterior is similar to the French subjunctive and the Latin conjunctive at their later stages of grammaticalization. The future anterior in official Ruthenian may also acquire a particular discourse function, i. e., undergo pragmaticalization, which results in the ability of the future anterior to mark an indirect speech act of disproof or cancellation of what was evidenced by the opponent. Ruthenian turns out to be a unique language across Slavic and SAE to feature a widely used dubitative future anterior.

What is an indirect speech act?

AbstractThe notion of an indirect speech act is at the very heart of cognitive pragmatics, yet, after nearly 50 years of orthodox (Searlean) speech act theory, it remains largely unclear how this notion can be explicated in a proper way. In recent years, two debates about indirect speech acts have stood out. First, a debate about the Searlean idea that indirect speech acts constitute a simultaneous realization of a secondary and a primary act. Second, a debate about the reasons for the use of indirect speech acts, in particular about whether this reason is to be seen in strategic advantages and/or observation of politeness demands. In these debates, the original pragmatic conception of sentence types as indicators of illocutionary force seems to have been getting lost. Here, I go back to the seemingly outdated “literal force hypothesis” (seeLevinson 1983: 263–264) and point out how it is still relevant for cognitive pragmatics.

THE ANALYSIS OF SPEECH ACT IN “BARBIE AS RAPUNZEL” MOVIE

This thesis is about the analysis of speech act in Barbie as Rapunzel movie. The research questions of this thesis were (1) what are the direct and indirect speech acts used by the main character in Barbie as Rapunzel movie? And (2) What are the perlocutionary acts of the main character’s utterances in Barbie as Rapunzel movie?. The objectives of this research were (1) To decribe the direct and indirect speech acts used by the main character in Barbie as Rapunzel movie and (2) To describe the perlocutionary acts of the main character’s utterances in Barbie as Rapunzel movie. This research used a qualitative method to describe and analyze the utterance. The technique of data collection were (1) The researcher download Barbie as Rapunzel movie on youtube. (2) The researcher watched the movie of Barbie as Rapunzel repetedly. (3) Reading and checking dialogue which related with research from the movie script “Barbie as Rapunzel” movie. (4) The researcher classified the dirrect, indirect speech, and perlocutionary acts. The technique of data analysis were (1) The researcher identified the direct, indirect speech act and perlocutionary acts from Barbie as Rapunzel movie. (2) Described and analized the utterances which include direct, indirect, and perlocutionary acts. (3) Concluding the data analysis. The result of this thesis show that direct speech acts is the dominant types of speech acts. Where, there are 58 direct speech acts, 2 indirect speech acts, and 41 perlocutionary acts. Keywords: Speech Act, Movie

Al-Kalam Ghairu al-Mubasyir fi Surah al-Anbiya’

Declarative sentences, in addition to being used to convey news, are also functioned to ask questions; Interrogative sentences are not only used for asking questions but also for requests or orders. Meanwhile, the command sentence can only be used conventionally, and cannot be used unconventionally. If the three sentences are used conventionally, the speech is called a direct speech act, whereas if it is used unconventionally, it is called an indirect speech act. The use of indirect sentences has a purpose, among others, in order to maintain politeness. An order that is told by using a news sentence or question sentence will be perceived by the interlocutor as lighter, even for the interlocutor the command to himself is not felt as an order. In the Alquran there are many sentences that are used unconventionally, which shows that the Alquran is a holy book that upholds the politeness of language. One of them is surah al-Anbiya’. In the surah al-Anbiya’, several verses which are indirect speech are found. In the surah al-Anbiya’ the forms of indirect speech are as follows; Four declarative utterances with imperative meanings are in verses 39, 41, 45, and 47. Seventeen interrogative utterances have declarative meaning in verses 3, 6, 10, 21, 24, 30, 34, 36, 42, 43, 44, 50, 52, 55, 59, 66, and 67. Three meaningful interrogative speeches are found in verses 38, 80, and 108.

The prevalence of declarative and indirect yes/no Questions when children testify in criminal cases of child sexual abuse in the United States

SummaryThe present study assessed how attorneys questioned children in cases of child sexual abuse in the United States tried between 2005 and 2015. Trial testimonies (N = 134) of 5‐ to 17‐year‐olds (M = 12 years old) were coded for the linguistic form of attorneys' questions and children's subsequent responses. Three fourths of all questions were closed ended. Both declarative (statement question; e.g., “And he hit you?”; 21% of questions) and indirect yes/no questions (beginning with an indirect speech act; e.g., “Do you remember X?”; 11% of questions) were common, and produced potentially problematic responses, in comparison with forced‐choice and yes/no questions. Declarative questions elicited the highest rates of unelaborative responses whereas indirect yes/no questions elicited the highest rate of nonsubstantive responses. The findings highlight the importance for researchers to better assess children's responses to declarative questions and for prosecuting attorneys to cautiously use declarative and indirect yes/no questions when questioning children.

Locutionary act in motivating students at SMPN 2 Wungu

The aim of this research is to explain the speech act which is used to motivate students at SMPN 2 Wungu. The objective of this research is to explain the type of locutionary act which is used to motivate students. The research approach is qualitative method using observation and interview to collect the data. In this research, the researcher takes three teachers for source of data. Data and method triangulation are used to perform the data validity. Data are analyzed under interactive model. The result of this analysis are there are 26 (52%) utterances that belong to indirect speech act and 24 (48%) utterances belong to direct speech act, thus, it can be concluded that the type which is used to motivate students at SMPN 2 Wungu is indirect speech act.

Women’s Speech In A State of Anger: A Neuropragmatic Study

This research aims to describe and to translate the emotional prosody patterns through Praat program and also to describe types of speech acts used by female characters in an emotional state in the film ‘7 Hati 7 Cinta 7 Wanita’. Emotional prosody of speech is analyzed by using the Praat program, which is then classified into types of particular speech acts. The emotional prosody patterns can be seen in the melodic accent and the temporal accent. In the melodic accent, speech that uses declarative and interrogative mode makes the tone flow increased, and the speech that uses imperative mode makes the tone flow decreased. In the temporal accent, the speeches with the longest and the shortest anger emotions are the ones that use declarative mode. Next, the woman character is known to use four types of speech act when getting angry, which are; literal direct speech act, non-literal direct speech act, literal indirect speech act, non-literal indirect speech act.

The Comprehension Ability of Indirect Speech Acts in Children with Asperger Syndrome

본 연구는 학령기 아스퍼거 장애 아동의 의사소통 상황에서 화용능력을 알아보기 위하여 간접화행 이해능력을 조사하였다. 이를 위해 초등학교 1∼4학년의 아스퍼거 장애 아동 12명과 일반 아동 12명에게 간접화행 이해과제를 실시하였다. 아동은 맥락문장과 함께 제시된 간접화행 문장을 읽고 간접화행이 의미하는 바를 구어로 표현하였다. 아동의 이해가 오반응일 경우, 구체적 행위를 예측할 수 있도록 단서추가 질문을 제시하여 아동의 반응을 기록하였다. 그 결과, 아스퍼거 장애 아동은 일반 아동에 비하여 저조한 간접화행 이해수준을 보였다. 오반응에 대한 단서추가 질문이 제시된 경우, 아스퍼거 장애 아동이 일반아동에 비하여 정반응 향상 폭이 유의미하게 높았지만, 간접화행 이해 총 점수에서는 여전히 일반아동과 비교하여 유의미하게 저조했다. 이러한 결과를 통해 아스퍼거장애 아동은 간접화행 이해능력은 또래 일반아동에 비하여 유의미하게 저조하나, 추가이해 단서를 제공하면 이해능력의 유의미하게 높아짐을 확인하였다. 이를 근거로 아스퍼거 장애 아동의 간접화행 이해와 사회적 의사소통 능력 향상에 대하여 논의하였다.The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability to understand indirect speech acts of Asperger syndrome children. 12 Asperger syndrome children from grade 1 to 4 and age matched 12 general children participated in this study. All children performed an indirect speech acts comprehension task. After the child read context sentence and indirect speech acts sentence, they said the meaning of the indirect sentences. When the child was misunderstood, an the additional clue question was added to predict the concrete behavior and than the child’s reaction was recorded. As a result, children with Asperger syndrome had a lower level of understanding of indirect speech acts than children in general. In the case of the additional clue questions, the children with Asperger syndrome children showed a significantly higher level of positive response compared to the general children, but the score of the understanding of indirect speech acts tasks was still lower than that of the general children. With these results for children with Asperger syndrome is an indirect speech act comprehension is significantly weaker than the general children, but we also confirmed the significantly increased by providing a additional clue question. Based on this results, we discussed the understanding of indirect speech acts with Asperger syndrome children and the improvement of social communication ability of Asperger syndrome children.

Groundwork for the Moral Evaluation of Speech Acts

The childhood platitude, “sticks and stones may break my bones, but words will never hurt me,” has become nothing more than wishful thinking as we prepare each new generation for the slew of hurtful words they will inevitably encounter throughout their life. The truth of the matter is, words can hurt. To discuss how this is possible, a recent surge in philosophy of language literature has had the sole focus of analyzing pejorative language, particularly slurs. From semantic content theories to deflationary accounts, there have been numerous attempts to answer the questions “How can words hurt?” and “Why do some words hurt?” Unfortunately, in the current discourse, the focus has been so heavily on accounting for the features of derogatory words that the accounts skip over providing for even the most basic insult, as an indirect speech act. Using an analysis of insults, I argue that there is a layer of analysis prior to any semantic content that theories regarding speech acts should include and and I present a framework for an ethicist to do such an analysis.

Методика прагматичного аналізу українських паремій

Introduction . Proverbs as linguistic symbols, which have a special corelation between of content and form, are characterized by a specific pragmatics, which implies an expression of an intentional strategy of an influence of a generalized, collective addresser on a collective, hypothetical addressee. Purpose . The purpose of this article is to describe the methodology of the pragmatic analysis of Ukrainian proverbs. Methods . The method of pragmatic analysis of proverbs incorporates studies of psycho-, ethno-, sociolinguistics, linguistics of the text, lingu o semiotics, linguoculture etc., with a purpose of describing speech acts. The essence of pragmatic analysis is to study human communication dimension s as well as its connections with the language structures. The purpose of the pragmatic analysis in the research – describtion of the proverb features as the speech acts of the Ukrainian language. Results . Proverbs are fixed linguistic symbols reproduced by the speaker, which are characterized by a communicative purpose, given by the collective addressee – by a folk. They are purposeful speech actions, speech acts of which prompt to study the peculiarities of their pragmatics. The presence of independent illocutions forces in proverbs transforms them into speech acts, which is also the evidence of the discursive nature of the proverbial semiosis. Originality. The proposed method of pragmatic analysis of proverbs involves several stages. The first stage is the installation of illocations of the proverb. Depending on the intention, proverb statements can gain semantic status of affirmation, ascertaining, promise, warning, threat, order, requirement, advice, etc. The second stage involves a description of the locution ary implemented through the performance of three actions: combination of phonetic, phatic and rhetic acts. The performance of the sound structure of the paronymous utterance is reproducing during the phonetic act, lexico-grammatical structure of the paramyal statement is involved in the process of the phatic act, and meaning and a reference correlation – in the rhetic act. The third stage is an establishment of the perlocative effect of the proverb. First of all, it is used a depicted communication (the term I. Arnold). The perlocution of the proverbial utterance is directed by the external effects of the speech act, which are represented primarily in the response of the addressee. It is in the specific conditions of performance that the illocution of the proverb appears as a result of locution, as an argument and perlocution, which, by employing semantics, is oriented on the result of communication. The fourth stage of the pragmatic analysis is the clarification whether a direct or indirect speech act is performed by a proverb. Conclusion . The pragmatic analysis of the proverbs makes it possible to describe proverbs as speech acts that reflect the specifics of the ethnocommunication, to interpret their illocution, depending on a situation.

Interpretation of Indirect Speech Acts in Canonical Constructions

Interpretation of Indirect Speech Acts in Canonical Constructions

“I am not criticizing you”

Abstract This study examines a Chinese indirect speech act conventionally expressed with what I call the construction of earnest advice. From a constructionist perspective, I posit that the construction of earnest advice is an indirect speech act construction. Its idiosyncratic form is paired with the function of showing genuine concern and providing advice in the best interest of the hearer. Based on corpus evidence and discourse analysis, I analyze the contextually situated subtypes of this function, including passing judgments, providing suggestions, issuing complaints and mock sarcasms. The use of the contextual subtypes depends on interpersonal factors such as social distance, power difference, and group membership. This study has implications for politeness theories.