Index Cards Research Articles

LEXICAL CARD INDEX A.YU. KRYMSKYI IN THE SOURCE CORE OF THE “RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN DICTIONARY” 1924–1933 (ZVENIHOROD REGION)

The article examines the principles of the Russian-Ukrainian dictionary (RUD-33) and the selection of lexical material from authentic sources formulated by A.Yu. Krymskyi; emphasized the dynamics of the linguist’s views on lexicographic work. An important language material for the renewal of Ukrainian identity was introduced to linguistic circulation – a fragment of the Zvenigorod card index A.Yu. Krymskyi as a component of the lexic and illustrative basis of RUD-33 (Archived card index). The macro- and microstructure of the card index is determined, the content of its card is analyzed (with the prospect for the next exploration). Initial analysis of the card index of Zvenigorod region A.Yu. Krymskyi which was used for the conclusion of lexic and illustrative materials of the Commission for the preparation of the Living Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language (Archival card index), gives an idea of its microstructure (registration units, illustration, source) and macrostructure and features of its formation (type of card index, straight and inverse (“inverted”) cards, aspirations from accumulation to the interpretation of language information, the nature of the part-language belonging of the title units, the search for formal and semantic expediency, the type of title units). This material is important for the study of modern language processes in the context of updating the specific features of the Ukrainian language and its multi-level study. The next exploration will be devoted to the analysis of other aspects of the card index, such as: additional units in the title part; derived header units variants (lexical, phonetic, accentuation, morphological); characteristics (semantic, grammatical, etymological, stylistic) etc.

Формирование семантических изменений фразеологического признака, номинирующего эмоциональное состояние лица (на материале современной русской прозы)

This work argues the idea of the semantic priority of phraseological units in expressing of the distinctive qualitative, in particular, emotional, characteristics of a person. We make an attempt to describe phraseological units feature that nominate a person’s emotional state, used in the D.I. Rubina’s works. As a result of a large illustrative material analysis of the author’s card index, the units under consideration can realize the semantics of both negative and positive assessment by a person of objects, state, intelligence, facts and events of reality that cause emotions, as well as rejection of something. A sufficient quantitative representation of emotive units in the author’s card index allows us to identify the “buildup of meanings” in the content of the phraseological units. According to F. Brentano, the traditionally drawn border between the external and the inter-nal is conditional not only because there are phenomena that belong to the field of research both natural science, and psychology. It is found that “...not only the physical changes of the physical state are caused, but the mental – the mental ones, but the physical state can also result in the mental, and the mental state – the physical” (Vide: History of Philosophy: Encyclopedia. Available at: http://velikanov.ru/philosophy/brentano.asp/). Thus, the layering of phraseological nominations of characteristic semantics is presented, the nuclear and peripheral meanings of the substantial volume of the analyzed units are determined.

Blood Relations: Transfusion and the Making of Human Genetics by Jenny Bangham

Reviewed by: Blood Relations: Transfusion and the Making of Human Genetics by Jenny Bangham Boel Berner (bio) Blood Relations: Transfusion and the Making of Human Genetics By Jenny Bangham. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2020. Pp. 328. Blood Relations: Transfusion and the Making of Human Genetics By Jenny Bangham. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2020. Pp. 328. The 1952 British film Emergency Call tells the tear-jerking story of a five-year-old girl suffering life-threatening blood loss after an accident. An intense medical and police search ensues to find donors with her extremely rare blood group (there are three)—and one of them turns out to be Black. But blood has no color other than red, the film's doctor affirms: "White, Black, brown, yellow; human blood's the same the world over." And the girl survives. Jenny Bangham's book Blood Relations analyzes the postwar scientific and medical themes captured in the film. Bangham expertly traces the connections between the search for new and rare blood groups, the mapping of ostensibly race-neutral genetic differences in populations across the world, and the crucial role of bureaucratic networks with detailed information about donors and blood groups. She thus sheds new light on the twentieth-century history of genetics. Her book starts with the 1939 British war effort to secure a reliable blood supply for transfusions. This meant setting up local blood depots and systems for blood typing almost a million donors. British geneticists seized this information and created linkages between their laboratories and the blood depots. Blood circulated through society, via donors to recipients and research institutions. So did paper—protocols, registries, index cards, and labels—enabling ground-breaking analyses of blood group inheritance and human diversity. Bangham then backtracks to capture the pre-history of these efforts, from Landsteiner's discovery of strange agglutination reactions in 1900, via studies certifying that blood groups are stable across a person's lifetime and inherited in a Mendelian pattern, to blood group analysis for criminal and paternity cases in the interwar years. These scientific advances made it possible to trace the distribution of blood groups across populations, a practice with clear racist undertones in many countries. British researchers in the 1930s strove to avoid this bias and change eugenics into human genetics oriented towards finding, for example, the genetic patterns behind diseases. The institutionalized systems set up in Britain during the war provided material for extensive studies. Bangham tells the previously [End Page 908] untold story of these endeavors and their growing national and international importance after World War II. Using a wealth of archival material, she portrays the multifaceted assemblage of human and non-human elements required to study human genetics: bodies, populations, and the precious raw materials of blood cells and antisera. Scientific advance, she argues, is not merely theory and laboratory work. It also involves mundane things like mail delivery vans, administration, pipettes, and freezers. Bangham's narrative stays close to the scientific actors involved and their often impressive capacity to build networks of contacts and financial support. But she also problematizes the decisions involved in some of the research, most interestingly in the postwar British studies to map blood groups across the world in a purportedly non-racist way. It involved a vast scheme of blood collection from local populations overseas and masses of samples and protocols being sent for analysis to the London institute led by Arthur Mourant. However, as Bangham's careful analysis shows, even this endeavor had a hidden racist bias. Mourant used systems of classification based on pre-war stereotypes to sort people into population categories. He relied upon local informers' selection of which individuals to bleed and their hunches of what ethnic groups these individuals belonged to. Therefore, the value of these vast studies has been contested. By the 1960s, too, genetics had evolved. The tools and materials of human genetics were increasingly decoupled from the collection of therapeutic human blood—the very relationship on which British geneticists had built their wartime and postwar achievements. Present-day genetics, too, as Bangham notes by the end of her original and well-written study, comes with a promise of a neutral way to...

As a Student: Africa and England

As a Student: Africa and England Bill Freund Chapter 7, from Bill Freund (2021) Bill Freund: an historian’s passage to Africa. Johannesburg: Wits UP. Beginning in 1969, I had my first real encounter with Africa, itself part of a more complicated trajectory through Europe as well. This was a long and wonderful trip, lasting more than a year, which I was very sorry to bring to an end. To give a simple account, it can be divided into four parts. The first was a phase of three months which I spent researching for my PhD in the Dutch archives and living in The Hague. The second was a further archival research phase, this time in Cape Town. The third was a remarkable trip through Africa based on the way flights could be arranged and paid for in those days: to Lesotho, Kenya and Tanzania, Ethiopia, Egypt and out via Cyprus. The fourth was harder to justify. Reunited with my fieldnotes (index cards!) faithfully taken to Oxford by a South African DPhil student, Chris Saunders, aboard a Union-Castle liner, which still transported people from the Cape to Southampton, I spent the last months starting to write up my thesis as a visitor to St Antony’s College, Oxford. But those few months had the biggest long-term consequences. In Africa, I certainly had a stunning time encountering the antiquities of Egypt and Ethiopia, seeing some of the awesome scenery of East Africa (Ngorogoro Crater, Lake Naivasha, Kilimanjaro) and, following my introduction to Kiswahili in UCLA, having an enjoyable look at the East African coast where the classic coastal culture spoke to me. It was sufficiently urban and had enough charm and handicraft and cuisine to appeal to me. I should be dishonest if I did not admit that the more typical African village culture that I saw, often through the eyes of young American researchers and Peace Corps volunteers whom I visited, did not draw me in. Much of the historiography of Africa as it was then developing (under the strong influence of the University of Wisconsin) was virtually ethnographic, [End Page 98] ethnographic, explorations of the minds of the typical villagers, sufficiently localised to make generalisations beyond a point very difficult. In effect African history was colonised by the better-developed field of anthropology. While I admired the best fieldwork expositions, I could not say that I was taken with the theoretical ideas in anthropology or its general project. I wanted to make a history for Africa that was historical and that could be placed alongside the histories of the other continents, and I wanted to focus on what I felt was the big picture while being sensitive to social nuance, incisive and not superficial. South Africa in 1969 was in a phase of quietude and repression. The African National Congress (ANC), not to mention its rivals, was nowhere to be seen and the government seemed to have matters in hand. The alternative youth culture sweeping America and Europe did not exist; I remember thinking that after three months I could virtually recognise all of the half-dozen white males in the city of Cape Town who wore long hair. They were massively outnumbered by elderly chaps in khaki shorts and blazers who clearly wished to identify first and foremost with their World War II service. Most pop music that I liked, most films I had seen or intended to see, were banned. And yet South Africa, archaic as it was considered to be, seemed to be doing very well indeed economically despite a stock market blip. This was surprising. Given my proclivities, much of what I had read about the politics of the country suggested crisis and acute tension. The most important writers on South Africa in America spent much of their time on the black opposition and its antecedents and prospects, often with a clear preference for more racial nationalist types than any prospective or real Communists.1 Yet, in reality, this political arena was almost entirely invisible or closed off in 1969. I was also amazed and sometimes fascinated by the strange political contortions exhibited by moderate white liberals who clearly wanted their own class...

Archive Card Index vs. Transkribus: machine recognition of handwritten text

The subject of the research is machine recognition of handwritten materials of the Archival Card Index (ACI) — lexical and phraseological materials of the dictionary commission of the All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, in particular, card index of the “Russian-Ukrainian dictionary” 1924–1933 ed. A. Krymsky and S. Yefremov. The study of the ACI should be considered in the context of cultural and national revival in Ukraine in the 20th — early 21st centuries. The relevance and value of the ACI became a prerequisite for the transfer of its materials to the digital format. In 2018 the Institute of Ukrainian Language of the NAS of Ukraine created a computer system “Archival Card Index”, which accessibles materials primarily in the form of scanned images. The problem that needs urgent resolution is the transfer of handwriting to a typewriter format. The complexity of manual recognition, which requires considerable effort and time, encourages the study and application of Transkribus resource capabilities, which involves the use of the machine teaching. The Aim of the study is to clarify by analyzing, systematizing, classifying and describing the material features of the preparation of ACI cards for machine processing of texts. The scientific novelty of the study is that for the first time, the issue of providing the HTR engine with ACI training data (loading to the platform, segmenting images into lines and text areas, transcribing content each page). The main result is finding out the content of the preparatory stage, the tasks of which are to eliminate the flaws of automatic segmentation: non-text elements, non-substantial text elements, incorrect automatic detection of text region or line. The prospects of lexicographic toloka (crowdsourcing) in the process of card recognition are outlined, for which it is envisaged to use collective access to the collection of transcribed documents in Transkribus. To recognize the cards manually and for the future check and adjustment of automatically recognized ones, you can join the new project “All-Ukrainian Toloka: Archival Card Index” — online platform on the website “ACI”.

Бібліотеки та їх діяльність у контексті історико-краєзнавчого розвитку в регіоні

The article reveals the historical and local history activities of the libraries of the Odessa region in the second half of the 40s – 80s XX century. The analysis of this activity indicates that despite the great difficulties (the residual principle of financing culture, and the weak material and technical base of libraries), they have become real centers of local history work in the region. During this period, libraries have accumulated a significant bibliographic base on local history issues, acquired extensive experience in working with local history research. In the development of library local lore, an important role was played by bibliographers of local lore of Odessa scientific libraries. Thanks to their activities, a local history fund was collected in almost every library, catalogs and card indexes were created, which included numerous materials on various local history topics. That is why libraries performed the social functions of education and culture units and became centers of local history. However, the regional studies of the regional libraries require further in-depth study, because by that time they, acting as regional information centers, were engaged in the search, storage and provision of local history literature for public use. The development of library local lore in the region was negatively affected by those general tendencies of social life arising from the very nature of the then totalitarian regime.

ZETTELKÄSTEN НИКЛАСА ЛУМАНА В КУЛЬТУРОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯХ

The article considers the fields of application of index cards in cultural studies. The question of the heuristic potential of knowledge bases and the ways to create serendipity is touched upon. Particular attention is paid to the knowledge management technique of Niklas Luhmann (Zettelkasten).

O pochodzeniu i rozwoju semantycznym leksemu pluta jako przykładzie zbieżności polsko-wschodniosłowackich w leksyce meteorologicznej

The text discusses an example of a lexical unit which is common to the Polish language and the eastern Slovak dialect. A lexical-semantic analysis of the Polish pluta ‘wet weather’ and the East Slovak pľuta/pluta ‘idem’ is conducted in the all-Slavic context. Research utilizes dictionary materials, linguistic atlases and index cards of dictionaries. Apart from the basic meaning which denotes wet weather, the lexeme also refers to objects and phenomena associated with water, wetness, e.g. fords, puddles, small ponds, little lakes, floods. It is also the basis of certain hydronyms. The article discusses the problem of etymology. The proto-form is constituted by *pľuta, which is derived from the PIE root *pleu̯- ‘to flow, to stream, to overflow’. The word is compared with the descendants of the cognate Proto-Slavic homonym *pluta. The northern Slavic *pľuta has a much more limited range. Considering the possibility of borrowing to the Ukrainian and the Belarusian language and the ambiguous etymology o the Lower Sorbian plut/pluta, the word in question most likely constitutes a common Polish-eastern Slovak lexical-semantic innovation.

НАЗВАНИЯ ХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ ПОСТРОЕК В ГОВОРАХ АРХАНГЕЛЬСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

The author examines the names of outbuildings in the territory of Arkhangelsk region. The source for the research was the data of the card index at the Department of the Russian Language and Speech Culture in the Higher School of Social Sciences, Humanities and International Communication of NArFU named after M. V. Lomonosov. The article provides an etymological analysis of words, clarifies the semantics, compares the lexical meanings presented in different districts of Arkhangelsk region. In addition, the author conducts a word-formation analysis.

Электронно-информационные формы сохранения, доступности и популяризации архивных материалов

The article reviews the activities of the staff of the Institute of Linguistics, Literature, and History of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ILLH KarRC RAS) in setting up the folklore-ethnographic and linguistic fonds, in compiling hand-written registers, thematic, personal and geographic card indexes, and catalogues. Development of information technology has brought to life new methods of archival storage and systematization, which makes this study significant. Its sources are digital information resources, as well as the folklore-ethnographic and linguistic fonds of the ILLH KarRC RAS archives. It uses descriptive and historico-chronolohical methods. It aims to identify and characterize new forms of storage. Special attention is paid to the unique first fragmentary records of Karelian and Russian folklore samples made on flexi discs about a century ago. Various methods are employed to communicate the archival materials to the general public: books, audio albums on CD and other multimedia, thematic websites. Archive’s communication with its visitors has changed substantially; it is becoming increasingly digitalized: inventories and preparatory papers for working with sources can be accessed online. This study introduces the fonds content, as well as new forms of popularization of archival materials. It draws attention to the available resources. However, full digitalization of the fonds is a laborious process, which is going to take time, human resources, and investment.

Onomastic research in the Institute of the Ukrainian Language of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine: Origin, current state, and prospects

This article analyses the basic stages of onomastic studies development at the Institute of the Ukrainian Language of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine since the 1950s till the present within the Potebnia Institute of Linguistics. The paper focuses on Institute’s main directions and ideas, e.g., etymological research in hydronymics, anthroponimics, oikonimics, and ethno- nimics based on the traditions of comparative-historical approach. It also reveals important issues of contemporary studies as follows: 1) the etymology of proper nouns, i.e., personal, geographical and ethnic names, with respect to the systematic and historical approaches; 2) lexicographic studies on anthroponyms, hydronyms, and oikonyms; analysis of modern onimicon of Ukraine in accordance with current spelling norms of Standard Ukrainian; 3) systematization of the Ukrainian onomastic research and indexes. The achievements of the Ukrainian onomastics are reinterpreted through the lenses of numerous monographs, scientific collections, and historical and etymological dictionaries of hydronyms and oikonyms. A periodical Study of Onomastics and Etymology is viewed as a successful case of cooperation with the Ukrainian Language Insti-tute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and regional onomastic centers to share the outcome of national onomastic research outside Ukraine. The article outlines main goals that the Ukrainian academic onomastics must achieve, such as the following: 1) to develop Ukrainian onomastic science on the basis of objective data analysis, e.g., from the characteristics of a single fact to the concept formulation; 2) to expand the empirical basis of onomastic research; 3) to promote outcomes of onomastic studies among students of national Ukrainian universities. Keywords: onomastics, onomastic card index, onomastic studies, traditions of comparative-historical linguistics, onomastics group in the Department of History of the Ukrainian Language and the Institute of the Ukrainian language of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.

КРЕАТИВНЫЙ НЕЙМИНГ НИЖЕГОРОДСКИХ ЗАВЕДЕНИЙ ОБЩЕСТВЕННОГО ПИТАНИЯ: ГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ АСПЕКТ

The purpose of the research is to analyze the creative naming of Nizhny Novgorod public catering establishments (restaurants, cafes, bars, burgers, coffee shops, pizzerias) from the point of view of graphics. The source of the material for the study was the personal card index of ergonyms. During the course of study, the following research methods were applied: general scientific method, particularly generalization, interpretation and classification of material, word-formation analysis and pragmatic analysis. It was discovered that innovations created by means of graphic hybridization act as a productive way of influencing the consumer. Ergonyms-innovations are easy to remember, have expressiveness, form positive associations, identify the institution. The analysis of the material showed that the most productive patterns of graphic hybridization were monographixation (33%), polygraphixation (47%) and tographixation (18%). It is noted that for a more powerful impact on the recipient, the nominators combine different paterns in one ergonym (2%).

Коннотативная окраска как критерий омонимичности терминологических словосочетаний и фразеологизмов

The article analyzes the features of homonymous relations between phraseological units and terminological phrases, determines the specificity of these relations. The aim was to prove, on the basis of a comparative analysis of the semantic and stylistic properties of terms and phraseological units formed from them, that connotative coloring is one of the criteria of their homonymy. The material for the research was the original card index, which included 245 phraseological units homonymous with terminological phrases. In the course of the study, methods of continuous sampling, observation, scientific analysis and description, systematization, and quantitative data processing were used. Differences in their semantics are considered as the main criterion for differentiating phraseological homonyms and compound terms. Based on the linguistic units analysis, it has been established that compound terms and phraseological units formed from them have inconsistent meanings: the terms have specific meanings, devoid of connotation; in the meanings of phraseological units, connotative semes are identified: 147 phraseological units of terminological origin contain a bright connotative component in their semantic structure. The article makes an attempt to comprehend the place of connotation in the semantic structure of phraseological units and the specifics of the connotation of phraseological units. The conclusions made in the article are supported by the data from phraseological dictionaries and speech usage of the units under study.

«БОЛЬШОЙ ТОЛКОВЫЙ СЛОВАРЬ ЯКУТСКОГО ЯЗЫКА»: НОВОЕ ДОСТИЖЕНИЕ ЯКУТСКОЙ ЛЕКСИКОГРАФИИ

The present article describes the Great Explanatory Dictionary of the Yakut Language. The Dictionary is the outcome of 46 years of work done by lexicographers at the Institute for Humanities Research and Indigenous Studies of the North, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The editor of the Dictionary is Pyotr A. Sleptsov, professor, Doctor of Philological Sciences, member of the Academy of Sciences of Sakha Republic. The Dictionary includes 15 volumes of about 800 sheets, 9,500 pages in total, containing some 80 thousand words and phraseological units. The Dictionary provides a full description of Yakut vocabulary in all its centuries-old richness. The lexical units are from various sources: phraseological units, compounds, archaisms, rarely used words or folk terminology, as well as common dialect words. The authors point out that the Dictionary employs almost all literature written in Yakut: published folklore texts of various genres; translations of classic Russian and world literature; works of all Yakut writers, from classic to modern. The Dictionary is based on the academic card index which presently includes over three million cards with citations showing the lexical and phraseological stock of the Yakut language in its fullness. It would not be possible to create such a huge lexicographic work without a high level of theory of the Yakut language and the present lexicographic tradition that has been bilingual since its foundation. The article shows the relevance of the great multi-volume lexicographic work, describing some characteristics of Yakut vocabulary as reflected in the Dictionary. Also, examples of lexicographic presentation of certain groups of vocabulary are provided. These include a bulk of figurative words and their verbal derivatives, a large number of modal words, particles, and word groups, compound words and terms, phraseological units. The authors of the Dictionary paid great attention to words denoting various ethnographic notions. These words denoting realities that in many cases disappeared from modern life as well as purely Yakut phenomena needed encyclopedic, or close to that, treatment. The Dictionary is targeted at the widest audience. However, its academic reference direction is also important since it will become an essential source for comparative studies of the lexico-semantic system in three large language families: Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic languages, at the intersection of which Yakut developed.

Fortification of early medieval structures of the Berkut-Kalinsky oasis as indicator of socio-economic processes

The article discusses in detail the systems of fortification of early medieval castles and estates of the Berkut-Kalinsky oasis. When preparing this article, a unified database was formed, for which the card index of the castles of the Berkut-Kalinsky oasis was used, compiled by E.E. Nerazik in the early 60s. At one time it was not published in full and is currently stored in the archive of the Institute of Ethnography and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

У пошуках повноти діалектного словника: ілюстрація

Modern Ukrainian dialectal lexicography is presented by different dictionaries. Except the actually lexicons in their classic variant, executed on scientific principles, have a row of dictionaries or glossaries celled after new principles today. Most short dialect dictionaries used small phrases as illustrations; the latest dialectal lexicons are compiled mainly on the basis of extensive narratives, records of spontaneous dialectal speech, and not only on the basis of card indexes recorded according to special programs. The study analyzes one of the parameters of the dictionary article of the dialect lexicon of explanatory type – illustration, in particular the selection of illustrative material and its presentation in the dictionary, reproducing the functioning of the word, typical connections in context, formal changes in current speech, constant inflections, phraseology, folklore texts. The analysis of the illustrative material presented in dialect dictionaries made it possible to single out the problems faced by the compilers of such lexicons. Adherence to the basic principle of modern Ukrainian dialectology – systematization in the description of language, the active development of textography gave impetus to dialectologists-lexicographers to create new lexicons on new principles.

Сопоставительный анализ устойчивых выражений с зоонимичным компонентом «собака» в английском и казахском языках

The article focuses on to conduct a comparative analysis of English and Kazakh phraseological units nominating the image of a dog. The purpose of this study is to consider the national and cultural specifics, reflected in the stable expressions of the English and Kazakh languages with the "dog" component. The article provides a brief overview of works related to the issues of phraseology in English and Kazakh. The work was based on general scientific methods: induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis. The work with the collected card index of stable expressions was carried out by the method of continuous sampling, using the descriptive-analytical method. An important place in the work with the material was given to the methods of definitional, contextual and typological analysis. Using the comparative-comparative method, national-specific and universal features of zoonyms in English and Kazakh languages were determined. The material of the research was a card index of phraseological units of the English and Kazakh languages (more than 160 units) which were selected using the method of continuous sampling from phraseological dictionaries of the English and Kazakh languages. When analyzing the authors of the article relied on materials from phraseological dictionaries in English and Kazakh languages. In the course of the analysis, groups of phraseological units were identified and their differences and similarities in the compared languages were identified, as well as their national and cultural specificity, based on the action of universal cultural codes; the national and cultural specificity of zoonyms is determined by a number of extralinguistic factors: the location of the country, the living conditions of the people, their customs and traditions, history, religion and socio-political structure. All this secures national-specific connotation to zoonyms and determines their productivity. The results of the study showed that through the prism of axiology, an analysis of English and Kazakh stable combinations with the "dog" component, reflecting the paradigm of values (general cultural and national-cultural) and anti-values of the corresponding ethnic communities, was presented, as well as universal values representing at the intercultural level. The results of the study showed that through the prism of axiology, the analysis reflects the paradigm of values (general cultural and national-cultural) and anti-values of the corresponding ethnic communities. The research results have both theoretical and practical significance; it will be additional material for elective courses on the subject of "Lexicology" taught at the faculties of philology and foreign languages in higher educational institutions.

Būdvardžių naujadarai Albino Žukausko kūriniuose

The authors writing fiction works often do not limit themselves to conventional (fixed in dictionaries) lexicon and use neologisms. Neologisms are the derivatives which are not included in Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian, headings of Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian, Digital Supplementary Card Index of the Lithuanian Language Dictionary, and Database of Lithuanian Neologisms. The paper discusses the formation, semantics, and particularities of usage of adjective neologisms found in Albinas Žukauskas’ poetry works compiled in two volumes of collected writings. After analysis of 183 neologisms found in the works mentioned, the following conclusions have been drawn: The adjective neologisms derived by means of all four types of derivation denoting various features are used in Žukauskas’ texts. The compounds make the largest group of neologisms (46 %); 83 % of compounds are formed with a connective vowel. The compounds are formed from the words belonging to different parts of speech, but most frequently from the adjective and the noun or two adjectives. The derivatives of suffixes (30 % of all neologisms) are formed by adding 18 different suffixes: the largest group is composed of adjectives with -inis, -ė. The derivatives of prefixes make 10 % of all neologisms. The derivatives with the prefix po- denoting not full feature and be- derivatives denoting missing entity with the help of an underlying word dominate this group. Meanwhile,13 % of neologisms are of mixed formation or derivatives with the not fixed order of derivation stages. There are very little derivations with endings – they make only 1 % of all neologisms. The absolute majority of neologisms are based on the underlying words included in the dictionaries. There are derivations of atypical derivation, e.g. the author uses the underlying words of complex morphemic structure or three underlying words. The meaning of some neologisms is clear without a context; within a broader context the meaning of all adjectives becomes clear, even of those whose lexical meaning does not coincide with derivational meaning and the ones that have transferred meaning. Many derivatives are the names of colours. Some neologisms being of more complex structure essentially mean the same as the underlying words, and the formative of derivation only strengthens the meaning. A part of neologisms is formed due to analogy and is used alongside the derivative that has the same affix of derivation; other neologisms are used due to economy, repetition, specification, emphasis, or drawing the addressee’s attention. Since the texts are versed, the neologisms are also used for versification; the poet usually chooses the compounds with connecting vowels because they are by one syllable longer. All neologisms are expressed by epithets: some of them are words with the direct meaning (they denote objective features of reality), others (individual epithets) subjectively describe the entities, reveal the poet’s awareness of life and original vision. In the Corpus of Contemporary Lithuanian Language, 90 % of examples of neologisms were not found. Therefore, the majority of adjective neologisms might be created by the poet himself.

Лінгвістичний аналіз прізвищ села Божиківці Деражнянського району Хмельницької області: діахронічний аспект

In the article the surnames of the village Bozhykivtsi are analyzes. At the same time, it is indicated that today significant successes have been in general achieved in the study of anthroponymic heritage of Ukraine, in particular, the surnames of Hutsul region (B. B. Blyzniuk), Boykivshchyna (G. E. Buchko), Lubenshchyna (L. O. Kravchenko), Opillya (H. D. Panchuk), Upper Transnistria (I. D. Farion), etc. The purpose of our research is to analyze the anthroponyms of the village of Bozhykivtsi and to carry out their lexical-semantic and word-forming characteristics on three time periods (1855, 1946 – 1949 and 1986 – 1990), to show the changes in the composition on the basis of a comparative analysis of the surnames. The funds of archives were the sources of the study of surnames, as a result of which a card index was compiled. The material for the study was 649 surnames. The word-forming-structural analysis of surnames of the village of Bozhykivtsi allowed to distinguish morphological and lexical-semantic formations. Anthropo unitst of the village Bozhikivtsi that has been formed by the lexico-semantic way are motivated by: 1) onymic vocabulary: a) surname, corresponding to the personal name; b) surnames corresponding to toponyms; 2) appellate vocabulary: a) surnames related to nouns: non-derivatives and derivatives; b) surnames related to composites; c) surnames related to adjectives. The morphological way of creating anthroponyms is represented only by suffixation. Surnames are formed with the help of patronymics (-евич / -ович, -ич), polyfunctional (-енк-о, -ук / -’ук, -чук, -ик, -ськ-ий / -цьк-ий, -ак / -’ак, -чак, -к-о, -ець, -ан/-’ан, -унь, -л-о, -ій, -ок, -ач), possessive (-ов / -ев / -єв / -ів , -ин / -ін) formants. Thus, it has been established that 44% of the surnames of the first period are preserved in the third time period, so 56% of anthroponyms are new, which is primarily due to the migration of the inhabitants. It was found that at all stages, more names motivated by appeals, less – proper names. Anthroponyms with uncertaine semantics consist 2-3%. Lexical-semantic formations dominated in the first time period, and the morphological one in the second and third periods. The most productive forms wereук/-’ук/-чук, -ськ/-цьк.

Лексикографічні джерела в період Нової Польщі

In the article the surnames of the village Bozhykivtsi are analyzes. At the same time, it is indicated that today significant successes have been in general achieved in the study of anthroponymic heritage of Ukraine, in particular, the surnames of Hutsul region (B. B. Blyzniuk), Boykivshchyna (G. E. Buchko), Lubenshchyna (L. O. Kravchenko), Opillya (H. D. Panchuk), Upper Transnistria (I. D. Farion), etc. The purpose of our research is to analyze the anthroponyms of the village of Bozhykivtsi and to carry out their lexical-semantic and word-forming characteristics on three time periods (1855, 1946 – 1949 and 1986 – 1990), to show the changes in the composition on the basis of a comparative analysis of the surnames. The funds of archives were the sources of the study of surnames, as a result of which a card index was compiled. The material for the study was 649 surnames. The word-forming-structural analysis of surnames of the village of Bozhykivtsi allowed to distinguish morphological and lexical-semantic formations. Anthropo unitst of the village Bozhikivtsi that has been formed by the lexico-semantic way are motivated by: 1) onymic vocabulary: a) surname, corresponding to the personal name; b) surnames corresponding to toponyms; 2) appellate vocabulary: a) surnames related to nouns: non-derivatives and derivatives; b) surnames related to composites; c) surnames related to adjectives. The morphological way of creating anthroponyms is represented only by suffixation. Surnames are formed with the help of patronymics (-евич / -ович, -ич), polyfunctional (-енк-о, -ук / -’ук, -чук, -ик, -ськ-ий / -цьк-ий, -ак / -’ак, -чак, -к-о, -ець, -ан/-’ан, -унь, -л-о, -ій, -ок, -ач), possessive (-ов / -ев / -єв / -ів , -ин / -ін) formants. Thus, it has been established that 44% of the surnames of the first period are preserved in the third time period, so 56% of anthroponyms are new, which is primarily due to the migration of the inhabitants. It was found that at all stages, more names motivated by appeals, less – proper names. Anthroponyms with uncertaine semantics consist 2-3%. Lexical-semantic formations dominated in the first time period, and the morphological one in the second and third periods. The most productive forms wereук/-’ук/-чук, -ськ/-цьк.