Independent Translations Research Articles

Register phenomena as international news: risk, register, and translation in Japanese coverage of quotes from the 2020 US presidential debate

ABSTRACT As the boundaries between national and international news continue to blur, news translation has become an important site for examining how issues of language, culture, and risk influence how events are framed as they cross sociocultural and linguistic barriers. The current study contributes to the growing research in this area via showing how attention to sociolinguistic features like registers, indexes, and other markers of social meaning can further our understanding of the minutia – and ultimate outcome – of these translation processes. Data comes from Japanese coverage of two statements made by Joe Biden’s during the first 2020 US presidential debate which garnered international attention for their phrasing: ‘Will you shut up man?’ and ‘It’s hard to get any word in with this clown, excuse me, this person’. Comparing mainstream and independent translations, the study finds Japanese journalists translating each utterance via a diverse range of forms with links to distinct speech registers. However, mainstream and independent coverage shows broad distinctions in the forms they are willing to employ, and whether they neutralize or exaggerate the notable elements of Biden’s statements, with concerns of both risk and register impacting the way these quotes are framed for a new audience.

Translating best practice into real practice: Methods, results and lessons from a project to translate an English sexual health survey into four Asian languages.

Migrants are underrepresented in population health surveys. Offering translated survey instruments has been shown to increase migrant representation. While 'team translation' represents current best practice, there are relatively few published examples describing how it has been implemented. The purpose of this paper is to document the process, results and lessons from a project to translate an English-language sexual health and blood-borne virus survey into Khmer, Karen, Vietnamese and Traditional Chinese. The approach to translation was based on the TRAPD (Translation, Review, Adjudication, Pretesting, and Documentation) model. The English-language survey was sent to two accredited, independent translators. At least one bilingual person was chosen to review and compare the translations and preferred translations were selected through consensus. Agreed translations were pretested with small samples of individuals fluent in the survey language and further revisions made. Of the 51 survey questions, only nine resulted in identical independent translations in at least one language. Material differences between the translations related to: (1) the translation of technical terms and medical terminology (e.g. HIV); (2) variations in dialect; and (3) differences in cultural understandings of survey concepts (e.g. committed relationships). Survey translation is time-consuming and costly and, as a result, deviations from TRAPD 'best practice' occurred. It is not possible to determine whether closer adherence to TRAPD 'best practice' would have improved the quality of the resulting translations. However, our study does demonstrate that even adaptations of the TRAPD method can identify issues that may not have been apparent had non-team-based or single-round translation approaches been adopted. Given the dearth of clear empirical evidence about the most accurate and feasible method of undertaking translations, we encourage future researchers to follow our example of making translation data publicly available to enhance transparency and enable critical appraisal.

Translation validity and reliability of the Indonesian version of the 5-item International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5).

This study aimed to translate the IIEF-5 questionnaire into Indonesian and perform a validity and reliability assessment of the translated instrument. A methodological study on 106 male outpatients, recruited consecutively, was carried out in a tertiary hospital in Surabaya, East Java from January to March 2020. This study was conducted in two stages: translation and validation. Two independent sworn translators performed a forward and backward translation of the first draft. The final version was synthesized by a team of experts comprised two urologists and another sworn translator. The validity of the questionnaire is determined through a Pearson correlation analysis. Cronbach's a internal consistency measurement was used to assess its reliability. Interrater reliability between the patient and the physician was measured using the Cohen's j coefficient. Pearson's "r" value is significantly higher than the critical value table and indicates a high to a very high level of validity based on Guilford's interpretation (r ¼ 0.70-1.00). A good internal consistency is shown by the Cronbach's a coefficient value (a ¼ 0.828). An almost perfect agreement between the patient's results and the assessment made by the physicians is shown by the Cohen's j coefficient value (j ¼ 0.879, P < .001). The Indonesian IIEF-5 is a valid and reliable patient-reported outcome measure for evaluating erectile dysfunction in the literate middle-aged and older adult male population in Indonesia.

Arabic translation and cross‐cultural adaptation of the Bristol Activities of Daily Living Scale (BADLS)

AbstractIntroductionThe prevalence of dementia is expected to increase exponentially in developing countries over the next few decades.1, 2 Arabic language is widely spoken across the middle east and north Africa, where dementia diagnosis remains challenging.3 Many factors contribute to the underdiagnosis of dementia in Arabic speaking countries including the lack of validated functional assessment tools for patients with cognitive impairment.2, 4 The aim of this study is to translate, cross culturally adapt and validate the widely used Bristol Activity Of Daily Living Scale (BADLS)5 to the Arabic language.MethodsFirst the BADLS was translated to the Arabic language by two independent bilingual experts. The Arabic version was then back translated to English by two independent translators. Then reviewed by expert panel including the original author to keep original meanings, check accuracy and standardization. A pilot study was done for Cognitive Debriefing. Expert panel discussion was done to review cognitive debriefing and finalize. Criterion validity is tested against the validated Arabic version of the Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living and the Arabic version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) test.ConclusionTo our knowledge this is the first study to translate the BADLS to the Arabic language. The Arabic BADLS will enable the early and accurate diagnosis of dementia for Arabic speaking patients and caregivers.

Subjective cognitive complaints in Chinese‐ and English‐speaking older adults

AbstractBackgroundResearch increasingly suggests that subjective cognitive complaints (SCC) in cognitively healthy older adults may be a harbinger of cognitive decline and dementia. However, there is virtually no investigation on SCC across language groups (English and Chinese). This study examines SCC in Chinese American older adults who are monolingual Chinese speakers. This population has a high risk of being misdiagnosed with cognitive loss and dementia due to cultural and language barriers.MethodThe Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai evaluates diverse older adults using the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center’s Uniform Data Set. Each participant receives a research diagnosis of normal control, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia at consensus. SCC was measured by the Cognitive Function Instrument (CFI). The instrument covers changes in cognition with yes(1)/no(0)/maybe(0.5) as available responses. Total score ranges from 0 to 14, with higher scores indicating greater SCC. The development of Chinese version of CFI was modeled after a protocol for multinational translations, which includes two independent forward translations and a back translation. Multivariate analysis of variance was conducted to examine group differences in SCC using CFI scores as dependent variables, while accounting for age, gender, and education.ResultData analysis included English‐ (n=63) and Chinese‐speaking older adults (n=30) who received a diagnosis of normal cognition, with no psychiatric symptoms/diagnosis at consensus. The two groups did not differ in age (Chinese=73.43+6.83 years; English=74.75+7.12 years) and gender (Chinese=70.0% female; English=65.1% female), but Chinese‐speaking older adults (13.83+3.12 years) had lower levels of education compared to English‐speaking older adults (16.49+2.47years). Results show that Chinese‐speaking older adults endorsed more SCC (3.52+2.68 items) than English‐speaking older adults (1.74+1.67 items) (p&lt;0.01). For 7 of the CFI items (i.e., rely more on written reminders, need help to remember appointments, trouble driving, less social, trouble following news/TV/books, difficulty with hobbies/activities, become disoriented/get lost), frequency of endorsement was higher in Chinese‐speaking older adults than English‐speaking older adults (p&lt;0.05).ConclusionOur findings highlight potential differences in SCC reported by Chinese‐speaking older adults who have immigrated to the USA. A longitudinal follow up is needed to evaluate contributing factors to such differences.

Farsi version of the CLEFT-Q: translation, cultural adaptation process and reliability

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was the translation and cultural adaptation of the CLEFT-Q to Farsi and evaluating the reliability of it.MethodsThe English version of the CLEFT-Q was translated to Farsi following the guidelines set forth by the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR). To calculate the reliability, 50 participants filled out the Farsi version of the questionnaire twice at 2-week intervals.ResultsThe difficulties during the translation and cultural adaptation process were as follows: 7.56% of items from the independent forward translations, 62.18% of items from the comparison between two forward translations, and 21% of items from the comparison between post-back translation and the original version. The internal consistency and stability of the Farsi version of the CLEFT-Q were 0.979 and 0.997, which both were categorized as excellent.ConclusionThe Farsi version of the CLEFT-Q is a valid and reliable tool currently available for Farsi-speaking families around the world.

The Textology of the Synaxarian Life of Menas, Hermogenes, and Eugraphus, Martyrs of Alexandria

The abridged life of Menas, Hermogenes, and Eugraphus, martyrs of Alexandria, was translated from Greek as part of the Church Slavonic Synaxarion no later than in the early 12th century. Notably, the main version of this life does not contain any data on St Eugraphus. One of the earliest copies of the Synaxarion has lost the headline of the life of martyr Gemellus, whose memory is mentioned on the same day, while the corresponding text was added to the life of the saints of Alexandria. The scribe’s error has led to the emergence of a classifying feature that allows dividing the versions of the oldest translation of the Synaxarion into two groups. The first group consists of the main version ofthe life (Sof. 1324 and most other copies of the Ordinary Synaxarion). The second group encompassesthe extended by the life of Gemellus edition (copies of the Bulgarian version of the Synaxarion andseveral copies of the abridged version). In the Serbian version of the Synaxarion the main version ofthe life was supplemented with fictitious data about martyr Eugraphus. Apart from the versions of theOrdinary Synaxarion, two independent translations of the Versed Synaxarion were made from Greek toChurch Slavonic in the 14th century. One of them relates to the Bulgarian book tradition and the otherone follows the Serbian one. Each of the two translations includes the new life of Alexandria’s martyrssupplemented with verses. Between the 1630s and 1640s, Ukrainian scribes of the Commonwealth ofthe Two Nations created yet another version of the life, where the main version was supplemented withdata of martyr Eugraphus from the Bulgarian translation of the Versed Synaxarion. Thus, the abridgedlife of the martyrs of Alexandria is known in three translations, with the oldest one of them availablein four versions.

Impact of rheumatoid arthritis on sexuality: adaptation and validation of the Qualisex questionnaire for use in Spain.

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have a significantly increased risk of sexual dysfunction. However, it is not properly included in commonly used questionnaires to assess health-related quality of life in RA. Qualisex is a questionnaire developed in France to assess the impact of RA on patients´ sexual function. Our aim was to adapt and validate this questionnaire for use with Spanish RA patients. Two independent translations and a backward translation were obtained. The final version was tested in a pilot study with 10 RA patients to detect any aspects that could hinder interpretation. The validity and reliability of the linguistically validated questionnaire were studied in a multicenter cross-sectional study, with a longitudinal component for reliability estimation. 125 RA patients were included. The response process, discrimination, internal consistency, internal structure, convergent validity (correlation with MGH-SFQ questionnaire, DAS-28, physician global assessment, patient global health assessment, RAID, HAQ, HADS and SF-12©) and reliability were analyzed. The inclusion of two extra items was proposed in the pilot study. The validity analysis detected responses for item 10 that were not coherent with responses for the rest of items. The Cronbach alpha coefficient was 0.971. The highest correlation (0.665) was obtained with MGH-SFQ (questionnaire measuring sexual functioning), followed by RAID (0.516). The intra-class correlation was 0.880 (95% CI 0.815; 0.923), higher than 0.85, which indicates excellent reliability. All parameters used to assess this questionnaire show highly acceptable values. Qualisex allows for a global score of RA patients' sexual functioning and can be self-administered.

Examining life in detention: A process of survey translation and adaptation through an ecological and collaborative approach

This paper illustrates the process we engaged in to translate and adapt a survey to examine life in a migration-related detention center in Italy from the perspective of migrants detained. The process consisted of: the forward translation of the original measure performed by four independent translators; a blind backward translation to identify misinterpretations or incorrect cross-cultural and contextual adaptations; a synthesis of all translations to obtain a semifinal version; the creation of an Expert Committee composed of scholars, practitioners, and migrants with experience of detention to assess equivalence and content validity; and, finally, pretesting with a group of 15 detainees. Through this multi-step process we obtained a measure capable of grasping the context-specific meanings, needs and experiences that characterize migrants’ life in detention. The challenges and benefits of a collaborative and ecological approach to measurement translation and adaption are discussed in the final section.

Patient-reported outcome measures in Arabic-speaking populations: a systematic review.

This research aimed, first, to identify, summarize, and synthesize the studies reporting the development, translation, and/or psychometric evaluation of PROMs in Arabic-speaking populations and, second, to evaluate the psychometric properties and the translation process of a sample 26 PROMs. In 2019, PubMed, Web of Science, and SCOPUS were searched for studies reporting the development, translation, or cross-cultural adaptation of patient-reported outcome measures in Arabic-speaking populations, and those including the assessment of one or more psychometric properties as PROMs (including validity, reliability, responsiveness, interpretability) in our target populations were included. The review protocol registration number is CRD42018088991. The search strategy outlined above yielded a total of 3179 titles in the three databases. Of these, 174 English language studies met the inclusion criteria. One hundred thirty-six PROMs were identified. The methodological quality and translation process of PROMs reported by at least two studies (26 PROM instruments, 63 studies) were examined. Internal consistency, reliability, and construct validity were the most frequently reported psychometric properties. Structural validity, cross-cultural validity, responsiveness, and measurement error were largely unreported. The process of developing at least two independent forward translations and back translation of the instrument into the source language were reported by 32 and 43 studies, respectively. There is a need for further investigation of measurement properties of Arabic PROMs measures before routine use can be recommended in clinical practice.

Methodological and ethical challenges in cross-language qualitative research: the role of interpreters

ABSTRACT Interpretation in cross-language qualitative research presents a range of methodological and ethical challenges. Among these are the interpreters’ influence on data generation and interview power dynamics. Having translators review and/or produce an independent translation of recorded interview material for comparative purposes is regarded as one of the ways researchers can control for these challenges. However, there are other reasons why translations of interpreted materials are valuable. This paper explores these issues by reporting an interview focused on investigating the experiences of a non-Icelandic family as their child made the transition to an Icelandic preschool. In this case, the interpreter influenced data generation in a semi-structured interview; a situation that was only fully revealed in follow-up translation. The findings suggest that while the follow-up translation demonstrates discrepancies and the interpreter’s tendency to modify both questions and responses during the interview, comparative analysis of the oral interpretation and translation of the interview text opens up new dimensions in the data that would otherwise have gone unnoticed by the researcher.

Psychometric appraisal of the Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale (RIPLS) Arabic-version

Interprofessional education within healthcare has been shown to have many benefits, however, it is a relatively new educational concept within the Arabic setting. Although the Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale is a commonly utilised tool to examine student attitudes, there is a lack of evidence for use of an Arabic translated version. The aim of this study was to develop and psychometrically evaluate an Arabic language version of the Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale with Saudi nurses. Two independent translators, proficient in both English and Arabic languages, completed a forward-backward translation of the original English version of the Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale. Subsequently, this Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale–Arabic version was used to collect data from undergraduate nursing students enrolled at a number of Saudi Arabian universities. Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analyses were then performed on the scale. Six hundred and fifty-two participants were recruited. Exploratory Factor Analysis of the Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale-Arabic version resulted in a 15-item, three-factor model. Subsequent analysis with Confirmatory Factor Analysis and the resultant final 13-item model demonstrated a poor fit between the hypothesized model and the data. Although our three-factor model is supported by previous studies, the proposed model did not perform well on Confirmatory Factor Analysis assessment. This suggests that there may be issues of applicability of the Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale-Arabic version within the current cohort. The present study of the Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale-Arabic version has demonstrated some psychometric inadequacies and thus it is possible that this scale may not be appropriate for use with Saudi nurses. However further research with different professional groups is suggested to fully explore its utility within the Saudi setting.

Adaptación transcultural al español y validez de contenido de 3 escalas de riesgo nutricional

IntroductionThere are various scales designed to determine the risk of malnutrition at hospital admission in children. However, most of these instruments are developed and published in English. Their cross-cultural adaptation and validation being mandatory in order to be used in our country. ObjectivesCross-culturally adapt three scales designed to determine the risk of malnutrition linked to the disease and determine the validity of their content. Material and methodsCross-cultural adaptation using the translation-back-translation method in accordance with the recommendations of the International Test Commission Guidelines for Translating and Adapting Tests. Content validity was measured by a panel of experts (under seven basic selection criteria adapted from the Fehring model) who evaluated each item of the scales by measuring 4 criteria: ambiguity, simplicity, clarity and relevance. With the extracted score, Aiken's V statistic was obtained for each item and for the complete scales. ResultsStarting from three independent translations per scale, 3 definitive versions in Spanish of the PNRS, STRONGkids and STAMP scales were obtained semantically equivalent to their original versions. The PNRS and STRONGkids scales presented an Aiken's V greater than 0.75 in all their items, while the STAMP scale presented a value less than 0.75 for the item “weight and height”. ConclusionThis study provides the transculturally adapted Spanish versions of the PNRS, STRONGkids and STAMP scales. The PNRS and STRONGkids scales present valid content to be applied in the state hospital context. STAMP requires the adaptation of its item “weight and height” to consider its use in a Spanish child population adequate.

A non-linear direct peridynamics plate theory

In this paper a direct non-local peridynamics theory for thin plates is developed. Peridynamic points are assumed to behave like rigid bodies with independent translation and finite rotation degrees of freedom. The non-local mechanical interaction between points is characterized by force and moment vectors. The balance equations including the linear momentum, the angular momentum and the energy are presented. Peridynamic deformation states of the plate are introduced including the actual bond vector (relative translation of two points within the bond) and the relative finite rotation tensor (actual relative orientation of two points in the bond). The corresponding power-conjugate bond force and bond moment states are derived. The framework to develop constitutive equations for the plate peridynamic states is addressed. Special cases of the theory including plates with zero drilling moments, membranes, soft interlayers as well as stiff plate layers with small relative rotations are considered.

Comparison between the English and Bahasa Malaysia language versions of the Visual Functioning Questionnaire (VFQ-25) for use in patients with cataracts

BackgroundWe conducted the study to compare the psychometric properties of the English version of the Questionnaire and the Bahasa Malaysia (Malay Language) version regarding the vision-related Quality of Life of patients with cataracts.MethodsThe Malay version was translated by two independent translators who were well versed in both languages. We carried out a cross-sectional study collecting data between June 2017 and March 2018 in the pre-operative Eye Clinic of Hospital Melaka with 224 respondents (mean age 66.8 years) and another 204 respondents (mean age 64.3 years) participating in the English version and Malay version of the Questionnaire respectively.Methods used to validate the standard questionnaire included the use of construct validity via factor analysis and the deployment of reliability test through assessment of internal consistency via Cronbach’s alpha.ResultsWe observed both English and Bahasa Malaysia versions to have high reliability with Cronbach’s alpha values of 0.90 and above in factors on difficulty with activities and responses to vision problems.Exploratory factor analysis performed revealed that the three-factor model fits the data well for the English version of the questionnaire - difficulty with activities (23.81 % of variance), responses to vision problem (22.22 % of variance) and general health and vision (14.68 % of variance).The Bahasa Malaysia version of the questionnaire produced three factors with two of the factors resembling the factors from the original version of the questionnaire - difficulty with activities (24.3 % of variance) and responses to vision problem (23.7 % of variance).Item response theory analysis revealed that these factors for both English and Bahasa Malaysia versions comprised of adequately fitted items.ConclusionThe present study observed that both the English and Bahasa Malaysia versions of the NEI VFQ-25 have comparable construct validity to the original American version. With high validity and reliability, the tool shall be able to provide health care providers the assessment of impact due to cataract and other ophthalmic conditions on the vision-related quality of life of ophthalmic patients.

Cross-cultural Adaptation of Self-report S4-5 Sensory and Motor Function Questionnaire (S4-5Q) in People with Spinal Cord Injury to Portuguese.

Objective The “Self-report S4-5 sensory and motor function questionnaire (S4-5Q)” is a short questionnaire that aims to assess the function of the sacral segments, S4 and S5, after a spinal cord injury (SCI), with the purpose of replacing the rectal exam test. The aim of the present study was to carry out a cross-cultural adaptation of the S4-5Q to the Brazilian Portuguese language and to investigate the test-retest reliability of this version. Method The translation and cross-cultural adaptation was performed using the methodology of translation and backtranslation. Initially, translations were done by three independent translators. Their synthesis was then submitted to an expert committee for analysis (SCI health professionals); then, the backtranslation to the original language was sent to the original author and, after all the adjustments, the final version was completed. For test-retest reliability, 24 individuals with chronic SCI were recruited (2 evaluations with an interval of 7 to 14 days between them). Statistical analysis was performed using IBM-SPSS (Version 20, SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA) with data pretabulated in Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA). Reliability was tested with Cohen Kappa, and internal consistency with Cronbach α, both adopting p < 0.05 as significant. Results In the reliability analysis, the results of all questions showed almost perfect agreement (Kappa > 0.81) and good internal consistency (Cronbach α: 0.65–0.77) between the questions and final classification. Conclusion The cross-culturally adapted S4-5Q is reliable to be applied to the Brazilian population with chronic SCI to determine their S4-5 sensory and motor function.

Translation, Cultural Adaptation, and Reproducibility of the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire for Everyone (PAR-Q+): The Brazilian Portuguese Version.

Background: The Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire for Everyone (PAR-Q+) is the international standard for pre-participation risk stratification and screening. In order to provide a practical and valid screening tool to facilitate safe engagement in physical activity and fitness assessments for the Brazilian population, this study aimed to translate, culturally adapt, and verify the reproducibility of the evidence-based PAR-Q+ to the Brazilian Portuguese language.Method: Initially, the document was translated by two independent translators, before Brazilian experts in health and physical activity evaluated the translations and produced a common initial version. Next, two English native speakers, fluent in Brazilian Portuguese and accustomed to the local culture, back-translated the questionnaire. These back translations were assessed by the organization in charge of the PAR-Q+, then a final Brazilian version was approved. A total of 493 Brazilians between 5 and 93 yr (39.9 ± 25.4 yr), 59% female, with varying levels of health and physical activity, completed the questionnaire twice, in person or online, 1–2 weeks apart. Cronbach's alpha was used to calculate the internal consistency of all items of the questionnaire, and the Kappa statistic was used to assess the individual reproducibility of each item of the document. Additionally, the intraclass correlation coefficient and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to verify the general reproducibility (reliability) of the translated version.Results: The Brazilian version had an excellent internal consistency (0.993), with an almost perfect agreement in 93.8% of the questions, and a substantial agreement in the other 6.2%. The translated version also had a good to excellent total reproducibility (0.901, 95% CI: 0.887–0.914).Conclusion: The results show this translation is a valid and reliable screening tool, which may facilitate a larger number of Brazilians to start or increase physical activity participation in a safe manner.

Cross-cultural adaptation of the SWAL-QOL and the Sydney Swallow Questionnaire (SSQ) into French-Canadian and preliminary assessment for their use in an oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) population

Patient-reported outcomes (PRO) assessing dysphagia are an essential component of clinical trials to consider how patients feel and function in response to treatments. The selected PRO needs to be translated in several languages using a systematic process ensuring its validity and equivalence for use in multicenter clinical trials. The main objectives were to translate the SWAL-QOL and the Sydney Swallow Questionnaire (SSQ) into French Canadian (SWAL-QOL-FC and SSQ-FC) and to assess their appropriateness for patients with oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD).A forward- and back-translation process was followed including independent mother-tongue translators followed by committee review. Known-groups validity was assessed by comparing scores of OPMD French-Canadian participants (n = 21) known to differ in dysphagia severity according to the 80-ml drinking test score. A Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the mean scores. Cognitive interviews were conducted later on to ensure a posteriori cultural equivalence among French-Canadian participants (n = 28).Evidences of adequate known-groups validity was shown for the SSQ-FC. Only two domains out of 10 of the SWAL-QOL-FC (burden and eating duration) showed adequate known-groups validity. In addition, the difference in the mean composite score was not significant. Several conceptual equivalence issues were found in both questionnaires as a result of the cognitive interviews.This study provided evidence that the SSQ-FC presents better validity than the SWAL-QOL-FC in a small sample size of OPMD participants. The findings of the cognitive interviews suggest the need to develop an OPMD-specific questionnaire to capture better the whole spectrum of disease severity.

Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the “Quality of Life in Epilepsy (QOLIE-31-P)” Questionnaire for Chile

PurposeTo report the translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Quality of Life in Epilepsy (QOLIE-31-P) Questionnaire in patients with epilepsy (PWE) in Chile. MethodsTranslation from the original and posterior back-translation was performed by independent translators, two in each step. The final consensual translation was modified for the Chilean context and assessed by cognitive interviews with 12 PWE from Chile's public healthcare system, selected by quotas. ResultsMain changes made to the original questionnaire were the addition, in some items, of an alternative, indicating the nonexistence of limitations produced by epilepsy, examples to clarify some questions, and some minor wording modifications. There was no addition or deletion of items. ConclusionA culturally adapted version of the QOLIE-31-P questionnaire was obtained in conditions to be assessed psychometrically in a sample of PWE in Chile.

The Institute for Medical Technology Assessment Productivity Cost Questionnaire (iPCQ) and the Medical Consumption Questionnaire (iMCQ): Translation and Cognitive Debriefing of the Arabic Version.

The aim of this study was to translate the Institute for Medical Technology Assessment Productivity Cost Questionnaire (iPCQ) and the Medical Consumption Questionnaire (iMCQ) from English into Arabic and perform cognitive debriefing in a Saudi Arabian setting. We conducted the translation according to guidelines, including two independent forward translations and a backward translation. Cognitive debriefing was carried out in two stages. First, the pre-final translated versions of the two questionnaires were tested on a group of respondents (n = 5) using face-to-face or telephone interviews. The participants completed a copy of the questionnaires, identified items or questions that were confusing or misunderstood, and then answered a series of open-ended questions about their understanding of each instruction, question and response option. Second, another group of participants (n = 17) completed the questionnaire and circled any word that was confusing or difficult to understand and provided comments on the questionnaires. The Arabic translation and linguistic validation were realized without any major difficulties. The few changes made after cognitive debriefing generally related to changing one word to a more appropriate Arabic word. The final Arabic translation needs to be validated for psychometric properties such as validity and reliability before being recommended for use in future research.