Independent Translations Research Articles

Межъязыковая трансформация в турецком языке в текстах культуры (о новом переводе «Евгения Онегина» А.С. Пушкина)

The article presents the results of the work of the School for a Young Translator, carried out on the initiative of the Institute of the Russian Language of the P. Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University together with the representative office of Rossotrudnichestvo in Ankara and the Ankara University of Social Sciences. Within the framework of the school, interactive lectures were given on the general theory of translation, on translation as a process of interlingual transformation, on the types of translation transformations and intertextual connections of the original text, on the linguacultural background knowledge of the translator and the theory of lacunization. During practical classes, students were offered a questionnaire for determining intercultural connotations, created on the basis of the developments of Yu.A. Sorokin, as well as poems by A.A. Feta and short poems by Can Yucel and Aziz Nesin for independent translation from Russian into Turkish and from Turkish into Russian, respectively.The main event in the work of the school was the presentation of a new translation of the novel in verse by A.S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”. The translator of the novel, philologist and writer Sabri Gürses spoke about the difficulties of translating Russian poetry into Turkish, about the importance of knowing the general cultural, historical and literary background for creating any translated literary text. One of the main tasks of the translation of “Eugene Onegin” is to preserve the language of A.S. Pushkin as a complex stylistic system, which includes not only all the styles of speech of that era, but also book-archaic phrases and Old Slavonicisms, therefore the Turkish language of his translation should include all these styles and correspond to the speech image of the characters.

Machine Learning-Based Audio Interface Model for Sign Language Recognition

Due to the fact that most offices and educational institutions now operate from home, the work-from-home and study-from-home cultures have made it difficult to interact with persons who are deaf or hard of hearing. These people communicate within their society using sign language, which is not widely understood by others. Most of the time, as a result of this, they miss out on the opportunity to express their point in front of every one since they are ignored/passed over without receiving the necessary attention. In real-time, having an independent translator that can process photos and interpret signs quickly at the speed of streaming images is critical. We'll utilize TensorFlow Object Detection and Python to bridge the gap by creating an end-to-end bespoke object detection model that not only translates sign language in real time but also speaks it to others.

Nursing students' attitudes regarding euthanasia due to unbearable mental suffering: Cross-sectional study using the adapted and validated Euthanasia Attitude Scale.

To explore final year nursing students' attitudes towards euthanasia due to unbearable mental suffering by using the adapted and validated Euthanasia Attitude Scale. Cross-sectional survey. Explorative, descriptive cross-sectional study conducted using an e-mail survey between October 2020 and March 2021 by a sample of final-year baccalaureate nursing students (n=273) from eight of the eleven Flemish university colleges. The actual questionnaire contains 21 questions and was developed based on a consensus reached following independent translations. The psychometric properties of the Euthanasia Attitude Scale were assessed, including reliability and validity. Independent-sample Mann-Whitney U-test was used to investigate relation between demographic and education-related data, and domain and total score of the UMS-EAS-NL. This study received ethical approval from the Ethical Committee of the University Hospital Brussels, Belgium. McDonald's omega was 0.838 for the total Euthanasia Attitude Scale scores, supporting the validity of the questionnaire. A statistically significant difference in 'Naturalistic beliefs' score was found relating to the year of birth. There are clinically important results between those students who have been involved in euthanasia and those who have not. Most of the final-year nursing students supported the probability of patients' access to euthanasia due to unbearable mental suffering. To monitor adequate care, it is necessary to prepare nursing students adequately for this complex matter. To date, no large-scale study has examined nursing students' attitudes towards euthanasia because of unbearable mental suffering. It is expected that nursing students may be confronted with such a euthanasia request during an internship, or later in their professional career, in countries where euthanasia is legal. Students showed a high acceptability towards UMS-euthanasia. Clinically significant differences were found for students who had ever been involved in euthanasia.

Implications of differential transcription start site selection on chronic myeloid leukemia and prostate cancer cell protein expression.

The relevance of minor transcription start sites in broad promoters is not well understood. We have studied AGAP2 expression in prostate cancer and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), showing transcription is initiated from alternative transcription start sites (TSSs) within a single TSS cluster, producing cancer-type-specific AGAP2 mRNAs with small differences in their 5' UTR length. Interestingly, in the CML cell lines where the 5' UTR is longer, AGAP2 protein levels are lower. We demonstrate that the selection of an upstream TSS involved the formation of a G quadruplex in the 5' UTR, decreasing polysome formation. After developing a bioinformatics pipeline to query data from the FANTOM project and the NCl-60 human tumor cell lines screen, we found HK1 expression can also be regulated by the same mechanism. Overall, we present compelling data supporting TSS selection within a TSS cluster play a role in protein expression and should not be ignored.

Translation and Initial Validation of the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) in Ilokano.

The Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) is a self-report screening tool of psychological symptoms used in many countries and translated in different languages. The DASS-21 was translated into Ilokano, one of the major languages in the Philippines spoken by over 9 million people all over the world. The translation process involved independent translations by multilingual clinical psychologists, reviews by two multilingual mental health professionals, and pilot testing. The translation was then validated in a study with 668 Ilokano speakers mainly from three regions of the Philippines where Ilokano was a native language or a lingua franca. A confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good fit of the three-factor model compared to a one-factor model. The three subscales showed good internal consistency were also positively correlated with other measures of depression, anxiety, and negative affect, and negatively correlated with measures of positive affect and flourishing. Using a stringent test of criterion validity, the results also show that DASS-Depression was more strongly correlated with a criterion measure of depression, compared to with measures of anxiety and negative affect, and that DASS-Anxiety was more strongly correlated with a criterion measure of anxiety compare to a measure of negative affect. The results provide good initial evidence for the validity and viability of the DASS-21 in Ilokano, which should be a useful tool in mental health programs in parts of the Philippine community, particularly in identifying individuals who may need attention of mental health professionals.

Improving the quality of translation for patients with language barriers

Abstract Background Patients with language barriers have worse health outcomes. To promote equitable care, efforts must be made to ensure effective communication with patients, including providing professional translation. In a busy, overstretched health service this can be difficult to achieve. Language translators can reduce barriers, improve safety and ensure impartiality. Description of the Problem Aims - To understand the quality of translation and explore interventions that could improve this in a busy diverse hospital in East London. Methods A quality improvement project in the Medical Admissions Unit of the Royal London Hospital was completed over two years. Patients with language barriers were identified, methods of translation were analysed and interventions to improve access to independent translation were introduced. Results Cycle 1- All medical admissions over a two-week period were analysed. 36 patients had documented evidence of a language barrier with 7 (19.4%) having independent professional translation. 20 (55.6%) patients had family members providing translation, for 4 patients limited English was used and previous documentation was used for 3 patients. Cycle 2- Posters and information leaflets were disseminated regarding how to access translation services. There was no improvement in the types of translation used. Only 1 patient had impartial professional translation, out of 43 patients identified. Cycle 3- Advocates (Bengali speaking professional translators) were made available on the ward twice a week. Results showed no significant improvement, with only 6 (10%) identified having impartial professional translation. However staff and patient feedback has been positive. Lessons Impartial professional translation is essential in reducing barriers and delivering equitable health care. This can be difficult to achieve in busy healthcare services. Education alone is not enough. Good accessibility to translation services is paramount in promoting usage. Key messages • Healthcare services often fall short of providing impartial professional translation. • Education alone is not enough. Good accessibility to translation services is paramount in promoting usage.

Transcultural adaptation of the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System (ABAS-3)

This study describes the cross-cultural adaptation to Brazilian Portuguese of the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System (ABAS-3), which assesses 11 skills areas within three major adaptive domains: the conceptual, social, and practical. The translation was performed by two independent translators, which was followed by the synthesis of the translations by two experts and then an analysis of the synthesis by 33 specialists from the areas of health and education (three per subscale) who were experts in the domains evaluated by ABAS-3. Of the 1121 items of the five ABAS-3 forms, 82 (7.31%) needed revision. There was good agreement between the specialists in respect of most items, with only minor adjustments being required. There was good evidence of content validity and the adequacy of the adaptation in respect of the conceptual, idiomatic, and semantic aspects of the items of the instrument. This initial process of cross-cultural adaptation was necessary because adaptive behavior is strongly influenced by environmental factors such as socioeconomic status and culture.

Psychometric Assessment of the Handwriting Proficiency Screening Questionnaire (HPSQ)-Thai Version for Primary School-Aged Children.

In this study, the original Handwriting Proficiency Screening Questionnaire (HPSQ) was translated into Thai and cross-culturally adapted for use among school-aged children in Thailand. Additionally, the initial psychometric properties of the new Thai version were assessed, including internal consistency, construct validity, and content validity. The original HPSQ was forward-translated by two independent translators from English to Thai and then back-translated. A final consolidation was conducted by an expert committee to develop the Thai HPSQ. In the psychometric evaluation, content validity was quantified using the item-objective congruence (IOC) value for each item. Intra-rater and inter-rater reliabilities were also assessed. Internal consistency was measured using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, and confirmatory factor analysis models were used to examine its construct validity. The Thai version of the HPSQ had excellent internal consistency (α = 0.92), good construct, and content validity (IOC value > 0.6). Intra-rater reliability was good (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.98), and inter-rater reliability ranged from fair to good (ICC = 0.46−0.77). Factor analysis revealed that a three-factor model best fitted the data. Thus, the Thai version of the HPSQ is a reliable and valid instrument for handwriting evaluation among Thai school-aged children. It can be useful for teachers and therapists to identify students with handwriting problems.

Translation and cross-cultural adaptation methodology for soundscape attributes – A study with independent translation groups from English to Greek

The use of questionnaires for soundscape evaluation is a key aspect of soundscape research. Since standards and protocols mainly exist in English, using an appropriate translation and cross-cultural adaptation (CCA) methodology is necessary to maintain content equivalence between source and target language. However, many examples can be found in the literature where no appropriate methodology was applied. This study addresses the neglected aspect of the translation and CCA process in soundscape research by selecting, applying and evaluating an appropriate methodology. After a survey of the relevant literature, an approach based on a combined technique of the forward translation, synthesis, back translation, pre-test and a committee approach was selected. Additional translation guidelines drawn from the literature are suggested and implemented. For the case study of the Greek translation of ISO/TS 12913–2:2018 attributes (Method A), the steps of the methodology were applied by four independent translation groups with different compositions according to the biculturalism and bilingualism of the group members. A method for categorization of bilinguals according to the literature is proposed. In order to compare and validate the results, translated and original attributes were used in listening tests with Greek and English participants respectively, and principal component analysis (PCA) was applied. The most important findings of this research are: the results of the bicultural translation group were closer to the PCA results of the English participants for every attribute, translation of bilingual groups may not be always sufficient, translation errors may be misinterpreted for cross-cultural differences without proper application of a translation methodology and the process of back translation can be effective, especially in cases where there are not corresponding words in the target language. Finally, PCA can be used as a validation methodology for comparison of different translations.

Waterloo Handedness Questionnaire: Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of the Arabic Version.

Handedness is one of the most studied behavioural predictors of cerebral lateralization. Assessing handedness is often essential in neuropsychology and motor behaviour research. Thus, it is important that self-reported assessment tools for determining handedness are available in multiple languages for different cultures. The purpose of the present study was to conduct a translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Waterloo Handedness Questionnaire into the Arabic language and to assess its psychometric properties. Two independent forward translations were performed by two native Arabic speakers and then synthesized into one version. The synthesized version was backtranslated into English by two independent bilingual translators. An expert committee was formed to review the translation and adaptation process. A final Arabic version of the WHQ was obtained, the WHQ-Ar. Two hundred and ninety adult Arabic speakers were recruited to participate in the study and investigate the properties of the WHQ-Ar. Results showed that the WHQ-Ar had no floor or ceiling effect. For construct validity, results of factor analysis revealed that the WHQ-Ar had two dimensions. Further, the WHQ-Ar had excellent internal consistency with Cronbach′s alpha = 0.93. For test-retest reliability, intraclass correlation coefficient score was 0.94. The Bland-Altman plot showed acceptable agreement between test and retest scores. Therefore, the WHQ-Ar is a valid, reliable tool and ready for use among the Arabic-speaking population for determining handedness.

Linguistic validation of the Spanish version of the Anal Cancer High-Grade squamous intraepithelial lesions outcomes Research Health-Related Symptom Index (A-HRSI): AMC-A04

ObjectivesThe Anal Cancer High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) Outcomes Research (ANCHOR) Health-Related Symptom Index (A-HRSI) is a 25-item measure that assesses physical symptoms and impacts, and psychological symptoms. To promote generalizability and equity in the capture of these concepts in Spanish-speaking participants, we linguistically validated a Spanish version of A-HRSI.MethodsFollowing independent forward translation and reconciliation of A-HRSI from English to Spanish, two rounds of cognitive interviews were completed with ANCHOR participants who had been diagnosed with anal HSIL in the prior nine months and preferred delivery of their healthcare in Spanish. Interviews were coded to highlight any items and concepts that were reported as being difficult for any reason by ≥ 3 participants, with such items revised during a research team panel discussion and tested in a second round of interviews if applicable.ResultsSeventeen participants representing 8 nationalities were enrolled (Round 1 n=10, Round 2 n=7); 7 participants reported not completing high school (41.2%). No difficulties were reported with respect to the theoretical concepts measured by A-HRSI. We made modifications to the Spanish translation of eight items and two response option terms in cases where participants had difficulty understanding a term, experienced problems in discriminating between terms, or preferred the use of an alternative term to represent the concept(s).ConclusionThe Spanish version of A-HRSI is a linguistically valid tool that can be used to assess physical symptoms, impacts, and psychological symptoms related to anal HSIL.Plain English SummaryLanguage is a tremendous barrier to enrolling patients to clinical trials. The anal cancer high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) outcomes research [ANCHOR] trial is a randomized clinical trial that recently established that the treatment of anal HSIL, versus active monitoring, is effective in reducing incidence of anal cancer in persons living with HIV (PLWH). The ANCHOR Health-Related Symptom Index (A-HRSI) is a 25-item patient-reported outcomes measure that was developed to assess physical symptoms, physical impacts, and psychological symptoms related to anal HSIL. As approximately 10% of ANCHOR participants preferred the delivery of their healthcare in Spanish, the purpose of the present study was to linguistically validate a Spanish version of A-HRSI. Based on feedback from interviews with 17 participants from the ANCHOR trial who had been diagnosed with anal HSIL in the prior nine months and preferred delivery of their healthcare in Spanish, we made modifications to the Spanish translation of eight items and two response option terms in cases where participants had difficulty understanding a term, experienced problems in discriminating between terms, or preferred the use of an alternative term to represent the concept(s). The Spanish version of A-HRSI is a linguistically valid tool that can be used to assess physical symptoms, impacts, and psychological symptoms related to anal HSIL as part of clinical trials or routine care.

How do soldier crabs behave when seeing vibrating robots?

Metaheuristic algorithms are a method of searching for a suboptimal solution and are implemented by a large number of agents, such as a swarm of animals. In this method, it is very important to adjust the relationships and/or interplay between individual freedoms and constraints as a group. The phenomena related to this interplay are strongly relevant for self-organized criticality showing a power law distribution. Since individuals’ independent behavior and translation as a group coexist in a swarm of soldier crabs, we conducted an experiment involving soldier crabs to estimate whether a power law distribution results from that interplay. The engine of translation was implemented by the directed movement of robot crabs. Soldier crabs confronting moving robot crabs were observed in the experiment. Here, we show that the interaction between robots and soldier crabs entails a Lévy walk characterized by a power law distribution of step length as well as the real swarm. This result suggests that soldier crabs could be attracted by the directed motion of robots and that combining a random walk with ballistic movement can realize a Lévy walk.

Translation, Linguistic Validation, and Readability of the Spanish Version of the VISA-H Scale in Elite Athletes.

Data regarding the diagnosis of Proximal Hamstring Tendinopathy (PHT) is limited. There is a need for a standardized, valid, and reliable instrument for evaluating PHT among Spanish population. The purpose of this study was to linguistically validate and cross-culturally adapt the Spanish version of the VISA-H for Spanish population and to assess its readability, initial feasibility, appropriateness and acceptability. Cross-cultural adaptation was done according to established guidelines. Process included 5 steps: independent translations, synthesis of the translations, back-translations, expert committee, and pre-test. The linguistic validation of the questionnaire followed a standard methodology that included comprehension test interviews to assess the relevance, understanding and acceptability of the VISA-H. Comprehension was analyzed with cognitive interviews of 18 Spanish Professional basketball and soccer players (n = 8 male, n = 10 female end-users, healthy individuals at risk), using think-aloud and probing techniques. All subjects (18/18) reported that the items were clear and did not cause upset. Additionally, every respondent had no difficulty in completing the form and found it fairly easy. No difficulties with the instructions were reported. Readability score resulted in adequate levels of understanding (Fernandez-Huerta score of 67.5), showing high level of acceptability. The results of the linguistic and semantic validation conducted with health risky population enable the identification that the Sp-VISA-H was well accepted and easily understood by the participants. Further testing on PHT patients is needed to corroborate these preliminary data.

Translation and Cultural Adaptation to Portuguese of the Long Head of Biceps Tendon Score.

Objective To translate and culturally adapt the Long Head of Biceps Tendon (LHB) score into Brazilian Portuguese. Methods The process involved translations by professionals fluent in the target language, followed by independent back translations. Next, a committee compared the original and translated versions, pretested the final version, and concluded it. Results We translated and adapted the questionnaire according to the proposed methodology. In the first version in Portuguese (VP1) there was divergence regarding the translation of twelve terms. Compared to the original version, the back translation of VP1 presented eight diverging terms. A committee prepared a second version in Portuguese (VP2) and applied it to a pretest group consisting of 30 participants. Finally, we conceived the third version in Portuguese, called LHB-pt. Conclusion The translation and cultural adaptation into Brazilian Portuguese of the LBH score was successfully accomplished.

Cross-cultural adaptation of four instruments to measure stigma towards people with mental illness and substance use problems among primary care professionals in Chile.

Stigma toward people with mental illness and substance use problems is a significant global concern, and prevents people with these conditions from accessing treatment, particularly in primary health care (PHC) settings. Stigma is a cultural phenomenon that is influenced by particular contexts and can differ by country and region. The majority of stigma research focuses on Europe or North America leading to a lack of culturally relevant stigma research instruments for the Latin American context. The present study describes and discusses the methodology for cross-culturally adapting four stigma measurement scales to the Chilean context. The cross-cultural adaptation process included nine phases: (1) preparation; (2) independent translations; (3) synthesis 1 with expert committee; (4) focus groups and interviews with researchers, PHC professionals, and PHC users; (5) synthesis 2 with expert committee; (6) independent back translations; (7) synthesis 3 with expert committee; (8) pilot with PHC professionals; and (9) final revisions. The adaptation process included an array of diverse voices from the PHC context, and met three adaptation objectives defined prior to beginning the process (Understandability, Relevance, and Acceptability and Answer Options). The resulting, culturally adapted questionnaire is being validated and implemented within PHC settings across Chile to provide in-depth insight into stigma among PHC professionals in the country. The authors hope it will be useful for future research on mental illness and substance use stigma in similar settings across Latin America.

Translation, transcultural adaptation, and validation of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Obstructive Sleep Apnea Knowledge and Attitudes (OSAKA) questionnaire.

To analyse the psychometric properties of the translated and cross-culturally adapted version of the OSAKA (Obstructive Sleep Apnea Knowledge and Attitudes) questionnaire in the Brazilian Portuguese language. The OSAKA instrument was translated by two independent translators, and the back-translated conciliated version was presented and approved by Washington University, which holds the intellectual property for the OSAKA questionnaire. Physicians from different specialties electronically completed the OSAKA instrument and the ASKME (Assessment of Sleep Knowledge in Medical Education) questionnaire, which was used as an auxiliary instrument to analyse the construct validity. The questionnaire was tested with 176 physicians.The items from the knowledge and attitudes domains presented acceptable internal consistency values, with McDonald's omega coefficients (Ω) of 0.70 and 0.73, respectively. The OSAKA questionnaire showed a moderate correlation with the ASKME instrument (r = 0.60, p < 0.001) and excellent retest reliability, with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.81. There were differences in knowledge between the medical specialties (p < 0.001). Regarding attitudes, most respondents considered obstructive sleep apnoea and its diagnosis to be important and felt confident in identifying it, but the same majority did not feel confident in treating the disease. The OSAKA instrument, as a translated and cross-culturally adapted Brazilian Portuguese version, presented psychometric properties with adequate reliability and validity.

Word Equivalence: An Investigation of Fiction Translation from English to Kurdish Between 2003 and 2021

The current study investigates word equivalence in selecting twenty works of fiction that have been translated from English into Kurdish by twenty different translators from 2003 to 2021. The year 2003 is historic for the Kurdistan region. The Kurdish language was marginalized under Saddam Hussein’s regime. Since 2003, the Kurds in Iraqi Kurdistan have established several institutions and associations ranging from Kurdish book publishing houses, printing houses, and research centres, including tens of independent writers and translators with their intellectual individual and group projects. These developments have ultimately progressed the Kurdish vernacular language. By employing Newmark’s (1988) paradigm of translation procedures, the paper shows how Kurdish translators translate words. Newmark introduced sixteen translation procedures ranging from transference, naturalization, cultural equivalent, functional equivalent couplet and notes. By examining and verifying used facts and examples derived from the selected texts, this research discovers that the process of translating from English to Kurdish faces the barrier of word-level non-equivalence. Therefore, the paper also identifies the techniques of through translation, transference and couplet as most commonly employed in the studied corpus, with functional and cultural equivalence strategies used less frequently in translation by Kurdish fiction translators. Thus, the research examines Kurdish word equivalence barriers and the significance of translation studies.

Překlad a adaptace Škály pracovní dedikace do českého jazyka

This study aims to present the translation and adaptation of the Job Dedication Scale into Czech. The final sample consisted of 142 workers in the social services of retirement homes across the Czech Republic, evaluated by their direct superiors on the Job Dedication Scale. The translation took the form of back translations using three independent translators. Descriptive statistics showed the negative skewness of the given ratings and the reduced variability of responses for some items. Despite the high value of internal consistency, the confirmatory factor analysis of the full version of the scale did not demonstrate agreement with the obtained data. Following the results of factor analyses and modification indices, residual correlations between selected items were allowed, which increased the quality of the tested model. The modified model showed a good match with the data. Values of the internal consistency of the scale were excellent. Eliminating any item would reduce this value. The small and specific sample is one of the limits of the study. Another limit is an approach to assessing the job dedication of the employee using only one evaluator.

Translation, validity and reliability of decision style scale in forensic psychiatric setting in Indonesia

ObjectiveClinical reasoning as an essential skill for psychiatrists, especially in forensic psychiatry, relies on their thinking and decision-making skills. However, not all psychiatrists are aware of their decision-making styles. This study examines the validity and reliability of the Indonesian translation of the Decision Style Scale (DSS) instrument among general psychiatrists in the Indonesian forensic psychiatry setting. MethodThis is a cross-sectional study involving 32 general psychiatrists from all nine psychiatric residency training centers in Indonesia. The study was conducted between August 2020 and February 2021. The translation process involved certified independent translators. The validity was tested using Item-Level Content Validity Index (I-CVI), Scale-Level Level Content Validity Index (S-CVI), and item-total correlation. Internal consistency reliability was measured using Cronbach's alpha. ResultsAfter translation, the instrument was sent back and received feedback from the original authors of DSS. The final version of DSS was valid with an I-CVI score of 0.84–1 and an S-CVI score of 0.99. All but one item had a corrected item-total correlation of more than 0.30. The reliability test of DSS also showed acceptable results with Cronbach's alpha values of 0.43–0.83, and an overall internal consistency score of 0.83 and 0.62 for intuitive and rational scales, respectively. ConclusionDSS serves as a valid, reliable, and readily-available tool to measure psychiatrists' decision-making styles in forensic psychiatry settings. Enhancing psychiatrists’ awareness of their decision-making styles may help in mitigating the risk of bias in forensic psychiatry evaluations.

Cross-cultural adaptation to Spanish and content validity of three nutritional risk scales

IntroductionThere are various scales designed to determine the risk of malnutrition at hospital admission in children. However, most of these instruments are developed and published in English. Their cross-cultural adaptation and validation being mandatory in order to be used in our country. ObjectivesCross-culturally adapt three scales designed to determine the risk of malnutrition linked to the disease and determine the validity of their content. Material and methodsCross-cultural adaptation using the translation-back-translation method in accordance with the recommendations of the International Test Commission Guidelines for Translating and Adapting Tests. Content validity was measured by a panel of experts (under seven basic selection criteria adapted from the Fehring model) who evaluated each item of the scales by measuring 4 criteria: ambiguity, simplicity, clarity and relevance. With the extracted score, Aiken’s V statistic was obtained for each item and for the complete scales. ResultsStarting from three independent translations per scale, 3 definitive versions in Spanish of the PNRS, STRONGkids and STAMP scales were obtained semantically equivalent to their original versions. The PNRS and STRONGkids scales presented an Aiken’s V greater than 0.75 in all their items, while the STAMP scale presented a value less than 0.75 for the item “weight and height”. ConclusionThis study provides the transculturally adapted Spanish versions of the PNRS, STRONGkids and STAMP scales. The PNRS and STRONGkids scales present valid content to be applied in the state hospital context. STAMP requires the adaptation of its item “weight and height” to consider its use in a Spanish child population adequate.