Independent Surveys Research Articles

A tale of two species: Vermilion and sunset rockfish in the Southern California Bight

The vermilion rockfish complex consists of two distinct species, vermilion rockfish (Sebastes miniatus) and sunset rockfish (S. crocotulus) with clear haplotypic differences. Due to a one-way mitochondrial introgression from vermilion into sunset rockfish a high proportion (20–30%) of fish with a vermilion haplotype are characterized as sunset based on nuclear genotype (introgressed sunset, hereafter, introgressed). Here we examined differences in the distribution and biological attributes of vermilion and sunset rockfish (including introgressed individuals) collected during a fisheries independent groundfish survey conducted with hook and line gear in the Southern California Bight in 2014. We saw significant differences in spatial distribution (latitude, depth, and distance from the nearest port and mainland) and biological characteristics (average size, size frequency distribution, weight-length and size-depth relationships) between vermilion rockfish and both introgressed and sunset rockfish but no differences between sunset and introgressed fish. Our analyses established that introgressed and sunset rockfishes shared similar biological and geographic characteristics, with no significant differences based on the features we examined. Consequently, we explored the relationship between the catch of vermilion rockfish collected per site, relative to the combined presence of vermilion, introgressed and sunset rockfishes, and a suite of co-located environmental and geographic variables using binomial generalized additive models (GAMS). The best model explained 95.0% of the deviance, indicating that the occurrence of vermilion, introgressed, and sunset rockfishes depended on latitude, longitude, depth, dissolved oxygen, temperature and distance from port.

Investigation of thermal performance of Maxwell hybrid nanofluid boundary value problem in vertical porous surface via finite element approach

The study of thermo-physical characteristics is essential to observe the impact of several influential parameters on temperature and velocity fields. The transportation of heat in fluid flows and thermal instability/stability is a charming area of research due to their wider applications and physical significance because of their utilization in different engineering systems. This report is prepared to study thermal transportation in Maxwell hybrid nanofluid past over an infinite stretchable vertical porous sheet. An inclusion of hybrid nanofluid is performed to monitor the aspects of thermal transportation. Keeping in mind the advantages of thermal failure, non-Fourier theory for heat flux model is utilized. Aspects of external heat source are also considered. The mathematical formulation for the considered model with certain important physical aspects results in the form of coupled nonlinear PDEs system. The obtained system is reduced by engaging boundary layer approximation. Afterwards, transformations have been utilized to convert the modeled PDEs system into ODEs system. The converted nonlinear ODEs system is then handled via finite element method coded in symbolic computational package MAPLE 18.0. Grid independent survey is presented for the validation of used approach and the comparative analysis has been done to confirm the reliability of obtained solution. The obtained solution is discussed and physical aspects have been explored and recorded against numerous involved influential variables. Motion into hybrid nanoparticles and nanoparticles becomes slow down versus higher values of Forchheimer and Darcy’s porous numbers. Thermal growth is enhanced for the case of hybrid nano-structures rather than for case of nanofluid. Thickness regarding momentum layer is dominated for hybrid nanoparticles rather than case of nanoparticles.

Clinical applications of the VIA Inventory of Strengths with Individuals with Intellectual/Developmental Disabilities

ABSTRACT Strengths-based clinical practices are critical for supporting the wellbeing of individuals with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities. The VIA Inventory of Strengths (‘VIA Survey’) is an assessment grounded in positive psychology that may contribute to strengths-based practices. To identify how this assessment is used in clinical practice with individuals with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities, we conducted focus groups (n = 15) with clinicians who have used this survey with this population. We also asked individuals with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities (n = 36) to comment on the process of completing the VIA Survey. We found that clinicians utilize the VIA Survey with individuals with intellectual and/or developmental disability to foster self-esteem and self-understanding, provide a framework for understanding strengths, communicate across service systems and shape strengths-based interventions. Individuals with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities also endorsed use of the survey to increase their self-knowledge and self-esteem. Future research should address accessibility of the survey to foster greater uptake and propose standard protocols for independent survey completion.

A Galerkin strategy for tri-hybridized mixture in ethylene glycol comprising variable diffusion and thermal conductivity using non-Fourier’s theory

Abstract This research is conducted to investigate heat and mass transport past over a stretched surface having pores in a pseudo-plastic model. To study porosity effect, Darcy Forchheimer relation is used. Thermal and mass transport expressions are derived by engaging the double diffusion theories as extensively used by researchers proposed by Cattaneo and Christov. Furthermore, the thermal performance is studied by mixing the tri-hybrid nanoparticles in a pseudo-plastic material. The phenomenon of boundary layer is used to derive the complex model. The correlation for tri-hybrid nanoparticles is used to convert the model partial differential equations into ordinary differential equations (ODE) along with appropriate similarity transformation. The transfigured ODEs are coupled nonlinear in nature, and the exact solution is not possible. To approximate the solution numerically, finite element scheme (FES) is used and code is developed in MAPLE 18.0 for the graphical results, grid independent survey, and tabular results. The obtained results are compared with the published findings that confirm the accuracy and authenticity of the solution and engaged scheme. From the performed analysis, it is concluded that FES can be applied to complex engineering problems. Furthermore, it is monitored that nanoparticles are essential to boost the thermal performance and higher estimation of Schmidt number control the mass diffusion.

Solar system peculiar motion from the Hubble diagram of quasars and testing the cosmological principle

ABSTRACTWe determine here the peculiar motion of the Solar system, first time from the m–z Hubble diagram of quasars. Observer’s peculiar motion causes a systematic shift in the m–z plane between sources lying along the velocity vector and those in the opposite direction, providing a measure of the peculiar velocity. Accordingly, from a sample of ∼1.2 × 105 mid-infrared quasars with measured spectroscopic redshifts, we arrive at a peculiar velocity ∼22 times larger than that from the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) dipole but direction matching within ∼2σ. Previous findings from number count, sky brightness, or redshift dipoles observed in samples of distant active galactic nuclei or supernovae type Ia too had yielded values 2–10 times larger than the CMBR value, though the direction in all cases agreed with the CMBR dipole. Since a genuine solar peculiar velocity cannot vary from one data set to another, an order of magnitude, statistically significant, discordant dipoles might imply that we may instead have to look for some other cause for the genesis of these dipoles, including that of the CMBR. At the same time, a common direction for all these dipoles, determined from completely independent surveys by different groups employing different techniques, might indicate that these dipoles are not resulting from some systematics in the observations or in the data analysis, but could instead suggest a preferred direction in the Universe due to an inherent anisotropy, which, in turn, would be against the cosmological principle, the most basic tenet of the modern cosmology.

Dynamics of Tri-Hybrid Nanoparticles in the Rheology of Pseudo-Plastic Liquid with Dufour and Soret Effects.

The rheology of different materials at the micro and macro levels is an area of great interest to many researchers, due to its important physical significance. Past experimental studies have proved the efficiency of the utilization of nanoparticles in different mechanisms for the purpose of boosting the heat transportation rate. The purpose of this study is to investigate heat and mass transport in a pseudo-plastic model past over a stretched porous surface in the presence of the Soret and Dufour effects. The involvement of tri-hybrid nanoparticles was incorporated into the pseudo-plastic model to enhance the heat transfer rate, and the transport problem of thermal energy and solute mechanisms was modelled considering the heat generation/absorption and the chemical reaction. Furthermore, traditional Fourier and Fick’s laws were engaged in the thermal and solute transportation. The physical model was developed upon Cartesian coordinates, and boundary layer theory was utilized in the simplification of the modelled problem, which appears in the form of coupled partial differential equations systems (PDEs). The modelled PDEs were transformed into corresponding ordinary differential equations systems (ODEs) by engaging the appropriate similarity transformation, and the converted ODEs were solved numerically via a Finite Element Procedure (FEP). The obtained solution was plotted against numerous emerging parameters. In addition, a grid independent survey is presented. We recorded that the temperature of the tri-hybrid nanoparticles was significantly higher than the fluid temperature. Augmenting the values of the Dufour number had a similar comportment on the fluid temperature and concentration. The fluid temperature increased against a higher estimation of the heat generation parameter and the Eckert numbers. The impacts of the buoyancy force parameter and the porosity parameter were quite opposite on the fluid velocity.

Comparison of catch in multifilament and monofilament gill nets in a long-term survey on Lake Michigan

Long-term fishery independent surveys provide metrics of relative abundance and contribute biological information critical to effective fisheries management. Improvements in technology and manufacturing processes have had profound effects on gear efficiency. In Lake Michigan, a standardized multi-agency fish community survey was adopted in 1998 which used multifilament nets to survey nearshore fish communities. Contemporary commercial gill netting operations largely utilize monofilament nets because they’re less expensive, more durable and thought to be less visible and therefore more efficient. As such, interest in converting long-term agency surveys to monofilament nets has grown. To compare catch rates and the size of fish collected, we set similarly configured nets of both mesh materials on the same day at standard survey locations. The most common species captured in the survey were lake trout (52%), yellow perch (19%), lake whitefish (15%), longnose sucker (8%), white sucker (4%) and burbot (1%). Monofilament nets were more efficient in capturing lake whitefish and longnose sucker and equally efficient in capturing other species. On average, nearly three times (2.85) as many lake whitefish were captured in monofilaments nets, and two times as many longnose suckers (2.13). Larger lake whitefish and yellow perch were captured in monofilament nets, whereas lake trout were slightly smaller. For other fish species, similar sizes were captured in each net material. This evaluation incorporated broad replication (298 paired nets) and representation from diverse locations and depth strata in Lake Michigan to inform gear conversion efforts and allow for adjustments as needed in gear conversion efforts.

Identifying Priority Conservation Areas of Largehead Hairtail (Trichiurus japonicus) Nursery Grounds in the East China Sea

Identifying the spatio-temporal distribution hotspots of fishes and allocating priority conservation areas could facilitate the spatial planning and efficient management. As a flagship commercial fishery species, Largehead hairtail (Trichiurus japonicus) has been over-exploited since the early 2000s. Therefore, the spatio-temporal management of largehead hairtail nursery grounds could effective help its recovery. This study aims to predict juvenile largehead hairtail distribution patterns and identify priority conservation areas for nursery grounds. A two-stage hierarchical Bayesian spatio-temporal model was applied on independent scientific survey data (Catch per unit effort, CPUE) and geographic/physical variables (Depth, Distance to the coast, Sea bottom temperature, Dissolved oxygen concentration and Net primary production) to analyze the probability of occurrence and abundance distribution of juvenile largehead hairtail. We assessed the importance of each variable for explaining the occurrence and abundance. Using persistence index, we measured the robustness of hotspots and identified persistent hotspots for priority conservation areas. Selected models showed good predictive capacity on occurrence probability (AUC = 0.81) and abundance distribution (r= 0.89) of juvenile largehead hairtail. Dissolved oxygen, net primary production, and sea bottom temperature significantly affected the probability of occurrence, while distance to the coast also affected the abundance distribution. Three stable nursery grounds were identified in Zhejiang inshore waters, the largest one was located on the east margin of the East China Sea hairtail national aquatic germplasm resources conservation zones (TCZ), suggesting that the core area of nursery grounds occurs outside the protected areas. Therefore, recognition of these sites and their associated geographic/oceanic attributes provides clear targets for optimizing largehead hairtail conservation efforts in the East China Sea. We suggested that the eastern and southern areas of TCZ should be included in conservation planning for an effective management within a network of marine protected areas.

Effects of small‐group learning on the assessment of professional skills through a PBL activity

AbstractWorking on a real project emphasizes an active learning environment such as that used in collaborative pedagogy, where students learn to resolve problems and improve their professional skills. Engineering programs are invested in improving learning by focusing on real hands‐on experience. The crisis caused by COVID‐19 will lead to a reduction in the number of enrollments in many university programs. Therefore, it is important to investigate how the dynamics of small groups will affect the active learning process. This study explores a hands‐on learning activity in the context of a Web Map Service (WMS). It aims to analyze the improvement in professional skills of a group of Geomatics Engineering students with two approaches. Students from a university in Catalonia created a WMS as a team‐based project. Meanwhile, in a university in Galicia, students on the same course and program conducted the same task but individually. Three independent surveys along the course helped to collect the students' opinions and assess their learning experience based on their project evaluations. The conclusion is clear: despite working with small learning groups, collaborative learning using a hands‐on approach improves academic performance, increases motivation, and helps students acquire the necessary professional skills in their careers.

Safety Culture Approach For Healthcare And Nursing Institutions

Abstract There are a few ways how to increase the rate of employees’ safety culture at an institution, one of these is a positive safety culture, which includes their proper attitudes, safety-related values, staff members’ professional competences, and their willingness to work. The key element in the offering of quality and safe services in healthcare is a positive safety quality according to definitions. The aim of the current paper is to identify potential predictors of employees’ safety behaviour and determine safety culture subcultures that support operational manager to develop proactive safety management systems (SMSs) and offer safety of patients and employees. Two independent surveys were the basis of the new proposed approach. Quantitative method approach was selected to investigate safety culture subcultures in Estonian healthcare and nursing institutions. According to the proposed approach, there are crucial subcultures (e.g., just, reporting, learning, professional competences, and psychosocial well-being), which should be developed and periodically evaluated within an organisation. This measurement should have a clear and shared understanding of patient safety goals and occupational health and safety (OHS). The general management of organisations should consider implementation of assessment as a proactive approach to use the SMSs. The sustainability and proactivity of the proposed approach lies in defining action plans for continuous improvement and employees’ involvement in patient safety and OHS management.

Global perceptions of the current and future impacts of COVID-19 on hereditary angioedema management.

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has greatly affected health-care provision across the globe. Management of chronic ailments has become challenging because of the strained health-care resources and social distancing measures that prevent on-site clinical visits and treatments. Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a debilitating, chronic disease characterized by unpredictable swelling attacks in various parts of the body. Controlling HAE symptoms often requires long-term prophylactic medication use and regular medical care; however, limited scientific information has been published about HAE medical care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective: To gather patient and health-care professional (HCP) perspectives on the global impact that COVID-19 has had, and the future impact it will have on HAE medical care and to identify differences in perceptions across economic and geographic boundaries. Methods: We conducted two independent but similar online global surveys to capture patient and HCP perspectives on the impact that COVID-19 has had, and the future impact it will have on HAE medical care. Results: Both patients and HCPs globally reported that the pandemic has limited the availability of HAE medical care, and they expect the restrictions to continue far beyond the pandemic. In addition, the results of our study suggested that telehealth use has increased across the globe but has been more successfully implemented in high-income countries. Conclusion: Patients and HCPs expect that HAE-related care will be negatively impacted by the pandemic for many years. Disparities in medical care and technologic infrastructure may exacerbate these challenges in non-high-income countries. Supportive tools and global infrastructure should be established to provide aid to non-high-income countries throughout the pandemic and several years after.

'It was brutal. It still is': a qualitative analysis of the challenges of bereavement during the COVID-19 pandemic reported in two national surveys.

Background:The COVID-19 pandemic has been a devastating, mass bereavement event characterised by high levels of disruption to end-of-life, grieving and coping processes. Quantitative evidence is emerging on the effects of the pandemic on grief outcomes, but rich qualitative evidence on the lived experiences of people bereaved during these times is lacking.Methods:We analysed qualitative data from two independent UK-wide online surveys to describe the experiences of 881 people bereaved during the pandemic. We analysed the data in two phases, conducting an inductive thematic analysis and then applying Stroebe and Schut’s Dual Process Model (DPM) and concepts of loss-oriented and restoration-oriented coping (1999; 2010) as an analytic lens to further contextualise and interpret the data.Results:We identified six main themes: troubled deaths; mourning, memorialisation and death administration; mass bereavement, the media and the ongoing threat of the pandemic; grieving and coping; work and employment; and support from the health and social care system. Examples of loss-oriented stressors included being unable to visit and say goodbye at the end of life and restricted funeral and memorialisation practices. Associated reactions were feelings of guilt, anger, and problems accepting the death and beginning to grieve. Examples of restoration-oriented stressors and reactions were severely curtailed support-systems and social/recreational activities, which impacted people’s ability to cope.Conclusion:Study results demonstrate the exceptionally difficult sets of experiences associated with pandemic bereavement, and the utility of the DPM for conceptualising these additional challenges and their impacts on grieving. Our analysis builds and expands on previous use of the DPM in explicating the impact of the pandemic on bereavement. We make recommendations for statutory, private and third sector organisations for improving the experiences of people bereaved during and following this and future pandemics.

COVID-19 and industrial resilience in the Global South. A case study on the auto parts sector in Mexico

The global COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the low level of resilience of supply chains and the fragility of employment in most economic sectors. This research, which is based on two independent online surveys, explores the level of readiness of automotive firms in Mexico to adopt I4.0 technologies, as well as the mitigation strategies adopted by such firms to overcome the economic effects of COVID-19. The results indicate a low level of readiness and understanding of I4.0 technologies in the automotive parts sector in Mexico and that most of the COVID-19 mitigation efforts have been focused on workforce management strategies, rather than on technological solutions.

Artificial intelligence application for modeling of consumer portrait in digital marketing

Approach to consumer portrait modeling in digital marketing is offered in this paper. The analysis of the last researches of foreign scientists of the category «consumer profile» is carried out. It is found that yet domestic scientists do not have the specific definition of «consumer portrait» in their works. Businesses have being used this terminology, or «key customer» for a long time It has been established that it is impossible to process data in digital marketing without artificial intelligence. The systematization of the factors needed to build a portrait of the consumer is offered. These factors are presented in the form of a table and are divided into categories: demographic, psychographic, behavioral and geographical. Tools for tracking customer information based on artificial intelligence are identified. A list of these tools, including Google Analytics, customer accounts registered on the company's website is offered. The essence of the use of psychological tools in digital marketing – triggers, are also revealed. It is established that in order for the trigger mechanism to work properly, it is necessary to use a portrait of the consumer. Independent surveys based on the recommendations of Google Analytics of several sites, other primary and secondary research methods are carried out. The conclusions of these investigations makes it possible to form methodological and applied recommendations for building the customer profile in digital marketing. Five typical predictive consumer portrait models are offered. These models are grouped by behavioral factor. The following types of client profile are distinguished: rational, meticulous, emotional, inexperienced and wiseacre. Each of the types of consumer portrait models is substantiated and business recommendations are provided. These recommendations can be implemented in the real sector of the economy. It is recommended to review own conversions before using these models. Among the recommendations there is also an important factor stating that you need to choose the psychological type of client that will be the main for a particular type of business.

Evaluation of a novel research trap for surveys of blue swimmer crab populations

Surveying free-ranging crab populations is important for monitoring the health of exploited stocks and predicting future productivity. Here, we present a novel research trap design for use in fisheries-independent surveys of blue swimmer crab (Portunus armatus) populations, and evaluate the trap against some existing approaches within an independent survey framework. Specifically, the trap design aimed to improve efficiency for capturing smaller crabs, without adversely affecting catches of larger crabs. We quantify and report the abundance and selectivity of these traps, relative to co-located samples obtained using beam trawls and standard commercial round traps, to establish whether these small-mesh traps may offer any improvements over existing survey methods. Comparison and evaluation of these small-mesh traps against other existing survey gear, in different places and at different times, showed that the traps are more effective at catching smaller crabs when they are present, and equally or more effective at catching larger size classes of crabs. The beam trawl appeared to be effective at capturing a reasonable size range of crabs; however, the number of crabs caught (using a similar investment of time) was substantially lower than that caught in traps. This novel small-mesh research trap appears suitable for fisheries-independent surveys of portunid crab species.

Trust on Sharia M-Banking: Evidance on Milenials Generations

This study aims to examine the trust of millennial generation in the role of sharia mobile banking in the ease of solving their financial problems. The increased use of smartphones has made the banking industry provide mobile banking services to facilitate and increase customer productivity. The level of trust in sharia mobile banking is measured using the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). Based on TAM, trust is determined by Perceived Easy of Use (PEoU), Perceived Usefulness (PU), Attitude to Product (ATP), and Intention to Use (ITU). This study uses an independent survey, with a total sample of 330 sharia mobile banking users spread throughout Indonesia. Data analysis techniques used in this study used SB-SEM (Covariance Based-Structural Equation Modeling) with AMOS software. The results showed that PEoU had a positive effect on PU, PEoU had a positive effect on ATP, PU had a positive effect on ATP, ATP had a positive effect on ITU, and ITU had a positive effect on Trust. Overall millennial generation has a high level of trust in sharia mobile banking, because sharia mobile banking is easy to use and makes it easy to solve their financial problems.

Trust on Sharia M-Banking: Evidance on Milenials Generations

This study aims to examine the trust of millennial generation in the role of sharia mobile banking in the ease of solving their financial problems. The increased use of smartphones has made the banking industry provide mobile banking services to facilitate and increase customer productivity. The level of trust in sharia mobile banking is measured using the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). Based on TAM, trust is determined by Perceived Easy of Use (PEoU), Perceived Usefulness (PU), Attitude to Product (ATP), and Intention to Use (ITU). This study uses an independent survey, with a total sample of 330 sharia mobile banking users spread throughout Indonesia. Data analysis techniques used in this study used SB-SEM (Covariance Based-Structural Equation Modeling) with AMOS software. The results showed that PEoU had a positive effect on PU, PEoU had a positive effect on ATP, PU had a positive effect on ATP, ATP had a positive effect on ITU, and ITU had a positive effect on Trust. Overall millennial generation has a high level of trust in sharia mobile banking, because sharia mobile banking is easy to use and makes it easy to solve their financial problems.

Lensing without borders – I. A blind comparison of the amplitude of galaxy–galaxy lensing between independent imaging surveys

ABSTRACT Lensing without borders is a cross-survey collaboration created to assess the consistency of galaxy–galaxy lensing signals (ΔΣ) across different data sets and to carry out end-to-end tests of systematic errors. We perform a blind comparison of the amplitude of ΔΣ using lens samples from BOSS and six independent lensing surveys. We find good agreement between empirically estimated and reported systematic errors which agree to better than 2.3σ in four lens bins and three radial ranges. For lenses with zL > 0.43 and considering statistical errors, we detect a 3–4σ correlation between lensing amplitude and survey depth. This correlation could arise from the increasing impact at higher redshift of unrecognized galaxy blends on shear calibration and imperfections in photometric redshift calibration. At zL > 0.54, amplitudes may additionally correlate with foreground stellar density. The amplitude of these trends is within survey-defined systematic error budgets that are designed to include known shear and redshift calibration uncertainty. Using a fully empirical and conservative method, we do not find evidence for large unknown systematics. Systematic errors greater than 15 per cent (25 per cent) ruled out in three lens bins at 68 per cent (95 per cent) confidence at z < 0.54. Differences with respect to predictions based on clustering are observed to be at the 20–30 per cent level. Our results therefore suggest that lensing systematics alone are unlikely to fully explain the ‘lensing is low’ effect at z < 0.54. This analysis demonstrates the power of cross-survey comparisons and provides a promising path for identifying and reducing systematics in future lensing analyses.

Spatial dynamics of the quantity and diversity of natural and artificial hard bottom habitats in the eastern Gulf of Mexico

The eastern Gulf of Mexico continental shelf (approximately 144,000 km2), while dominated by unconsolidated sediments, contains diverse hard bottom habitats critical to economically important reef fishes. Although high-resolution mapping exists for several well-known hard bottom features (e.g. Florida Middle Grounds, The Sticky Grounds), the majority of the shelf remains unmapped. Through mapping efforts conducted in support of fisheries independent resource surveys, hard bottom habitats were identified and classified from 4208 randomly distributed, small-scale (2 km2) side-scan sonar surveys conducted between 2010 and 2018. Thirty-three natural and artificial hard bottom habitat types were identified, with Flat Hard Bottom comprising both the greatest area coverage (131.7 km2) and number of individual features classified (n = 42,829). Classification and regression tree analyses were conducted to identify spatial patterns of hard bottom habitat composition based on both area coverage and number of individual hard bottom features. These maps identified distinct spatial variability in the availability of several habitat types, such as increased number of Pothole habitats in deep shelf waters off the Florida Peninsula and increased coverage by artificial reef habitats within the Florida Panhandle. Extrapolating results from this representative, broad scale approach to habitat mapping indicated that approximately 3854 km2 (2.6%) of the shelf is comprised of natural hard bottom habitat. The value of comprehensive habitat data is highlighted within recent efforts toward generating absolute abundances of reef fish species as well as continuing efforts toward ecosystem-based approaches to fisheries management.

Back‐to‐school survey finds MH service access major barrier

The biggest barriers to getting the right mental health care for children are a lack of therapists and finding the right therapist, according to an independent survey conducted in late September, weeks after many children returned in person to school. Authors of the research brief, released in November, noted that the global pandemic made the 2020–2021 school year difficult for children and families, especially due to the need for distance learning and the amount of time children physically spent away from school.