Inactivated Newcastle Disease Research Articles

Sunflower seed oil combined with ginseng stem-leaf saponins as an adjuvant to enhance the immune response elicited by Newcastle disease vaccine in chickens

The present study was to evaluate the adjuvant effect of sunflower seed oil containing saponins extracted from the stem and leaf of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (E515-D) on the immune response induced by an inactivated Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in chickens. The results showed that E515-D promoted significantly higher serum NDV-specific HI and neutralizing antibody responses, IFN-γ and IL-4 levels, and lymphocyte proliferative responses to Con A, LPS, and NDV antigen than the conventional adjuvant Marcol 52. Different adjuvant effect between E515-D and Marcol 52 may be attributed to different genes expressed in two groups. Transcriptome analysis of splenocytes showed that there were 1198 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with 539 up and 659 down regulated in E515-D group while 1395 DEGs with 697 up and 698 down regulated in Marcol 52 group in comparison with the control group. Analysis of gene ontology (GO) term and kyoto encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways showed that the predominant immune related pathways included “Toll-like receptor signaling pathway”, “NOD-like receptor signaling pathway”, “C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway”, and “Phosphatidylinositol signaling system” in E515-D group while Marcol 52 were “NOD-like receptor signaling pathway”, “Phagosome”, and “Lysosome”, and the most relevant DEGs in E515-D group were STAT1, STAT2, PI3K, and IL-6. Considering the excellent adjuvant activity and vegetable origin, E515-D deserves further study as an adjuvant for vaccines used in food animals.

Evaluation for Efficacy of Commercially Available Vaccines Against Challenge with Newcastle Disease Virus Genotype VII in Broilers

The study evaluated the protective efficacy of commercially available live and inactivated Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) vaccines. Moreover, study also highlighted the implementation of genotypically-matched NDV vaccines to the currently circulated velogenic genotype VII strain in commercial broilers vaccination regimes in Egypt. Serum antibodies level was assessed by Haemagglutination Inhibition method .Efficacy of Newcastle Disease killed and live vaccine was also determined using challenge test. Group A immunized with live attenuated and inactivated NDV vaccines genotype VII homologous to challenge virus provided non-significant protection against mortality .It proved 20 % as compared to 15 % mortalities in group B immunized with live attenuated and inactivated NDV vaccines genotype II heterologous to challenge virus. Meanwhile, group Aredult proved a significant reduction in viral shedding by cloacal swabs in compared with group B ,7 days post-challenge. Final Results of the present work concluded that live and inactivated NDV genotype VII vaccines antigenically matched to currently epidemic NDV genotype VII providing better control on virus shedding if compared with different genotype II vaccines. However, both vaccines provided good protection against likely virulent challenge in commercial broilers.

Synthesis and antiviral activity of some pyrrolonyl substituted heterocycles as additives to enhance inactivated Newcastle disease vaccine

This research reported the design and synthesis of some influential new pyrrolone derivatives bearing a pyrazole scaffold with the evaluation of their antiviral activity against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in specific pathogen free (SPF) chicken embryos and immune boosting properties of these substances in SPF chicks. The building block synthon was the pyrazolyl acid hydrazide, derived from 2(3H)-furanone, which was reacted with some carbonyl compounds, e.g., salicylaldehyde, furfural, 1,3-diphenylpyrazole-4-carbaldehyde, 2-chloroquinoline-3-carbaldehyde, chromone-3-carbaldehyde, and 3-acetylcoumarin. The results revealed that pyrazole derivative 6, quinoline derivatives 7 and 8 exhibited 100% protection against NDV while the hydroxyphenyl derivative 3 showed 95% protection. In turn, chromone derivative 10 and coumarin derivative 11 exhibited 90% protection. The structures of all products were established on the basis of their elemental analyses and spectroscopic techniques.

Enhancement in humoral response against inactivated Newcastle disease vaccine in broiler chickens administered orally with plant-derived soyasaponin

The present study aimed to evaluate the immunopotentiating effect of plant-derived soyasaponin and its immunogenicity in chickens challenged with Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Soyasaponin was extracted from soybean seeds and detected using the phytochemical tests, followed by quantification through the dry-weight method. One-day-old broiler chicks (n = 90) were divided into 3 groups, named as A, B, and C. Group A birds were orally administrated with soyasaponin (5 mg/kg), followed by immunization with inactivated ND vaccine intramuscularly (IM), whereas group B birds were vaccinated with inactivated ND vaccine alone. Group C birds were kept unvaccinated. A booster dose on day 21 was also administered IM to group A and B birds. At day 35, all 3 groups were challenged with NDV. To determine the immunogenicity potential of soyasaponin, antibody titer was measured using the hemagglutination inhibition test before and after the NDV challenge. Histochemical examination was performed to determine the pathological changes associated with NDV infection. Foam formation and hemolytic activity confirmed the presence of saponin in soya bean extract. Group A birds showed a higher antibody response compared with group B and C birds. The disease challenge study showed that soyasaponin-adjuvanted NDV vaccine provided complete protection to group A birds against ND. Moreover, no side effects of soyasaponin were observed on the growth performance of birds during the experiment. Therefore, we can conclude that soyasaponin is a potential immunogenic agent and therefore could be a promising candidate to launch a protective humoral response against ND in chickens.

Comparative safety and efficacy of two bivalent vaccines containing Newcastle disease LaSota and avian influenza H9N2 Sidrap isolate formulated with different oil adjuvants.

Background and Aim:Newcastle disease (ND) and avian influenza (AI) are two devastating diseases of poultry, which cause great economic losses to the poultry industry and disrupt food security in our country. The use of ND-AI inactive bivalent vaccine is very effective and economical to prevent and control ND and AI disease. Bivalent ND LaSota-AI H9N2 vaccine is not yet available in Indonesia. The inactivated vaccines used in poultry industry often require oil adjuvant to elicit a sufficient immune response. This study aimed to develop the bivalent inactive vaccines containing ND LaSota and AI H9N2 Sidrap isolate which are local isolates as poultry vaccine candidates, and formulated with two different commercial adjuvants, then compared.Materials and Methods:Two vaccines bivalent were prepared by emulsifying inactivated Newcastle disease virus (LaSota strain) and AI H9N2 Sidrap isolate viruses with Marcol white mineral oil and Montanide ISA70 adjuvants. Both of bivalent vaccines were tested for safety (physical and histopathological at the injection site) and efficacy in specific-pathogen-free chickens. Parameters used for the evaluation of the efficacy were immunogenicity by hemagglutination inhibition and protection percentage.Results:Both bivalent vaccines are safe to use. Post-vaccination (PV) immune response was observed using a hemagglutination inhibition test at 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 weeks of PV. The bivalent vaccine B gives a better immune response to ND at 2, 3, and 4 weeks of PV (p<0.05) compared to the bivalent vaccine A, but in 5, 6, 7, and 8 weeks, the PV does not show differences in the immune response. The immune response to AI H9N2 showed differences at weeks 2 and 3 PV (p<0.05) with the bivalent vaccine B indicated higher immunity. A single immunization with both bivalent vaccines induces 100% protection in chickens that have been vaccinated against the deadly challenge with the virulent ND virus.Conclusion:Both of bivalent vaccines are safe to use and provide good efficacy against virulent ND viruses, but bivalent vaccine B (with Montanide ISA70 adjuvant) shows better immune response than bivalent vaccine A (Marcol white mineral oil adjuvant).

Inactivation of Aerosolized Newcastle Disease Virus with Non-thermal Plasma

Abstract.HighlightsNon-thermal plasma treatment completely inactivated Newcastle disease virus (NDV).Higher airborne virus concentrations at lower humidity levels &amp;amp; higher flow rates.Nebulization (20 min) did not inactivate NDV .Abstract.The airborne transmission of poultry viruses, such as Newcastle disease virus, is major health and economic concern. The poultry industry currently lacks a cost-effective solution to prevent airborne transmission. The present study explored non-thermal plasma’s ability to inactivate poultry viruses, by challenging a laboratory-scale non-thermal plasma reactor with aerosolized Newcastle disease virus at increasing flow rates (i.e., decreased direct treatment time). Viruses were inactivated below the green fluorescent protein (GFP) focus-forming units per mL (GFU/mL) limit of detection at the flow rates 18, 23, and 28 liters per minute (LPM). However, this study did not differentiate between inactivation effects caused by direct NTP treatment and indirect NTP treatment (viruses exposed to ozone after collection on gelatin membrane filters). A strong relationship (R2 =.99) was observed between decreasing relative humidity and increasing airborne virus concentrations. Twenty minutes of nebulization did not significantly change liquid virus concentration in the nebulizer. Keywords: Aerosol, Airborne, Newcastle disease, Non-thermal, Pathogen, Plasma, Virus.

Pathogenesis of Newcastle Disease Virus Genotype VII in Chickens Vaccinated with LaSota and Inactivated Newcastle Disease Vaccines

Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the most serious viral diseases affecting poultry farms in different countries. Many outbreaks -even in vaccinated poultry flocks- were recorded in the last few years caused by Newcastle disease virus (NDV) genotype VII. This study was conducted to compare the pathogenesis of NDV genotype VII in non-vaccinated chickens and chickens vaccinated with NDV genotype II live (LaSota) and inactivated vaccines. One hundred 1-day-old chicks were divided into four equal groups; 25 for each. Groups A and B were kept unvaccinated. Group C was vaccinated with LaSota, and group D was vaccinated with both LaSota and inactivated NDV vaccine. Group A was kept as nonchallenged control blank group, while groups B, C and D were challenged intranasally by 0.1 ml 106 EID50 NDV genotype VII at 25-day of age. Three chickens were sacrificed from each group at 2, 5- and 10-days post challenge (dpc). Tissue specimens from trachea, lungs, bursa of fabricius, spleen and thymus were collected for histopathology and immunohistochemistry. NDV genotype VII challenge virus did not induce mortality in both vaccinated groups. Both vaccination programs resulted also in less severe clinical signs and histopathological lesions comparing to non-vaccinated challenged birds. Tracheal lesion score was significantly low in group D at 10 dpc while no significant difference was recorded between groups C and D in lungs. All lymphoid organs showed significantly less severe pathological alterations and depletion in groups C and D comparing to group B. Our results indicated that mis-matched genotype NDV vaccines could alleviate the pathological effect of the NDV challenge virus but do not provide complete protection of the infected host organs.

Process development for quantitation and vaccine efficacy assessment of recombinant hemagglutinin-neuraminidase

Recombinant hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) based subunit vaccine, which is non-infectious and can be produced using insect cell-culture systems, is a potential alternative to conventional live and inactivated Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccines. However, process development for manufacture and efficacy assessment of HN subunit vaccines has been hampered by the absence of reference standards, a cornerstone for robust and sensitive quantitative analytical methods. In this work, a downstream purification strategy was developed to obtain NDV HN which was expressed with a hexa-histidine fusion tag (rHN) to facilitate detection using generic antibodies. Highly purified rHN (∼95%) attained after detergent extraction and two-stage ion-exchange-hydroxyapatite column chromatography was subsequently utilized as reference standards for quantitative ELISA development. Recovery of rHN at different stages of purification was monitored. Quantitation of rHN from crude cell lysates was performed for dose-ranging antibody response and protective efficacy studies. A higher dose (1500 ng) of rHN was correlated to a significant reduction in virus shedding and attainment of herd immunity, as indicated by a higher proportion of chickens (92%) with hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titers ≥ log23. The outcome of this study, shows the importance of downstream process development in enabling robust quantitation and efficacy assessment of a recombinant subunit vaccine.

Preparation of the inactivated Newcastle disease vaccine by plasma activated water and evaluation of its protection efficacy

Vaccination has been regarded as the most effective way to reduce death and morbidity caused by infectious diseases in the livestock industry. In this study, plasma activated water (PAW) was introduced to prepare the inactivated Newcastle disease vaccine. Humoral immune response was tested by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, cell-mediated immune response was evaluated by lymphocyte proliferation assay and flow cytometry. The results demonstrated that the vaccine prepared by PAW at appropriate volume ratio could induce similar antibody titers in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens compared with the formaldehyde-inactivated vaccine. The challenge experiment further confirmed that the vaccine prepared by PAW conferred solid protection against virulent NDV. Moreover, it was found that the vaccine could promote the proliferation of lymphocytes and stimulate cell-mediated immunity of SPF chickens. Furthermore, analysis of electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy and physicochemical properties of PAW suggested reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) played an essential role in the virus inactivation. Therefore, this study indicated that NDV treated by PAW in an appropriate ratio retained immunogenicity on the premise of virus inactivation. PAW as a promising strategy could be used to prepare inactivated vaccine for Newcastle disease.

Chitosan, hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan and sulfated chitosan nanoparticles as adjuvants for inactivated Newcastle disease vaccine

Chitosan (CS) and its water-soluble derivatives, hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan (HACC) and sulfated chitosan (SCS), were used as adjuvants of inactivated Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine. First, NDV-loaded and blank CS, HACC/CS and SCS nanoparticles were prepared. The particle sizes were respectively 343.43 ± 4.12, 320.03 ± 0.84, 156.2 ± 9.29 nm and the zeta potentials were respectively +19.67 ± 0.58, +18.3 ± 0.5, −17.8 ± 2.65 mV under the optimal conditions. Then chickens were immunized with nanoparticles or commercial inactivated oil emulsion vaccine. After immunization, the humoral immunity levels of the chickens were evaluated. The cellular immunity levels were determined by the quantification of cytokines, lymphocyte proliferation assay, the percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Finally, the chickens were challenged with highly virulent virus. The results demonstrated that the humoral immunity levels in NDV-loaded CS and HACC/CS nanoparticles groups were lower than commercial vaccine but the cellular immunity levels are better. Moreover, the prevention effects of NDV-loaded CS and HACC/CS nanoparticles against highly virulent NDV are comparable to commercial vaccine. Our study provides the basis of developing HACC and CS as effective vaccine adjuvants.

Genotypes II and VIId-based inactivated Newcastle disease vaccine reduces virus shedding.

In Egypt, recent outbreaks were reported in NDV-vaccinated flocks. The isolated strain was characterized as class II velogenic genotype VIId of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). In this study, three inactivated NDV vaccine formulations were prepared, the first one is LaSota (genotype II), the second one is genotype VIId and the third one is combined Lasota and genotype VIId at a proportion of 1:1. The challenge trials were conducted in SPF chicks to evaluate the efficacy of the prepared vaccines using 106 EID50/0.5ml of the Egyptian genotype VIId strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV-B7-RLQP-CH-EG-12). Our results revealed that all three prepared vaccine formulations conferred 100% protection in the vaccinated chicks. However, the combined vaccine induced the highest haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers and neutralization indices with significant reduction in virus shedding compared to other vaccine formulations. Histopathology examination of different organs collected from vaccinated chicks post challenge indicated the protective efficacy in vaccinated groups compared to the positive control group where a score of severe lesions was shown. This study reports the efficacy of combined inactivated Lasota and genotype VIId vaccine in reducing virus shedding which is very important in controlling NDV infection in chicken.

Comparative efficacy of commercial inactivated Newcastle disease virus vaccines against Newcastle disease virus genotype VII in broiler chickens

Newcastle disease is still causing huge economic losses and devastating outbreaks in poultry flocks despite implementation of extensive vaccination programs. Five commercial broiler chicken groups were established as G1 (non-vaccinated, non-challenged group) and G2 (non-vaccinated, challenged group), and 3 vaccinated challenged groups as G3 (vaccinated with heterologous inactivated Newcastle disease virus (NDV) genotype II (NDV II) vaccine), G4 (vaccinated with homologous inactivated NDV genotype VII (NDV VII) vaccine), and G5 (vaccinated with bivalent (heterologous inactivated NDV II plus H5) vaccine) were used. Challenge test was done using a velogenic NDV genotype VII (vNDV VII) at 28-d olds. Respiratory signs, greenish diarrhea, and obvious post-mortem lesions of vNDV VII appeared in all the challenged birds whether vaccinated or not. In addition, the mortality rate decreased from 93.3% in G2 to 46.7%, 53.3%, and 66.7% in G4, G5, and G3, respectively. Overall, 2 wk postchallenge; body weight loss (%) had increased mainly in G2, with some improvement in chickens in G4 followed by G5 and chickens of G3 showed the least improvement. At 28 d (day of challenge), the highest hemagglutination inhibition values were 4.3 and 5.4 log2 in chickens in G4 and G5, respectively, which increased in all groups after the challenge. Cytokine (IL-6 and IFN-γ) levels were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the vaccinated groups than that in the non-vaccinated group, especially in G5. Viral shedding in the trachea was higher than that in the cloacal swabs in all vaccinated and non-vaccinated challenged groups with peak shedding on the 6th day post challenge for both swabs, and the lowest viral shedding titers were observed in chickens in G5. Therefore, the use of homologous genotype NDV with inactivated vaccine conferred a higher clinical protection in terms of body weight loss and mortality against vNDV VII challenge in broiler chickens; however, the heterologous vaccine used in G5 induced the highest cell-mediated immune response and hemagglutination inhibition titers with the lowest viral shedding titer.

Assessment of in vitro potency of inactivated Newcastle disease oil-adjuvanted vaccines using hemagglutination test and blocking ELISA.

Aim:The present study was aimed to establish a protocol for the evaluation of the in vitro potency of commercial inactivated Newcastle disease virus (NDV) oil-adjuvanted vaccines using hemagglutination test (HA) and blocking ELISA (B-ELISA) based on polyclonal antibodies.Materials and Methods:Aqueous phases from a total of 47 batches of inactivated NDV vaccines manufactured by 20 different companies were extracted with isopropyl myristate. The viral antigen in each sample was detected and quantified by a standard HA test and a B-ELISA assay. To verify the efficiency of the antigen extraction method used in the batches which showed HA and to test the validity of using in vitro antigen quantification by HA and B-ELISA tests, a subset of 13 batches (selected from the total 47 batches) was inoculated in groups of 3-4-week-old specific pathogen-free chickens using the recommended vaccine dose. The immunogenicity of the selected vaccine batches was assessed by the NDV-hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers in individual serum samples collected 4 weeks after vaccination. Further, the efficacy of the vaccines and their protection rates were determined by a challenge test carried out for the vaccinated chickens with the Egyptian 2012 isolate of the virulent NDV genotype VII.Results:A strong correlation was observed between HA titers and B-ELISA mean titers in the tested 47 batches (R2=0.817). This indicated the possibility of using the latter in vitro assays for vaccine potency assessment. The recommended protective NDV antigen titer measured by B-ELISA was determined to be 28 ELISA units per dose. The comparison between the HA titers of the aqueous extracts of test vaccines and the corresponding results of in vivo potency assays (i.e., immunogenicity and efficacy), including antibody titers in the serum of vaccinated birds, indicated that the efficiency of the antigen extraction used may interfere with obtaining a strong correlation between the in vitro and in vivo results.Conclusion:HA or B-ELISA tests can be used as rapid and cost-effective alternatives to traditional in vivo potency tests for vaccine potency assessment by quantifying the NDV antigen present in aqueous phase extracts of the tested vaccines. The latter in vitro protocol, however, requires efficient extraction of the antigen to be able to obtain good correlation with the traditional in vivo potency tests.

Comparative study on locally produced bivalent inactivated Newcastle disease vaccine in broiler chicks

Comparative study on locally produced bivalent inactivated Newcastle disease vaccine in broiler chicks

Comparison of the immune response between local manufactured and commercial inactivated Newcastle Disease Virus vaccine in a challenge trail with field isolated Newcastle Disease Virus

Comparison of the immune response between local manufactured and commercial inactivated Newcastle Disease Virus vaccine in a challenge trail with field isolated Newcastle Disease Virus

Comparison of the immune response between local manufactured and commercial inactivated Newcastle Disease Virus vaccine in a challenge trail with field isolated Newcastle Disease Virus

Velogenic Newcastle Disease Virus was isolated from broiler chickens in Northern Iraq. An inactivated vaccine was manufactured locally using as seed virus ELD50/ml109 and then compared with commercial inactivated vaccine in an experimental study which included 120 broiler chicks divided into three groups (G1 unvaccinated control, G2 for commercial vaccine and G3 for local vaccine). The chicks were injected subcutaneously at 3 days old followed by booster Lasota live vaccine eye drop. Indirect ELISA technique was used to estimate the antibody titer from the collected sera of chicks at age 7, 17 and 27 days (pre-challenge) and challenged at 31 days old with the same virus. The results indicated that there were significant differences (P&lt;0.05) between vaccinated group G2 and G3 at 27th day old and showed a high antibody level with high protection percentage compared with the control. G1 which shown no survival, 100% mortality and severe histopathological lesions, while in G2 and G3 was 43% and 87% respectively. Post-challenge antibody titers of survival chicks showed in G3 significantly over the G2 with less severe histopathological lesions. This study concluded that vaccine failure could occur due to factors of the immune status of the host, improper storage of vaccine, improper vaccination and variant pathogenic virus strain. More epidemiological surveillances are required to decide the actual impact of the disease in poultry farms and matching the vaccines.

Prime-boost vaccination strategy against avian influenza and Newcastle disease viruses reduces shedding of the challenge viruses.

In the present study, we carried-out assessment of efficacy of different immunization strategies using two bivalent vaccine formulations containing antigens of inactivated Newcastle disease virus (NDV-genotype VIId) and reassortant highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1-HPAIV) mixed with Montanide ISA71 and Montanide Gel02 as adjuvants. The efficacy of the prepared vaccines was evaluated by determining the cellular and humoral immune responses. In addition, protection against H5N1-AIV and NDV-genotype VIId challenge viruses post vaccination was assessed when Montanide-Gel02 based vaccine was inoculated in 10-days-old specific pathogen free chicks intraocularly once, twice or once followed by a boost with the Montanide ISA71 based vaccine. The cytokines profile analysis demonstrated that the prime-boost strategy induced the highest up-regulation in interferon-gamma (11.39-fold change) and interleukin-6 (14.12-fold change) genes expression. Also, enhanced lymphocytes proliferation was recorded beside increased antibody titers with protection levels reaching 50 and 60% against H5N1 and NDV challenge; respectively. Immunization with Montanide ISA71 inactivated vaccine induced 80% protection; however, the prime-boost combination afforded complete protection (100%) in the challenged chickens against mortality, clinical signs and virus shedding. Finally, these results highlight the significance of considering not only different vaccine platforms but also vaccination strategies to maximize protection against AIV and NDV with regards to the longevity of the vaccine-induced immune response.

Evaluation of Locally Prepared Inactivated Newcastle Disease Virus Vaccine

Vaccination is one of the control measures of the disturbing Newcastle Disease in Egypt. InactivatedNewcastle Disease virus (NDV) vaccine was prepared using a local isolate (NDV-ch-EG-CLEVBF604-2016), from Qaliobia governorate, Egypt, with Montanide ISA70VG as an oil adjuvant. Theprepared vaccine was evaluated in comparison with an inactivated imported vaccine. Chick andTurkey chick groups vaccinated with either prepared or imported vaccines showed high serumantibody titers from the 3rd week post vaccination and reached the highest titer at the 9th week postvaccination using HI test. Both prepared and imported vaccines gave near percentage of protectionagainst the local and the classical strain in both groups of chicks and turkeys ,21 days postvaccination, with no clinical signs or lesions on examination. Concluding that the locally preparedinactivated NDV vaccine can protect chicken and turkey against both homologous and heterologouschallenging viruses.

Enhancement of cell-mediated immune response in chickens by combination of TIR-TLR7 with inactivated Newcastle disease vaccine

Enhancement of cell-mediated immune response in chickens by combination of TIR-TLR7 with inactivated Newcastle disease vaccine

Resiquimod enhances mucosal and systemic immunity against avian infectious bronchitis virus vaccine in the chicken

Adjuvant enhancing mucosal immune response is preferred in controlling many pathogens at the portal of entry. Earlier, we reported that a toll-like-receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist, resiquimod (R-848), stimulated the systemic immunity when adjuvanted with the inactivated Newcastle disease virus vaccine in the chicken. Here, we report the effect of R-848 when adjuvanted with live or inactivated avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccines with special emphasis on mucosal immunity. Specific pathogen free (SPF) chicks (n = 60) were equally divided into six groups at two weeks of age and immunized with either inactivated or live IBV vaccine adjuvanted with or without R-848. Groups that received either PBS or R-848 served as control. A booster was given on 14 days post-immunization (dpi). R-848 enhanced the antigen specific humoral and cellular immune responses when co-administered with the vaccines as evidenced by an increase in the antibody titre in ELISA and stimulation index in lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) till 35 dpi and increased proportion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells on 21 dpi in the flow cytometry. Interestingly, it potentiated the IgA responses in the tear and intestinal secretions when used with both live and inactivated IBV vaccines. The combination of IBV vaccine with R-848 significantly up-regulated the transforming growth factor beta 4 (TGFβ4) transcripts in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) than that of the respective vaccine per se. An enhanced secretory IgA response is likely due to the up-regulation of TGFβ4, which is responsible for class switching to IgA. In conclusion, co-administration of R-848 with inactivated or live IBV vaccine enhanced the systemic as well as mucosal immune responses in the chicken.