Preparation of the inactivated Newcastle disease vaccine by plasma activated water and evaluation of its protection efficacy

Zhou Hongzhuan,Fang Jing,Tian Ying,Chang Yanyan,Zhang Jue,Guo Jinsong,Su Xia,Jiang Beiyu,Lin Lulu,Yang Bing,Zhang Zhenhua

doi:10.1007/s00253-019-10106-8

Abstract

Vaccination has been regarded as the most effective way to reduce death and morbidity caused by infectious diseases in the livestock industry. In this study, plasma activated water (PAW) was introduced to prepare the inactivated Newcastle disease vaccine. Humoral immune response was tested by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, cell-mediated immune response was evaluated by lymphocyte proliferation assay and flow cytometry. The results demonstrated that the vaccine prepared by PAW at appropriate volume ratio could induce similar antibody titers in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens compared with the formaldehyde-inactivated vaccine. The challenge experiment further confirmed that the vaccine prepared by PAW conferred solid protection against virulent NDV. Moreover, it was found that the vaccine could promote the proliferation of lymphocytes and stimulate cell-mediated immunity of SPF chickens. Furthermore, analysis of electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy and physicochemical properties of PAW suggested reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) played an essential role in the virus inactivation. Therefore, this study indicated that NDV treated by PAW in an appropriate ratio retained immunogenicity on the premise of virus inactivation. PAW as a promising strategy could be used to prepare inactivated vaccine for Newcastle disease.

Highlights

The inactivated vaccine as widely used vaccine was prepared by some inactivating agents, such as formaldehyde and β-propiolactone, in livestock industry (Daszak et al 2000)
Considering the more serious respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection caused by formaldehyde-inactivated RSV vaccine and the allergic reactions caused by BPL, developing a potential method of inactivating virus and preparing vaccine is still required
In consideration of the inactivation ability of plasma activated water (PAW) on varieties of pathogens, the potential application of PAW toward inactivated vaccine preparation was investigated in this study

Summary

Introduction

Newcastle disease (ND) is a worldwide infectious disease in the livestock industry, which can infect plenty of wild and domestic avian species; ND is endemic in many developing parts of the world and spreads via different routes (Alexander 2000a; Ganar et al 2014; Seal et al 2000). It has been recognized as a notifiable disease in view of its rapid transmission and a large scale of impact in poultry industry (Alexander et al 2012). In order to control and prevent the spread of ND, the current common practice worldwide is vaccination (Alexander 2001)

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