Implicit Author Research Articles

Ideology and the Implicit Authorization of Violence as Policy: The Myanmar Military’s Conflict-Related Sexual Violence against the Rohingya

A partir del trabajo de campo original y de otras fuentes primarias y secundarias, evaluamos si la violencia sexual generalizada durante las operaciones militares de Myanmar en 2017 contra las comunidades rohinyás fue una política (ordenada o autorizada por los comandantes) o una práctica (impulsada desde abajo y tolerada por los comandantes). Argumentamos que la violencia sexual fue autorizada como una política basados en (1) la prolongada exclusión ideológica de los rohinyás del estatus de ciudadanos, así como el historial de ingeniería demográfica para limitar su reproducción, (2) el contexto de limpieza étnica y el control efectivo que ejercían los comandantes sobre las tropas, (3) la evidencia de que los militares ejecutan un patrón de violencia sexual contra los rohinyás diferente al usado contra otras minorías étnicas, incluyendo ataques contra su capacidad reproductiva, y (4) un largo y continuo historial de impunidad de la violencia sexual relacionada con el conflicto, incluyendo en contra de los rohinyás. Nuestro análisis contribuye a la comprensión académica de las condiciones bajo las cuales la violencia sexual es autorizada como política y aquellas bajo las cuales la ideología prescribe o legitima patrones específicos de violencia, incluida la limpieza étnica. También es oportuno para apoyar los esfuerzos por enjuiciar y prevenir la violencia sexual relacionada con los conflictos.

Report on the 1st Workshop on Implicit Author Characterization from Texts for Search and Retrieval (IACT 2023) at SIGIR 2023

The first edition of the International Workshop on Implicit Author Characterization from Texts for Search and Retrieval (IACT'23) was held on July 27 th , 2023, in conjunction with the 46th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR) in Taipei, Taiwan. To support both online and in-person participation, the workshop was held as a hybrid event. Online participation was allowed using the EventX platform. During the course of the day, about 15 attendees had the opportunity to follow up and discuss the recent advances in topics related to identifying and extracting implicit information about authors (e.g., human or AI) from texts and using it in IR tasks. The workshop program included two invited keynotes, four paper presentations, and the report of the ColiE competition which was held as a part of the workshop1. The proceedings of the workshop are available online at https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3477/. Date : 27 July 2023. Website : https://en.sce.ac.il/news/iact23.

“Contemporary standard” English policy and pseudo‐diversity among inner and outer circle assistant language teachers in Japan

AbstractAssistant language teachers (ALTs) in the Japan Exchange and Teaching (JET) program are composed of 90% of Inner Circle ALTs and 10% of rigorously screened Outer Circle JET ALTs, who are hired under the Education Ministry's “contemporary standard” (i.e., American) English policy. Although silent regarding the disproportion, the Ministry and affiliated entities have been celebrating the program's “multinational diversity.” Stimulated by this inconsistency and aiming to discover other cases, this study collects policy statements on the role of inner/outer circle JET ALTs and non‐JET ALTs. It examines the level of consistencies between policymakers’ explicit and implicit authorization (e.g., the Ministry's articulate demand for more non‐JET ALTs, relative to their unspoken acknowledgment of those ALTs’ deviation from the standard English policy). Factors behind the Ministry's double standards of JET ALT‐based standard English and unbranded English policies are discussed. Implications for Global Englishes research in light of Asia's Inner Circle‐oriented English education policy and its discrimination against Outer Circle teachers from/in Asian neighboring countries are also presented.

ТЕКСТОВАЯ РЕПРЕЗЕНТАЦИЯ СТАРЕНИЯ И ЭЙДЖИСТСКИЕ УСТАНОВКИ В СОВРЕМЕННОМ ЖЕНСКОМ ДИСКУРСЕ

Statement of the problem. The results of interdisciplinary studies show that the aging process was causelessly associated with words of decline, vulnerability and has a gender marking. The relationship between these two identities is complex, and as linguistic research, it has not been studied to a sufficient extent yet, and does not have a satisfactory theoretical foundation. The purpose of the article is to analyze lexical units with ageist semantics excerpted from literary works and identify semantic groups that are based on certain stereotypical attitudes associated with the aging process. Materials and methods. The research material is the prose of American female writers K. Bushnell and S. Mayer, containing examples of age stereotypes. The main methods of analysis are the continuous sampling method, the hypothetical-deductive method, the descriptive method with its main components (observation, description, generalization), as well as the method of contextual-pragmatic interpretation. Conclusions. In the course of the work, it is revealed that under the influence of formed ageist attitudes, negative thoughts about senescence can become inward-looking and become a source of gerontophobia. In the works under study, the language of ageism is divided into five semantic groups, ncluding explicit expressions of personages, as well as implicit author’s bias.

The Narrative Image in the Stories of Mahmoud Jandari’s Rhetoric of Production

The research in monitoring the narrative image is based on the expansionist vision of rhetoric in its understanding of man and existence, as it is linked to the narrative imagination that helps it to extend and form expanded, which enters it into the field of spacious rhetoric, as it invests experience and literary expertise, taste, meditation, and life in the interpretation of the composition of literary images and its connotations, which is commensurate with the spaciousness The world and its ideas. The research was devoted to studying the stories of Mahmoud January, in acknowledgment of this pictorial diversity, which can extend according to the worlds of the imagined text (the world of production, the world of formation, and the world of reception). The research will be confined to shedding light on the world of production, represented by the implicit author on the diversity of its spectra, to monitor the direct relationship that links the text product to the image as it is one of the sources of its production within the literary work

Ideology and the Implicit Authorization of Violence as Policy: The Myanmar Military's Conflict-Related Sexual Violence against the Rohingya

AbstractDrawing on original fieldwork, other primary and secondary sources, we assess whether widespread sexual violence during Myanmar's 2017 military operations against Rohingya communities was policy (ordered or authorized by commanders) or practice (driven from below and tolerated by commanders). We argue that sexual violence was authorized as a policy based on (1) the regime's long-standing ideological exclusion of the Rohingya from citizenship and its record of demographic engineering to limit their reproduction, (2) the context of ethnic cleansing and commanders’ effective control of forces, (3) evidence that the military engages in a distinct pattern of sexual violence against the Rohingya, including the targeting of reproductive capacity, and (4) a record of long-standing and ongoing impunity for conflict-related sexual violence, including against the Rohingya. Our analysis contributes to scholarly understanding of the conditions under which sexual violence is authorized as policy and those under which ideology prescribes or legitimates specific patterns of violence, including ethnic cleansing. It is also timely for efforts to prosecute and prevent conflict-related sexual violence.

THE EKPHRASTIC CODE OF “THE PYRAMID”, A NOVEL BY LEONID LEONOV

The purpose of this article is to study the transformation of plots and motifs of visual art in “The Pyramid” (1994), the last novel by L. Leonov. The authors take a closer look at various types of ekphrasis: mimetic, unattributed and zero type. The theoretical framework for the analysis of the novel’s narrative space in ekphrastic terms includes the works of L.G. Geller, N.V. Braginskaya, J. Heffernan and other Russian and foreign philologists. Based on the idea of the dialogical nature of the concept of “ekphrasis,” the authors of the article consider the ekphrasis of the “The Pyramid” in a broad sense, as a means of concentrating the artistic, visual and philosophical context, inherent in the very nature of interaction between different types of art. The hermeneutic method is used achieve the set objectives, allowing to reconstruct the meanings of the ekphrastic fragments of the novel in the context of the phenomena of the global and Russian culture. Along with the alternation of dialogues and monologues of the implicit author and characters, direct and modified pictorial allusions are Leonov’s leading methods of text generation. Inheriting the traditions of Russian classical literature that tends to inexpressible, the writer integrates images of spatial arts, architecture, and painting into the text of the literary work. The narrative principles of “The Pyramid” are largely determined by the correlation of the author’s reflexive thought with precedent phenomena, the symbolic content of paintings by P. Brueghel, I. Repin, V. Perov, A. Durer’s engravings, temple frescoes, Russian icon painting. This allusive series is contingent on Leonov’s aesthetic preferences. It is on this basis that the ekphrastic code of the work is formed. It expresses the semantic and poetic harmony of the visual and verbal principles of the author’s thinking.

Verdaderamente se muere, y verdaderamente está cuerdo Alonso Quijano el Bueno. Cervantes comunica al hombre que la imaginación creativa es una fuente de vida

En estas líneas estudiamos el último capítulo de la II parte del Quijote, que ha sido un episodio controvertido. Analizamos el tema del amor, la muerte, el honor, la cordura y la locura. Concluimos que, aunque hay una condena explícita al género de la caballería, el autor implícito refuerza el valor de las historias imaginadas («cuentos» en palabras de don Quijote), que son no solo necesarias para configurar la novela moderna —y la fama de su autor—, sino para vivir.

КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНА МЕТАФОРА ЯК ЗАСІБ РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ КОНЦЕПТУ SELF-ALIENATION / САМОВІДЧУЖЕННЯ В АНГЛОМОВНОМУ НАУКОВО-ФАНТАСТИЧНОМУ ДИСКУРСІ


 
 
 
 The article deals with the investigation of conceptual metaphors as a means of realizing SELF-ALIENATION concept in the English science fiction. The study is based on the conceptual metaphor theory which states that metaphors incorporate thought, language and speech (Lakoff &Johnson, 2003). Conceptual metaphor modelling appears to be productive to analyze the structure of metaphors, since it is based on the interrelation between source and target domains and their mapping. SELF-ALIENATION concept is characterized by the range of conceptual metaphor models, among which SELF IS CONTAINER, SELF IS DISCLOSURE, SELF IS LIQUID and SELF IS DIGITAL UNIT are most frequently used in the English science fiction. SELF IS CONTAINER model is represented by the lexemes ‘personality’, ‘body’, ‘identity’ and ‘individuality’ which best represent the essence of the SELF-ALIENATION concept revealing implicit author’s intentions.
 
 
 

B. Teneta's Novel «The Death of Anaguac» and the Problem of Mass Literature of the 1920s and 1930s

The aim of this work is to demonstrate the co-presence of several discourses in the text of adventure literature of the 1920s and 1930s on the example of B. Teneta's novel «The Death of Anaguac». An effective methodology for analyzing the problem is Marxism, primarily Althusser's symptomatic reading method. Postcolonial studies and a comparative method are used to analyze individual discourses. As a result of the study, it has been found that the novel «The Death of Anaguac» by B. Teneta embodies the confrontation between Marxism (in the interpretation of history) and the national-protecting narrative (in the fiction plot). The story of the extermination of the Aztecs demonstrates an anti-colonial orientation both in comparison with the novel by the English writer R. Haggard and with the Soviet fiction about the development of the North and the Far East. The implicit author is convinced of the right of non-European peoples to their own path and original culture. The focalized depiction of the indigenous people's resistance to the invaders in Teneta's novel undermines the civilizational mission of any conquest. At the same time, the hidden theme of the novel is the colonization of Ukraine and a writer’s role in times of crisis. The novelty of the study is associated with the demonstration of the presence of various discourses that form the content of this text.

Da Legalidade dos Tetos Estabelecidos pela Portaria PGFN n. 448/2019 e pela Instrução Normativa RFB n. 1891/2019 para Obtenção do Parcelamento Simplificado Regulado pela Lei n. 10.522/2002

On 10/02/2018, the Superior Court of Justice affected REsp 1724834/SC, REsp 1679536/RN and REsp 1728239/RS to be judged according to the Repetitive Appeals system. The aim is to standardize the following controversy: Whether it is possible for an infralegal act to set a maximum for simplified installment payments or if this limitation offends the rule set forth by Law 10.522/2002. From a pragmatic perspective, we see a tendency to see this practice as illegal. However, from our point of view, this issue has been superficially addressed by the Courts. The fact that Article 14c provides nothing about the possibility for the Executive to create additional requirements is insufficient circumstance to support a judgment of illegality. What item II of article 5 of the SC requires is only that the law has given the Executive Power, even if implicitly, the power to regulate the subject, and that the infralegal act is compatible with the law. That is why a greater hermeneutic effort is needed, which also takes into account the possibility of an implicit authorization. To do so, we propose two reasons to argue for such a permit. The first of these lies in the fact that Article 14c granted the Public Treasury permission to grant or not installment payments. The second is based on the fact that the construction of the installment rules based solely on the statements of Law 10.522/2002 leads to the existence of an antinomy between them, which is not surpassed by the criteria of hierarchy, specialty and chronology.

Narrative Unreliability as a Literary Device and Reception Shift

The primary aim of the article is to gain a better understanding of narrative unreliability as a literary device in reception perspective. While previous studies have focused mainly on textual incongruities, argued for an encoded strategy on the part of the implied author or have embraced a reader-oriented model; the present study attempts to analyze the concept of unreliable narration as a convergence of both the rhetorical and cognitive/constructivist models in genre identification. The object of the analyses is Sarah Waters’ novel “The Little Stranger”, in particular its metamorphosed genre with the elements of historical sketch, mystery, poltergeist/ ghost story, mysticism and detective intrigue. The author’s narrative strategy is specified by the multiple readers’ responses. Despite the explicit Gothic modality, the historical context makes it possible to implement the author's conceptual intentions. Sarah Waters chooses a subjective narration type, when the homodiegetic narrator performs a dual function: both the narrator-observer and the character. In his unreliable narratives, the complementarities of misreporting, misinterpreting, underreporting and misevaluating are traced. Narrative unreliability in the novel serves as a kind of disguise for the mental aberrations of the homodiegetic narrator, so that the peculiarities of his narration cause doubts about his adequacy, freeing the reader from his influence and making it possible to create various interpretations of the story. Consequently, narrative unreliability here directly affects both the genre identification and the range of reception shift from the implicit reader to the text (implicit communication), and from interpretive frames to the implicit author and reverse, that allows to apply a convergence of rhetorical and cognitive/ constructivist methods in the novel analyses.

Anna Akhmatova and the Riddle of Shakespeare

In the memoirs of Anna Akhmatova’s contemporaries, statements about her interest in William Shakespeare’s personality and creative work may be regarded as locus communis . This passion was dwelt upon in her Notebooks written between 1958 and 1966. The following fact is worth mentioning here: in 1957, Akhmatova planned to write a book whose second part Marginalia was supposed to include notes about Shakespeare. This article explores the possible reasons for Anna Akhmatova’s interest in the attri­bution of Shakespeare’s heritage. The article refers to evidence from Akhmatova’s contemporaries (V. Rezepter, G. Glyokin, I. Ivanovsky, L. Chukovskaya, V. Muravyov, E. Gerstein) and fragments from her notebooks and poetry ( Poem without a Hero , play Prologue, or A Dream within a Dream and others). Akhmatova took part in the debate over who had written Shakespeare’s works and “William Shakespeare’s” identity. She doubted that the actor and theatrical entrepreneur from Stratford-upon-Avon had really authored numerous plays. Akhmatova was aware of the fact that during Shakespeare’s time, authorship was not of preeminent importance or had the significance attributed to it today. But she did not share the point of view of some of her interlocutors (Rezepter, Muravyov) on the possibility of “art without names”. The need to establish the real author of famous plays and sonnets was dictated by Akhmatova’s desire to clarify some literary and aesthetic issues for herself, i.e. the correlation between the real and the implicit author, the degree of distance between the author’s alter ego in the text and the author themselves, the possibility of discursive play within the chain “author — narrator — character — reader”, the mechanisms of displacement or “obscuring” of the confessional tone.

O discipulado segundo Mateus. Uma abordagem pragmática-comunicativa

Propõe-se um estudo do tema do discipulado, a partir dos relatos vocacionais, presentes no Evangelho segundo Mateus (4,18-22; 8,18-22; 9,9.10-13; 19,16-22). O trabalho, de metodologia sincrônica, segue uma perspectiva comunicativa. Elaborado de forma a estimular a cooperação interpretativa, o evangelho não se limita a informar um acontecimento do passado, mas oferece vários elementos que tendem a provocar o leitor e a levá-lo a uma atitude que surge da verificação das suas posições e expectativas, em confronto com a narrativa. O objetivo do artigo é de identificar as estratégias literárias e pragmáticas usadas pelo autor. Inicia-se da descrição do gênero relato vocacional, com a comparação entre 1Rs 19,19-21 e Mt 4,18-20. Depois segue-se uma análise dos relatos, de modo a identificar os elementos de coesão e coerência interna de cada um deles, destacando o seu potencial comunicativo. Por fim, com a focalização pragmática, observa-se a distribuição progressiva dos relatos, no conjunto da narrativa, de modo a identificar a sua dimensão performativa, ou seja, o itinerário traçado pelo autor implícito, com a finalidade de conduzir o leitor a assumir os valores e a proposta de discipulado de Jesus Cristo, na ótica do Reino dos Céus.

The Image of the Russian Revolution as the Embodiment of the Author's Understanding of History in "The Nomadism to Death" by Vladimir Maksimov

The study features the image of the revolution in the novel by V. Maksimov "The Nomadism to Death". The research employed the cultural-historical and mythopoetic methods, as well as the method of motivational analysis. Since the novel has a complex multistage structure, the image of the revolution is considered according to the levels of the text: 1. The real layer of time, featuring the generation of fathers, who participated in the revolution and civil war. For them, revolution is significant: this is what they lived, killed and died for. The image of revolution evokes respect and worship, as well as regret about its incomplete. On this level, the revolution is closely connected with the time of the Civil War, which became its continuation. 2. The metatext level (the level of the explicit author-narrator Mikhail Barmin) unites the metatextual construction of the novel (which includes the present, Barmin’s past and "a novel inside the novel" about the time of the revolution and the civil war) and fits into the artistic conception of the writer's time: Maksimov depicts the time as a deadly chaotic circle, guiding the destinies of his characters and the land that repeats its history again and again, and in the whole of humanity as a whole. 3. Author's point of view (implicit author) – the revolution appears in the form of chthonic creatures, monsters devouring their children, demanding blood sacrifices and human lives.

MACARONISMS IN THE NOVEL BY SERGEY MINAEV «DUKHLESS»

The purpose of this article is to identify the language means of objectifying hypertext and interdiscourse of the work of Sergei Minaev. The object of the study is the language of postmodern discourse. The subject of the study is macaronic language as a foreign language component in the novel of S. Minaev «Dukhless», which is included in the literary text with specific objectives and endowed with its own set of functions in accordance to the explicit or implicit author’s intention. The study of the material was carried out mainly with the help of a synchronous-descriptive method with elements of analysis at the level of deep semantics. In some cases, the method of linguistic experiment and transformation was used. Conclusions: macaronic language functions include: comic, nominative, aesthetic, aggressive demonstration of language competence. The conventional view on macaronic language as a tool that is used to create a comic effect is not confirmed in the works of modern linguists, often macaronic language is put on a par with barbarisms and the distinctiveness facet fades out between them. For macaronic language, any foreign language is included.

THE LAST ALBUM OF LEONARD COHEN AS A TEXT TESTAMENT

Leonard Norman Cohen (1934-2016) is peculiar among singer-songwriters. His last album “You Want it Darker” may be characterized by a definite line of moves of the recipient and it’s results. That's why the investigator has three text units corresponding to three phases of reception: 1) name of the author / title of the album / names of the tracks making the whole text massive terminated as “preliminary text “ (“pretext”); 2) combination of songs as an indiscrete text massive marked as a “global text” (“macrotext”); 3) text of one song with deep “in-reading” for the actualization of implicit author’s senses, messages. Such texts may be more than one. But the recipient always concentrates upon one of them, and this central unit is named conditionally a “text of a song”. The reception of the album is completed at this phase, and independent reception of the recipient begins or continues simultaneously. Accordingly, works by L. Cohen may be learned as a global context including all albums, poetic collections and prose. Albums are the basic object because Cohen is famous as a singer first place. Yet each album is connected with another one, because it is characterizes by a theme relationship, succession of ideas, sense connections. Each album is a complicated structure, communicative sign of integral essence, and it is actualized on different levels of reception. The last album of Cohen is addressed not to a limited category of recipients, but to the whole mankind as a wishing for everybody to choose their own decision.

Moving Picture, Lying Image: Unreliable Cinematic Narratives

Abstract By coining the term “unreliable narrator” Wayne Booth hypothesized another agent in his model besides the author, the implicit author, to explain the double coding of narratives where a distorted view of reality and the exposure of this distortion are presented simultaneously. The article deals with the applicability of the concept in visual narratives. Since unreliability is traditionally considered to be intertwined with first person narratives, it works through subjective mediators. According to scholarly literature on the subject, the narrator has to be strongly characterized, or in other words, anthropomorphized. In the case of film, the main problem is that the narrator is either missing or the narration cannot be attributed entirely to them. There is a medial rupture where the apparatus mediates the story instead of a character’s oral or written discourse. The present paper focuses on some important but overlooked questions about the nature of cinematic storytelling through a re-examination of |the lying flashback in Alfred Hitchcock's Stage Fright. Can a character-narrator control the images the viewer sees? How can the filmic image still be unreliable without having an anthropomorphic narrator? How useful is the term focalization when we are dealing with embedded character-narratives in film?

Слово об авторе

The experience of a dictionary entry ‘Author’ offered here provides essential help in mastering the course of “Introduction into Literary Studies” and deals with the meanings of one of the key notions of philology. Some general ideas are presented: of the author as a biographic individual, of the author as the creator of a literary text, of the implicit author, and of the two approaches outlined in the XX century to the issue of the reader and author relationship.

Willkürliche Rechtssprechung. Ovids verhüllte Augustuskritik in der Tieropfer-Passage der Fasti (1, 349–456)

Abstract The passage in Ovid’s Fasti that deals with animal sacrifice implicitly criticizes the legal system of the late Augustan period. In particular, it is the increasing arbitrariness of the emperor’s judgments that is addressed in a metaphorical way. In order to make explicit the hidden criticism, this article first compares the passage to the parallel section in the 15th book of the Metamorphoses, then reads it within the context of the first book of the Fasti and finally places it in the context of Ovid’s exile poetry. It emerges that the gods’ behaving more and more unjustly can be connected to the emperor himself, whereas the slaughtered birds recall the implicit author of the Fasti, who in his exile poetry constantly presents himself as the miserable victim of an unjust relegation to the Black Sea.