Degree Of Imbalance Research Articles

A New β0 Frameshift Mutation, HBB: c.44delT (p.Leu14ArgfsX5), Identified in an Argentinean Family Associated with Secondary Genetic Modifiers of β-Thalassemia

β-Thalassemia intermedia (β-TI) patients present with a wide spectrum of phenotypes depending on the presence of primary, secondary, and tertiary genetic modifiers which modulate, by different mechanisms, the degree of imbalance between α and β chains. Here we describe a new β0 frameshift mutation, HBB: c.44delT (p.Leu14ArgfsX5), identified in four members of a family, associated with secondary genetic modifiers in three of them. The different genotype present in this family was suspected after hematological analysis and thorough observation of blood smears highlighting their importance in the identification of β-TI patients among members of the same family.

Site fidelity, ontogenetic shift and diet composition of green turtles Chelonia mydas in Japan inferred from stable isotope analysis

Incomplete knowledge about local foraging ecology of green turtles hampers their conservation management in Japan, where stocks have only partially recovered from heavy exploitation in previous centuries. We used stable isotope ratios of δ13C and δ15N for turtle carapace scutes, where successive layers contain a chronological record of diet assimilated over a period of years. Turtles were sampled at 2 geographically separate foraging grounds in Japan: the temperate Main Islands (n = 32) and the sub-tropical Nansei Islands (n = 42). Site fidelity was inferred for the majority of turtles at each site (81 and 64% resident turtles) because isotope data indicated diets consistent with food taxa at the respective sites. Immigrant turtles (previous diet outside their current site) were few (n = 4) at the Main Islands site but numerous (n = 14) at the Nansei Islands site, where they were significantly smaller than residents. An ontogenetic shift (Main Islands to Nansei Islands) was inferred for many of the immigrants on the basis of isotope evidence and body size. These immigrants corresponded to a size cohort that was relatively scarce in Main Islands foraging grounds according to previous studies. Bayesian mixing models, used to estimate proportional components of diet, showed varying degrees of imbalance between seagrass and algae and indicated that hypothetical consumption of non-trivial amounts of animal matter was plausible. The latter represented a hypothetical diet component for study turtles since animal matter was rarely found in stomach contents. Potential ambiguity and other issues that constrained inference from mixing models are discussed.

PMU-Based Detection of Imbalance in Three-Phase Power Systems

The problem of imbalance detection in a three-phase power system using a phasor measurement unit (PMU) is considered. A general model for the zero, positive, and negative sequences from a PMU measurement at off-nominal frequencies is presented and a hypothesis testing framework is formulated. The new formulation takes into account the fact that minor degree of imbalance in the system is acceptable and does not indicate subsequent interruptions, failures, or degradation of physical components. A generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) is developed and shown to be a function of the negative-sequence phasor estimator and the acceptable level of imbalances for nominal system operations. As a by-product to the proposed detection method, a constrained estimation of the positive and negative phasors and the frequency deviation is obtained for both balanced and unbalanced situations. The theoretical and numerical performance analyses show improved performance over benchmark techniques and robustness to the presence of additional harmonics.

A proposal for evolutionary fuzzy systems using feature weighting: Dealing with overlapping in imbalanced datasets

In a general scenario of classification, one of the main drawbacks for the achievement of accurate models is the presence of high overlapping among the concepts to be learnt. This drawback becomes more severe when we are addressing problems with an imbalanced class distribution. In such cases, the minority class usually represents the most important target of the classification. The failure to correctly identify the minority class instances is often related to those boundary areas in which they are outnumbered by the majority class examples.Throughout the learning stage of the most common rule learning methodologies, the process is often biased to obtain rules that cover the largest areas of the problem. The reason for this behavior is that these types of algorithms aim to maximize the confidence, measured as a ratio of positive and negative covered examples. Rules that identify small areas, in which minority class examples are poorly represented and overlap with majority class examples, will be discarded in favor of more general rules whose consequent will be unequivocally associated with the majority class.Among all types of rule systems, linguistic Fuzzy Rule Based Systems have shown good behavior in the context of classification with imbalanced datasets. Accordingly, we propose a feature weighting approach which aims at analyzing the significance of the problem’s variables by weighting the membership degree within the inference process. This is done by applying a different degree of significance to the variables that represent the dataset, enabling to smooth the problem boundaries. These parameters are learnt by means of an optimization process in the framework of evolutionary fuzzy systems. Experimental results using a large number of benchmark problems with different degrees of imbalance and overlapping, show the goodness of our proposal.

Accuracy in Estimation with Nonresponse: A Function of Degree of Imbalance and Degree of Explanation

Responsive Design is a trend in recent survey literature concerned notably with managing data collection, through planning and appropriate intervention, so as to realize a well-balanced final set of respondents. In this effort, auxiliary variables, including paradata, are central. But regardless of what is done in the data collection, accurate estimation despite nonresponse is the ultimate goal. The auxiliary variables are important at the estimation stage as well, as when calibrated weights are used in the nonresponse adjustment. For accuracy, two factors intervene: (1) in the data collection, the level of imbalance achieved with the auxiliary information; and (2) in the estimation, the degree to which the auxiliaries explain the study variable. In practice, both objectives are less than completely satisfied. Reduced imbalance in data collection does not by itself guarantee low bias in the estimates. We ask: Is balancing worth a perhaps costly and demanding effort in data collection? Could one have done equally well by saving the use of the auxiliary information until the estimation stage? Complete bias elimination is not achieved at either stage. We outline a theory for a two-factor explanation of accuracy, and apply it to two important surveys at Statistics Sweden. The factors— the degree of imbalance and the degree of explanation—are systematically varied, and their joint effect on the accuracy of the estimates is evaluated empirically. The results show that reduced imbalance makes the adjustment of the simple estimate lose some of its importance. More importantly, the calibration-adjusted estimate realizes some accuracy improvement by having been preceded in data collection by a reduced imbalance. The explanation of why this happens is not simple, but a theoretical justification is outlined.

Metabolic adaptation following massive weight loss is related to the degree of energy imbalance and changes in circulating leptin.

ObjectiveTo measure resting metabolic rate (RMR) and body composition changes in obese subjects following massive weight loss achieved via bariatric surgery or calorie restriction plus vigorous exercise.Design and MethodsWe compared changes in body composition and RMR in 13 pairs of obese subjects retrospectively matched for sex, body mass index, weight and age that underwent either Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGB) or participated in “The Biggest Loser” weight loss competition (BLC).ResultsBoth groups had similar final weight loss (RYGB: 40.2 ± 12.7 kg, BLC: 48.8 ± 14.9 kg; p=0.14); however, RYGB lost a larger proportion of their weight as fat-free mass (FFM) (RYGB: 30 ± 12%, BLC: 16 ± 8% [p<0.01]). In both groups, RMR decreased significantly more than expected based on measured body composition changes. The magnitude of this metabolic adaptation was correlated with the degree of energy imbalance (r = 0.64, p =0.003) and the decrease in circulating leptin (r = 0.61, p=0.006).ConclusionsCalorie restriction along with vigorous exercise in BLC participants resulted in preservation of FFM and greater metabolic adaption compared to RYGB subjects despite comparable weight loss. Metabolic adaptation was related to the degree of energy imbalance and the changes in circulating leptin.

Wheat plants invest more in mycorrhizae and receive more benefits from them under adverse than favorable soil conditions

Soil chemistry and biota heavily influence crop plant growth and mineral nutrition. The stress-severity and optimal resource allocation hypotheses predict mutualistic symbiotic benefits to increase with the degree of metabolic imbalance and environmental stress. Using two cross-factorial pot experiments with the same biologically active calcareous soil, one time highly saline and nutrient-deficient, and the other time partially desalinated and amended with mineral soil fertilizer, we explored whether these general predictions hold true for zinc (Zn) nutrition of bread wheat in mycorrhizal symbiosis. Increased arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal root colonization positively correlated with plant Zn nutrition, but only when plants were impaired in growth due to salinity and nutrient-deficiency; this was particularly so in a cultivar-responsive to application of mineral Zn fertilizer. Evidence for direct involvement of AM fungi were positive correlations between Zn uptake from soil and frequency of fungal symbiotic nutrient exchange organelles, as well as the quantitative abundance of AM fungi of the genera Funneliformis and Rhizophagus, but not Claroideoglomus. Combined partial soil desalination and fertilization swapped the dominance ranking from Claroideoglomus spp. to Funneliformis spp. Positive growth, nitrogen, and Zn uptake responses to mycorrhization were contingent on moderate soil fertilization with ZnSO4. In agreement with the predictions of the stress-severity and optimal resource allocation hypotheses, plants limited in growth due to chemically adverse soil conditions invested relatively more into AM fungi, as evident from heavier root colonization, and took up relatively more Zn and nitrogen in response to mycorrhization, than better growing and less mycorrhized plants. It thus appears that crop plant cultivar-dependent mycorrhization and Zn fertilizer-responsiveness may reinforce each other, provided that there is bioavailable Zn in soil and plant growth is impaired by suboptimal chemical soil conditions.

Degree of glutathione deficiency and redox imbalance depend on subtype of mitochondrial disease and clinical status.

Mitochondrial disorders are associated with decreased energy production and redox imbalance. Glutathione plays a central role in redox signaling and protecting cells from oxidative damage. In order to understand the consequences of mitochondrial dysfunction on in vivo redox status, and to determine how this varies by mitochondrial disease subtype and clinical severity, we used a sensitive tandem mass spectrometry assay to precisely quantify whole blood reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione levels in a large cohort of mitochondrial disorder patients. Glutathione redox potential was calculated using the Nernst equation. Compared to healthy controls (n = 59), mitochondrial disease patients (n = 58) as a group showed significant redox imbalance (redox potential −251 mV±9.7, p<0.0001) with an increased level of oxidation by ∼9 mV compared to controls (−260 mV±6.4). Underlying this abnormality were significantly lower whole blood GSH levels (p = 0.0008) and GSH/GSSG ratio (p = 0.0002), and significantly higher GSSG levels (p<0.0001) in mitochondrial disease patients compared to controls. Redox potential was significantly more oxidized in all mitochondrial disease subgroups including Leigh syndrome (n = 15), electron transport chain abnormalities (n = 10), mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (n = 8), mtDNA deletion syndrome (n = 7), mtDNA depletion syndrome (n = 7), and miscellaneous other mitochondrial disorders (n = 11). Patients hospitalized in metabolic crisis (n = 7) showed the greatest degree of redox imbalance at −242 mV±7. Peripheral whole blood GSH and GSSG levels are promising biomarkers of mitochondrial dysfunction, and may give insights into the contribution of oxidative stress to the pathophysiology of the various mitochondrial disorders. In particular, evaluation of redox potential may be useful in monitoring of clinical status or response to redox-modulating therapies in clinical trials.

Extracellular redox state regulates catecholamine biosynthesis in PC12 cells with insulin resistance.

Extracellular cysteine (Cys)/cystine (CySS) redox potential (Eh) plays a crucial role in maintaining redox homeostasis and an alteration of redox state occurs in various physiological conditions, including diabetes, cancer, and aging. This study was designed to determine whether a variation in extracellular redox state would alter the function of insulin-resistant PC12 cells. Various redox states were established by providing different extracellular Cys/CySS Eh to insulin-resistant PC12 cells. We intensively investigated the relationship between redox state and catecholamine biosynthesis in PC12 cells, and evaluated the changes in cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), catecholamine (CA) synthesis, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expressions, and the activity of rate-limiting enzyme in CA synthesis by using DCF-fluorescence, HPLC, and the real-time PCR, respectively. We also determined the protein levels of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a redox sensitive transcription factor, using an ELISA assay. We found that the oxidized Cys/CySS Eh (0 mV) pretreatment decreased CA, TH, and Nrf2 levels, but induced ROS overproduction. Insulin induced a significant increase in CA synthesis and ROS production, blocked by more reducing redox conditions. The paradox of CA and TH alterations between insulin and 0 mV groups may be attributed to degree of redox imbalance as evidenced by different ROS levels in 2 groups, which is further confirmed by CA alterations in different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. Additionally, dithiole-3-thione (D3T, an inducer of Nrf2) corrected 0 mV-induced TH inhibition. In conclusion, CA biosynthesis in insulin-resistant PC12 cells could be influenced by extracellular Cys/CySS redox effects on cellular redox sensitive transcription factors.

Mean time imbalance effects on unreliable unpaced serial flow lines

This paper investigates the benefits of deliberately unbalancing operation time means for unreliable non-automated production lines. The lines were simulated with various line lengths, buffer capacities, degrees of imbalance and patterns of imbalance. Data on two performance measures, namely throughput and average buffer level were gathered, analyzed and compared to a balanced line counterpart. A number of conclusions were made with respect to the ranking of configurations, as well as to the relationships among the independent design parameters and the dependent variables. It was found that the best configurations are a balanced line arrangement and a monotone decreasing order, with the first generally resulting in lower throughput and the second leading to lower average buffer levels than those of a balanced line. Preliminary results show that unbalanced lines cope well with unreliability.

Gender Representation in Current EFL Textbooks in Iranian Secondary Schools

This study investigates gender representation in current EFL textbooks ( Right Path to English I and II) that are designed locally and taught as an obligatory subject in Iranian secondary schools. Two methods of analysis were performed. First, these textbooks were subjected to a systematic quantitative analysis with reference to: (1) gender visibility in both text and illustrations and (2) female/male-oriented topic presentation in dialogues and reading passages. Second, a qualitative analysis was undertaken by concentrating on four components of gender-role modelling: (1) male-centred language including: (a) firstness and (b) masculine generic construction; (2) gender-linked occupation possibilities; (3) distribution of household responsibilities, and (4) distribution of spare time and leisure activities. The findings revealed the degree of imbalance in gender representation in these textbooks. The paper concludes by addressing the implications of gender imbalance depicted in the textbooks for learners’ perceptions.

Irrigation scheduling of a classical gravity network based on the Covariance Matrix Adaptation – Evolutionary Strategy algorithm

Irrigation scheduling is an important task that significantly influences water conservation and crop production. For most gravity irrigation networks located in semi-arid areas, irrigation scheduling is based on available water regardless of crops water needs. The objective of this study is to propose a new approach for optimizing irrigation scheduling taking into account crops water demand, based on the Covariance Matrix Adaptation – Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES) evolutionary strategy algorithm. The objective function, that must be minimized, of this optimization problem is defined as the sum of two terms. The first term is the Irrigation Priority Index (IPI) which characterizes the degree of imbalance between water stress and irrigation timing of the plot. The second one takes into account the various constraints that relate to canals capacity, tasks timing, geographical distances and canal flow rate variations. The approach was applied to an agricultural sector located at 40km from the city of Marrakech (Morocco). Optimal schedule for the third irrigation, of the 2011–2012 agricultural season, is provided and the comparisons between schedules before and after optimization are made. The obtained results demonstrate that such approach allows reducing the proportion of late irrigated plots (from 22% to 8%) and increasing the proportion of plots irrigated at an appropriate time (from 28% to 40%). We conclude that this approach can be considered as an efficient tool for planning irrigation schedules by considering crops water needs.

Detection and Inheritance Pattern of Copy Number Variations (CNVs) in Children with Multiple Congenital Anomalies

Microscopically visible chromosomal alterations or segmental aneusomy are one of the major causes for congenital anomalies and require cytogenetic investigations. Conventional G-banding analysis is limited to the detection of imbalances greater than 5-10 Mb. Expressivity of a phenotype generally correlates with the degree of genetic imbalance, therefore, patients with a greater genetic imbalance are more likely to be investigated, which creates a diagnostic bias. This does not reflect the full range of phenotypic presentation that may be associated with an imbalance of a particular chromosomal segment. Systematic clinical diagnosis of a rare syndrome can be carried out using FISH to characterize known deletion/duplication breakpoints or by screening for known micro-deletion syndromes and sub-telomeric imbalances where routine banding technique suggests “normal” karyotype. In the past decade, array- Comparative Genomic Hybridization (a-CGH) has made it feasible to detect cryptic imbalances in more number of cases with apparently normal chromosomal makeup in addition to characterize structurally rearranged chromosome. The study of inheritance pattern by a combination of conventional cytogenetic and a-CGH techniques has helped to determine the imbalance as either de novo or inherited. a-CGH could also provide information on whether an imbalance is pathogenic or polymorphic, which could aid in calculating the recurrent risk for future pregnancies. It provides several advantages over conventional cytogenetic techniques such as whole genome coverage in a single experiment with resolution of 20-150 kb, faster turnaround time, higher sensitivity and specificity and non-requirement of dividing cells. Having an extensive coverage of the genome and high resolution, this technique has been pinned as the “first line genetic test” to study cryptic genetic imbalances in cases with developmental delay and congenital anomalies, where G-banded karyotype is “normal”.

Asymmetry of radiation damage properties in Al–Ti nanolayers

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed with empirical potentials to study the effects of multilayer interfaces and interface spacing in Al–Ti nanolayers. Several model interfaces derived from stacking of close-packed layers or face-centered cubic {100} layers were investigated. The simulations reveal significant and important asymmetries in defect production with ∼60% of vacancies created in Al layers compared to Ti layers within the Al–Ti multilayer system. The asymmetry in the creation of interstitials is even more pronounced. The asymmetries cause an imbalance in the ratio of vacancies and interstitials in films of dissimilar materials leading to >90% of the surviving interstitials located in the Al layers. While in the close-packed nanolayers the interstitials migrate to the atomic layers adjacent to the interface of the Al layers, in the {100} nanolayers the interstitials migrate to the center of the Al layers and away from the interfaces. The degree of asymmetry and defect ratio imbalance increases as the layer spacing decreases in the multilayer films. Underlying physical processes are discussed including the interfacial strain fields and the individual elemental layer stopping power in nanolayered systems. In addition, experimental work was performed on low-dose (1016atoms/cm2) helium (He) irradiation on Al/Ti nanolayers (5nm per film), resulting in He bubble formation ∼1nm in diameter in the Ti film near the interface. The correlation between the preferential flux of displaced atoms from Ti films to Al films during the defect production that is revealed in the simulations and the morphology and location of He bubbles from the experiments is discussed.

Design of Passive Components in Quadruple Sub-harmonic Image Rejection Mixer

The design of passive components in quadruple Sub-harmonic image rejection mixer is presented in this study. The passive components include double-balun and Lange coupler. With the help of ADS, a Balun with magnitude imbalance degree less than 0.2 dB and phase imbalance degree less than 1° is achieved in the range of 7.9 9.5 GHz. The insertion loss is about 7.3 dB at the center frequency of 8.7 GHz. A Lange coupler with magnitude imbalance degree in the range less than 0.3 dB and phase imbalance degree less than 1° is realized over the 30~40 GHz measurement band. The insertion loss is about 3.25 dB at the center frequency of 35 GHz. Satisfactory results have been reached in the simulation of double-balun and Lange coupler, which makes a significant foundation to the realization of the monolithic quadruple Sub-harmonic image rejection mixer.

The implications of language attrition for dynamic systems theory: Next steps and consequences

The significance of attrition studiesWhilst initially scant attention was paid to the phenomenon of language attrition, the introduction of the model of Dynamic Systems Theory (DST) has suggested that languages are not only acquired, but also forgotten, that language growth, on which so much emphasis has been placed - compare the countless studies on first-language acquisition and second-language acquisition - is in many cases complemented by a process of gradual loss or attrition.This assumption is clearly evidenced by transitional bilingualism, where the growth of one language is frequently and manifestly accompanied by the decline in the other language. This phenomenon is generally observed in speakers who move from being (ideal) monolinguals in one language to being (pre-)dominantly monolingual in another one. However, a process of complete transition is never attained, but rather there is a process of incomplete transition resulting in the greater dominance of one language compared to the other language. Furthermore, the speaker's competence in either language appears to be subject to processes of depreciative change, resulting in a competence that appears to be somehow flawed. In contrast to this phenomenon we observe that, in spite of a radical change in their language environment, many speakers remain eminently bilingual, despite the fact that there might develop a degree of imbalance between the primary and secondary language of the respective speaker.We therefore expect to be able to observe gradual and less pronounced processes of language attrition taking place as the language system - which DST interprets as being dynamic rather than static - undergoes a process of transformation to meet the altered communicative needs of the individual. This assumption is plausible, but so far empirical proof of the extent and nature of the changes taking place within the multilingual system has been lacking. This is partly due to the traditional and many a time exclusive focus of research on language acquisition, particularly LI and L2, and the fact that investigating language attrition in the context of DST generates a whole new set of issues.When investigating the dynamics of language development, the process of attrition gains particular significance. Language attrition can be defined as 'the non-pathological decrease in a language that had previously been acquired by an individual' (Kopke & Schmid, 2004, p. 5). This definition does not provide an adequate insight into the dynamic and systemic significance of attrition, which is more specifically addressed in the more elaborate interpretation of attrition as the reduction or simplification of language systems and/or the impairment of access to them, which is furthermore assumed to be a normal, and frequently inevitable, aspect of language development and change during the life-span of a multilingual speaker.This volume provides the reader with a first impression of the implications of and insights into the phenomenon of language attrition to be gained from a DST perspective. The introduction to the special issue provided by de Leeuw, Opitz and Lubinska sets the frame for the discussion of language attrition from a DST perspective. As stated repeatedly in the special issue and in particular in the guest contribution by Schmid, Kopke and de Bot, the focus in most language attrition studies has been on the development of LI in an L2 environment. From a DST perspective, language attrition is defined as a result of the load being placed on the individual speaker, who is faced with the task of managing two or more language systems. As language attrition appears to be a persistent feature of multilingualism, but one that 'does not seem to progress linearly over long time periods' (Schmid, Kopke, & de Bot, this issue), we can assume that attrition phenomena are dynamic and, within complex DST, present research with a particular set of methodological problems. …

Re-estimation of China’s Degree of Trade Dependence and External Imbalance: Value-added Statistics in the Global Production Chain

The distortion of GDP and foreign trade data has exaggerated China’s foreign trade dependence degree and external imbalance degree. The distortion of GDP is mainly caused by the difference between the exchange rate method and purchasing power parity (PPP) estimation. The distortion of trade data includes double counting of customs statistics as well as the discrepancy between the international trade flows of goods and of capital caused by the ownership issue. The re-estimation of China’s trade dependence degree and external imbalance degree reveals that according to official statistics, in 2007 the dependence degree of China’s foreign trade decreased to 31.59 percent from 68.02 percent and its imbalance degree decreased to 2.11 percent from 10.13 percent. Therefore, it is utterly groundless to accuse China of “manipulating the exchange rate.”

Yule-generated trees constrained by node imbalance

The Yule process generates a class of binary trees which is fundamental to population genetic models and other applications in evolutionary biology. In this paper, we introduce a family of sub-classes of ranked trees, called Ω-trees, which are characterized by imbalance of internal nodes. The degree of imbalance is defined by an integer 0≤ω. For caterpillars, the extreme case of unbalanced trees, ω=0. Under models of neutral evolution, for instance the Yule model, trees with small ω are unlikely to occur by chance. Indeed, imbalance can be a signature of permanent selection pressure, such as observable in the genealogies of certain pathogens. From a mathematical point of view it is interesting to observe that the space of Ω-trees maintains several statistical invariants although it is drastically reduced in size compared to the space of unconstrained Yule trees. Using generating functions, we study here some basic combinatorial properties of Ω-trees. We focus on the distribution of the number of subtrees with two leaves. We show that expectation and variance of this distribution match those for unconstrained trees already for very small values of ω.

Power Monitoring System Based on LabView in the Application of Intelligent Building

In the intelligent building, the existing power supply and distribution monitoring system is mainly monitoring the voltage, current, power factor and other parameters of power supply equipments, lack of power quality monitoring, analysis and graphical display. In order to improve the power supply and distribution monitoring system in the intelligent building, this article designs a power monitoring system based on LabView, to monitor and analyze the basic parameters, harmonic, three-phase imbalance degree of power supply and distribution.

ROC operating point selection for classification of imbalanced data with application to computer-aided polyp detection in CT colonography

Computer-aided detection and diagnosis (CAD) of colonic polyps always faces the challenge of classifying imbalanced data. In this paper, three new operating point selection strategies based on receiver operating characteristic curve are proposed to address the problem. Classification on imbalanced data performs inferiorly because of a major reason that the best differentiation threshold shifts due to the degree of data imbalance. To address this decision threshold shifting issue, three operating point selection strategies, i.e., shortest distance, harmonic mean and anti-harmonic mean, are proposed and their performances are investigated. Experiments were conducted on a class-imbalanced database, which contains 64 polyps in 786 polyp candidates. Support vector machine (SVM) and random forests (RFs) were employed as basic classifiers. Two imbalanced data correcting techniques, i.e., cost-sensitive learning and training data down sampling, were applied to SVM and RFs, and their performances were compared with the proposed strategies. Comparing to the original thresholding method, i.e., 0.488 sensitivity and 0.986 specificity for RFs and 0.526 sensitivity and 0.977 specificity for SVM, our strategies achieved more balanced results, which are around 0.89 sensitivity and 0.92 specificity for RFs and 0.88 sensitivity and 0.90 specificity for SVM. Meanwhile, their performance remained at the same level regardless of whether other correcting methods are used. Based on the above experiments, the gain of our proposed strategies is noticeable: the sensitivity improved from 0.5 to around 0.88 for RFs and 0.89 for SVM while remaining a relatively high level of specificity, i.e., 0.92 for RFs and 0.90 for SVM. The performance of our proposed strategies was adaptive and robust with different levels of imbalanced data. This indicates a feasible solution to the shifting problem for favorable sensitivity and specificity in CAD of polyps from imbalanced data.