Ideology Research Articles

Ideology and the Application of Law in SS Courts: A Case Study of Legal Practice in the Third Reich

This article provides an empirical study of the inner workings of an institution at the ideological heart of the Nazi state, the SS courts, and analyses how they applied SS law in cases involving unlawful sexual conduct, and how they evaluated the racial characteristics of SS men standing trial. The article demonstrates (1) that the SS courts promoted what has been referred to as an ‘unlimited’, radical ideology. However, the analysis will also reveal how the SS courts during the war (2) gradually climbed down from a position of ideological purity when faced with realities at the front; and (3) despite their ideological core features, in several ways operated as a legal-rational bureaucracy. Towards the end of the article, the ramifications of these findings will be discussed in light of literature concerning the role of law and ideology in the Nazi state and the Third Reich's complicated relationship with modernism.

An alternative to the Confucianism: Buddhist doctrine of «chakravartin» in political structures of the Three Korean Kingdoms

Religion has been the basis of the statehood of various nations since ancient times. This article analyzes the role of the Buddhist concept of “chakravartin” (ideal universal ruler) in the political structures of the Korean statehood of the Three States period. The author believes that in the context of the decline of Confucianism against the backdrop of an ideological crisis and political fragmentation in China in the period from the beginning of the 3th century to the end of the 6th century. Buddhism, having an active political potential, has become a full-fledged ideological alternative to the teachings of Confucius. Korea, as a permanent recipient of Chinese culture, was also influenced by Buddhism, which was reflected in subsequent changes in the state ideology of the Korean states. To explore this issue further, this article provides a comparative description of the Buddhist and Confucian state theories, a list of the main socio-political factors that contributed to the acquisition of the functions of state ideology by Korean Buddhism, as well as an analysis of the state administration system of each of the three Korean kingdoms: Koguryeo, Paekche and Silla. Due to the lack of historical evidence about their state ideology in the written sources of the period, the author relies mainly on indirect sources of information – in particular, archaeological finds. Moreover, various Buddhist canonical texts were used to conduct a comparative analysis using "chakravartin"’s archetypes in other countries of the Asian region.

The Epistemic Discourse of Religious Moderation (Moderasi Beragama) in Indonesia

<p class="Abstract"><span lang="ZH-CN">Since its early beginning, the “Religious Moderation” <i>(Moderasi
 Beragama)</i> has been a disputed controversy in the making of its epistemic
 discourses among parties of religious authorities of Islamic organisations,
 particularly <i>Nahdlatul Ulama</i> <i>(N.U.)</i>, <i>Muhammadiyah</i>, and
 Islamic-based political parties. The issues following controversies are
 political bias due to the principles of Religious Moderation that are close to
 the characteristics of <i>Islam Nusantara</i> (Archipelagical Islam) of
 Nahdlatul Ulama, the close ally of the ruling regime. This research discusses
 the epistemic discourse of Religious Moderation based on the genealogical
 studies of Michel Foucault. Joko Widodo's administration constructed
 "Religious Moderation" as a system of knowledge and political ethics,
 even a “state ideology” in maintaining a </span>peaceful<span lang="ZH-CN"> religious life and
 articulating Indonesian Islam. This research reveals that "Religious
 Moderation" epistemically refers to ethical values for Indonesian politics
 concerning the nature of Indonesian history and its societal identities of
 diversity <i>(Kebhinekaan)</i>, ethnicity, religion, languages, and beliefs,
 including varieties of Indonesian Islam. <i>Nahdlatul Ulama </i>and Joko
 Widodo's administration share the same interests in maintaining a peaceful
 religious life and nationalism. </span><o:p></o:p></p>

ГЕРОЙ ПОД СТЕНАМИ КРЕПОСТИ: К ВОПРОСУ О ВИЗУАЛЬНОЙ РЕПРЕЗЕНТАЦИИ РАМСЕСА II В БИТВЕ ПРИ КАДЕШЕ

The Ramesseum temple erected under Ramesses II is one of the most significant monuments of Egyptian architecture of the XIX dynasty. Battle scenes illustrating the last major battle of the Bronze Age – the Battle of Kadesh – have been preserved on its walls. The fierce opposition of the young Pharaoh to the Hittites led to the signing of the first peace treaty in history. In Egyptian sources, Ramesses appears as a victor who prevailed over the enemy, thanks to his personal qualities and the will of the gods. The comparison of written evidence and relief images allows us to form an objective vision of the battle of Kadesh, its course and results. The analysis of sources also makes it possible to identify specific features of Egyptian official art, which include the canonical rules for the image presentation of the victorious king, as well as the artistic techniques used for that. Special attention is paid to the context of the creation of reliefs, namely, the state ideology and worldview of the ancient Egyptians in the era of the New Kingdom.

О ПРАВОВОЙ КУЛЬТУРЕ И ПРАВОВОМ ВОСПИТАНИИ ЧЕРЕЗ ПРИЗМУ НАУЧНОГО НАСЛЕДИЯ ПРОФЕССОРА А.С. БОНДАРЕВА

the problem of raising the level of legal culture of Russian society is of particular importance, taking into account the current political vector of the formation of state ideology and the national and cultural revival of Russia. Modern radical transformations of all spheres of public and state life cause changes in legal thinking and legal behavior – accordingly, such classical ways of forming legal culture as: legal education, legal education, legal propaganda require legal response. The article examines the state of the modern legal culture of Russian society, taking into account its historical context. The analysis of the formation of the legal culture of society, its content and structure is carried out, the concept of the form of legal education is revealed, the ways, forms and methods of its formation are determined. Various positions on the phenomenon of legal culture, definitions of forms of legal education are investigated, problems of the deve­lopment of legal culture are revealed.

Противодействие идеологии потребительства в системе антикоррупционных мер как функция государственной власти

The object of the study is corruption in the sphere of state power. The subject of the study is the role of the ideology of consumerism in the corrupt activities of representatives of the state authorities and the main directions of countering this ideology as a function of state power. Corruption in the sphere of higher authorities is considered as the main type of corruption. The study is based on the differentiation of two directions in the system of preventive anti-corruption measures: 1) intimidation by criminal punishment of persons capable of committing corruption crimes; 2) formation of a negative attitude towards corruption in society, education of people who are not capable of corrupt behavior. In the context of the second direction, the analysis of the ideology of consumerism as a subjective cause of corruption in the sphere of state power is presented. The purpose of the work is to substantiate the policy of countering the ideology of consumerism in the system of anti-corruption measures as a necessary function of state power. Research objectives are as follows: to clarify the concept of corruption in the sphere of state power and its features; to identify the normative and regulatory function of the ideology of consumerism in the corrupt activities of government officials; to identify the main directions of countering the ideology of consumerism in the anti-corruption policy of the state. The study has yielded the following results. The direct subjective cause of corruption in the sphere of state power is the ideology of consumerism, which causes a consumer race and excessive consumption among highly paid representatives of state power. The prevention of corruption in this area implies the need to combat this ideology. The main directions of the state policy of countering the ideology of consumerism are state control over the activities of the media in order to limit the propaganda of consumerism; the revival of the institute of state ideology, namely, the ideology of humanism and patriotism; the introduction of an ideological component in state educational programs, including a critical discussion of the ideology of consumerism. From these research results, it follows that there is a need for a policy of countering the ideology of consumerism in the system of anti-corruption measures as a function of state power.

ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЙ ИДЕОЛОГИИ СКВОЗЬ ПРИЗМУ КОНСЕРВАТИВНОЙ ПОЛИТИКО-ПРАВОВОЙ ДОКТРИНЫ

The article is devoted to the issues of defining state ideology through the prism of conservative political and legal doctrine. The authors note that one of the most important problems of modern Russian society is the search for a unifying state idea. However, no one creates an ideology from scratch; in its search, society uses the spiritual experience of previous generations. The connection of the concept of "ideology" with the concept of "state" reflects a social process in which an idea significant for the majority of the people is recognized and protected by the state as a guiding one. According to the authors, Russian society is currently in need of consolidating ideas more than ever. The dominance of liberal ideology leads to the atomization of society and leads it to a dead end. In this regard, the epoch of the XIX - early XX centuries is of interest, when the battles of Westerners and Slavophiles (liberals and conservatives) were fought not only in theory, but also in practice. The 19th century in the state and legal history of Russia is characterized by repeated attempts at liberal reforms, the formation of legal science focused on Western political and legal thought, the tendency to systematize knowledge about law, careful development of issues of legal technique, broad scientific generalizations, and the comparative method. The authors conclude that the conservative political and legal doctrine provides answers to many challenges of our time. It is time to recall the words of St. Theophan the Recluse: "The fundamental principles of Russian life are expressed in three familiar words: Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality. That's what you need to keep! Russian Russian people will cease to be Russian when these beginnings change."

«Как живут и чем промышляют» северные народы: стратегии репрезентации коренных народов Севера и Сибири в изданиях для детей 1920–1930-х гг.

The period of the 1920s–1930s saw an increase in state-supported propaganda projects on the topic of Soviet nationality policy, including publications for children about people of different nationalities living in the USSR. The educational activities of the Committee of the North under the Presidium of the All-Union Central Executive Committee, the enthusiasm of individual ethnographers whose research focused on the Arctic zone, Siberia, and the Far East and who authored dozens of books for children, contributed to the remarkable popularity of publications about the indigenous peoples of the North in the total volume of publications. The article delves into the recurring images and narratives, both textual and visual, in the representation of the indigenous peoples of the North in publications for children published from 1917 to 1940. It emphasizes the profound influence of the authors’ professional expertise, the shifting state ideology towards indigenous northerners, and the conventions of the popular genre that underpinned these editions. The system of characters and narrative logic in these publications reflected a complex ‘own’ vs. ‘other’ dialectics and the romantic vs. pragmatic views of indigenous peoples. The visual language used by the book’s publishers included three types of images: photographs, authentic drawings by indigenous people, and drawings by professional artists. Each type of image dictated a different lens on indigenous peoples, constructing a view from both outside and inside the culture. The analysis of the books’ print runs and the number of new titles vividly illustrates the transient nature of the enthusiasm for the northern ethnic cultures: by the mid-1930s, the fascination with the peoples was overtaken by an interest in territories. The theme of the northern ethnic groups ceased to be in demand, but the theme of travel, geographical discoveries, and expeditions intensified.

Shaped by the pantheistic ideology of the founders, Türkiye has used its national education curriculum as an instrument of social engineering

Despite centuries of conservative ideology inspired by Islam, the rapid economic development and consecutive millitary victories of the West had caused within the ranks of the Ottoman elite an inferiority complex generating a wave of admiration resulting in the emulation of European values. Emerging with reinforced positivist doctrines after being deeply influenced by the French revolution, this admiration turned into an irreligious political ideology creating a decentralizing effect on the ruling sultanate of the Ottoman state. After the Republic was founded in 1923, the Kemalist state ideology was imposed onto Turkish society in the form of an aggregation of materialism, social Darwinism, positivism, secularism, and Turkish nationalism. To socially engineer a modern, secular, temporal and materially prosperous nation, this ideology would in most ways carry manifestations of the very character and lifestyles of the Republic’s founders. To maintain this ideology, assertive secularism was adopted as a security measure to prevent both the re-emergence of Islamic conservatism and any other nationalist or political ideology. While the visual aspects of Islamic society were transformed into a uniform Western society through mandatory reforms, the intellectual shift from East to West was realised by means of social engineering and religious inculturation through the education curriculum. This article will portray how the founders’ belligerent belief towards Eastern-Islamic tradition motivated them towards a new Western looking secular order and how these ideas have been imposed through school textbooks.

Царские грамоты об освоении Сибири как правовые акты колониальной политики Российского государства в XVI–XVII вв.

The authors examined an array of legal acts of the rulers of the Russian state that regulated the development of Siberia in the 16th–17th centuries. The subject of the study was letters, decrees, and memories. Using specific historical and legal material, the authors aimed to compare the colonization policy of the states of Europe in the modern era with the organization of the Russian settlement of Siberia. As a result of the study, similar features were identified in the significant coincidence of the goals of colonization – developing natural resources, expanding the tax base of the metropolis, obtaining new markets, ensuring security at the borders of the state, getting rid of marginal social elements, spreading state ideology. The unique qualities of the Russian colonization of Siberia include, first of all, the stateoriented process of political and economic development of Siberian lands, the prevalence of service people instead of the civilian population among the pioneers, and the early formation of complex economic and administrative infrastructure in the annexed lands. The study of royal acts of the 16th and 17th centuries shows that the central government in Moscow was interested in not only receiving taxes from the population of Siberia. Specific legal acts show that the measures of the supreme power also included an active resettlement policy, the development of the territory for arable land, the search for minerals and the opening of industrial enterprises for their processing, the construction of cities, the equipment of communications (trade routes, customs, mail), the establishment of law and order. The Russian development of Siberia was characterized by the hegemony of the central government both in organizing colonization activities and in extracting benefits from them. The vertically oriented Russian state developed the Siberian lands precisely as a treasury resource, strictly controlled by the government politically and economically. The tsar personally took an active part in the governance of Siberia; all important matters were decided only with his knowledge. Over time, under his direct leadership, a public administration system for implementing integration policy measures was formed. The authors identified both direct state regulation and indirect regulation, carried out formally by private entities (commercial corporations, merchant families), as a means of colonial expansion in Siberia. It is concluded that the consistent systematic development of Siberian territories ensured the victory of the Russian state in the competition with other states. The above theses are supported by more than 70 specific legal acts of the rulers of the Russian state of the 16th–17th centuries, some of them are cited in the work.

Materialised Ideology: Approaching Baekje’s Kingly Ideal through King Muryeong’s Tomb

The tomb of King Muryeong and his consort is one of the most important archaeological sites on the Korean Peninsula. Despite a haphazardly carried out excavation and other problems, the information that can be gathered through analyses of the tomb architecture, the style and shape of the artefacts as well as their distribution within the tomb are manifold. The present study discusses the grave in its entirety from the viewpoint of materialised ideology, elite distinction and the royal self-portrayal, in short the kingly ideal of the Baekje kingdom at the beginning of the sixth century. One aspect of Muryeong’s tomb stands out, namely the strong presence of foreign elements such as the tomb architecture, objects and even rituals. Remarkable is also the high degree of craftsmanship that can be observed in the tomb construction and on most artefacts. The present article draws on cultural- anthropological concepts such as esoteric knowledge and the connection between skilled crafting and authority. It is argued that the reference to foreign customs and objects was part of Baekje’s state ideology, a means to distinguish the royal family from the commoners and to justify the elevated position of the royal lineage. Outstandingly crafted items were part of this behavior of distinction. The possession and display of those items was a necessity to grant authority to the king and his successors.

FENOMENA TENTARA BAYARAN DAN KEMUNGKINAN IMPLEMENTASINYA DI INDONESIA

The phenomenon of using mercenaries in armed conflicts has been a controversial issue around the around the world since BC. However, until now the phenomenon still exists, especially since Russia's attack on Ukraine in 2022. This global phenomenon raises a question, "how is the phenomenon of mercenaries in the perspective of the State Defense System ? And what are the implications of the implementation of mercenaries in the perspective of the National Defense System?” This research uses the theory of Geostrategy, National Security, State Defense System, and the Concept of State Defense as the basis of analysis. The researcher will analyze the concept of State Defense in the Indonesian State Defense System with parameters of the Basic Values of State Defense, namely 1) love for the country, 2) aware of the nation and state, 3) believe in Pancasila as the state ideology, 4) willing to sacrifice for the nation and state, 5) have the initial ability to defend the country. The research method uses a qualitative approach based on literature data sources. The results of the research analysis are that, based on the Indonesian State Defense System, the presence of mercenaries has not become a significant phenomenon in armed conflicts. Citizens who will defend their country are Indonesian citizens who have met the requirements of the Basic Values in State Defense. The implication of the use of mercenaries in Indonesia is that the state will lose control of its military power.
 Keywords: mercenaries, implementation in Indonesia, armed conflict, state defense, national defense system.

State Ideologies, State-led Gender Policies and the Role of Zhenotdel in the Soviet Society Experiences of the 1930s

This study discusses gender equality appearances in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) during the time period between 1928 when the first five-year plan was implemented and the end of the 1930s. Investigating to what extent gender equality goals were achieved in the Soviet society gives us the relationship between gender perspectives and ideology, state-led policies, and women’s and men’s experiences in the stated period. The Zhenotdel, the women’s department of the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the All-Russian Communist Party, is one of the most crucial institutions to conduct state-led gender policies in the USSR. The study, therefore, starts with the Zhenotdel’s gender policies and further investigates the Zhensektor, a woman section of the Party. The aims of both institutions are not only women’s issues but also matters concentrated on state-led policies and ideologies in the Soviet society. However, Stalin’s declaration of “Socialism in One Country” brought harsh masculine policies and a state-led ideology prioritized that women’s emancipation and gender equality. Therefore, in that period, gender equality in Soviet society could not be achieved.

Conceptual aspects of orphan’s socialization

The existence of the orphan’s institution is an urgent problem of humanity and this reality, in turn, tends to generate, as a rule, negative consequences for the individual, society and the state that cannot be fully resolved for a long time. Orphans care require not just sympathy and compassion, but also extremely interested activity on the part of the whole society. Such a conclusion will not be an exaggeration if the public is aware of and takes into account the degree of severity, risks and threats from «failed lives», since children socializing outside the institution of the family do not exist separately, in a closed space (as a certain group of people assumes). They are an indisputable element of society, influencing the level of its fullness no less than children who entered the world thanks to family upbringing. The problem is aggravated by the fact that society itself, in its current cultural and ideological state, does not quite objectively and humanely perceive this problem. The article provides a theoretical analysis of concepts that try to explain the reasons for the rejection of the society of children from orphanages, the emergence of difficulties in building relationships with them, as well as their ineffective socialization.

Obraz Wschodu w powieściach historycznych Kazimierza Korkozowicza

The article presents the image of the East in historical novels by Kazimierz Korkozowicz, including the works of the author of Jeźdźcy apokalipsy (Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse), published in the period between 1970–1990. It refers the notion of the East to Eastern Europe and analysesthe use of historical‑philosophical myth of the East by the writer. The paper also includes the interpretation of the novel, using the category of culture as an ideology of social groups, bearing in mind the fact that culture, including literature, is a tool of ideological impact on society by means of Althusser’s ideological state apparatuses. It examines the cognitive capabilities of various literary methodologies towards analyzed works. It describes the profile of the author of Przyłbice i kaptury and refers to the ongoing discussion about his works.

Gratian as optimus princeps – the Literary Image of “an Ideal Emperor” in Gratiarum actio ad Gratianum Imperatorem by D.M. Ausonius and the Laudatio in Gratianum Augustum of Q.A. Symmachus

Ausonius and Symmachus addressed their speeches to the emperor Gratian, the son of Valentinian I. Ausonius included in his gratiarum actio two praises of the young emperor in order to express his gratitude for the consulate he received; Symmachus delivered his laudatio in honour of the ruler at a meeting of the Roman senate. In their speeches both authors showed not so much a real image of Gratian as an individual but rather a literary creation of optimus princeps. Gratian is presented as an ideal that is artificial in its perfection: he loses his individual and true characteristics and appears to be pasted into a panegyric-propaganda scheme based on literary convention as well as the slogans of imperial state ideology. In this article we aim to present the literary image of Gratian as “an ideal emperor”, which emerges from both laudatory speeches, as well as to point out the literary devices, motifs, panegyrical techniques and ideological topoi used in its creation.

HAMBATAN DALAM MENERAPKAN NILAI-NILAI PANCASILA DI ERA SOCIETY 5.0 PADA GENERASI MILENIAL

Pancasila, acknowledged and embraced as the ideology of the Indonesian people, holds a crucial role in shaping the nation's identity and objectives. The noble values embedded in Pancasila reflect the aspirations and hopes of the nation's formation, serving as the foundation for governance and guiding daily life activities. With core values such as Belief in One God, Humanity, Unity, Democracy, and Justice, Pancasila is not only the state philosophy but also a way of life for all Indonesians. The advancements in technology and the digital era play a central role in the transformation of contemporary society. Limitless access to information facilitates daily life; however, its impact is not solely positive. The threats to moral values and the existence of the nation's nobility become evident, especially in the trend of Westernization that poses a threat to cultural identity and the values of Pancasila. Therefore, a prudent understanding and application of technology are essential to safeguard the continuity of national values and the state ideology

Ontological Relations of the 1945 Basic Act as the Constitution with Pancasila as the State Ideology

This article discusses the relationship between Pancasila and the UUD 1945 as a constitution and laws, implementing regulations and policies to see its ontological gaps. The discussion focused on the constitutional phenomenon, which must elaborate on constructing the 1945 Basic Act and Pancasila. This article aims to see the dimensions of legal ontology related to the understanding and practice of justice in the country and state. The method used is to apply a content analysis approach, which identifies patterns, themes, or meanings that arise from the concept material contained in Pancasila and the 1945 Basic Act. Hail from this research is found ontological problems that need deeper attention. Given the overly broad ontological nature, further research is needed to identify deeper problems. This research has significant significance because it can be a marker of problems at the philosophical level that need attention. Empowerment.

Penguatan Etika Pemerintahan sebagai Upaya Meningkatkan Kinerja Aparatur Pemerintahan

Accelerating government ethics in bureaucracy is a very important thing for every government apparatus to realize. As a government administrator, you must be able to actualize ethical values in providing services to the community. The aim of this research is to examine and explain how to strengthe government ethical values as an effort to improve the performance of government officials. The method used in this writing is a qualitative method with a literature review study approach. The results of the discussion in this paper show that strengthening government ethics can be realized by internalizing Pancasila values for government officials. Pancasila, as a state ideology and also as a guideline for attitudes and behavior, needs to be synergized by the apparatus in the form of services to the community. Apart from that, it is urgent to implement bureaucratic culture reform by the government as the embodiment of professional and qualified bureaucrats.

Прекращение СССР: политико-правовой аспект

The article outlines the legal reasons for the termination of the USSR as a single state, which were numer-ous violations of the Constitution of the USSR, Laws of the USSR, and changes in legislation. The reasons that led to the end of the USSR were objective and subjective factors: civilizational and value-based – the rejection of the state-legal values of socialism, the inaction of the President of the USSR in the matter of protecting the Constitution and laws of the USSR, state sovereignty and territorial integrity of the USSR. A political and legal analysis is given of the results of the USSR referendum of March 17, 1991, the creation and activities of the State Committee for a State of Emergency (GKChP), and the Belovezhskaya Agreement. Attention is paid to the facts of inaction of the President of the USSR M.S. Gorbachev. It is concluded that the authors of the Belovezhskaya Agreement opposed the will of the people expressed in the referendum, and the Belovezhskaya Agreement itself contradicted the laws of the USSR. Based on the given norms of the 1977 USSR Constitution, memoir sources and publications of modern researchers, a legal assessment is made of the cessation of the existence of the USSR as a single state. The history of the end of the USSR allows us to rethink the question of the place of state ideology in the system of state legal values.