Hypertonic Sodium Chloride Solution Research Articles

Algorithms for selected blood acid-base and blood gas calculations.

Algorithms for selected blood acid-base and blood gas calculations.

Production of spherocytosis and increased osmotic fragility in normal erythrocytes by sodium stress.

SummaryRed cells from normal human subjects were exposed to hypertonic sodium chloride solutions for varying periods of time. The cell changes commonly observed in hereditary spherocytosis were induced, including microspherocyte formation with corresponding increase in osmotic fragility. Solutions of magnesium sulphate of equal osmolarity did not produce these changes. These observations lend support to the theory that excessive sodium permeability is concerned in the pathogenesis of hereditary spherocytosis. Increased influx of sodium and water into erythrocytes leads to spherocytosis, but only increased efflux of sodium leads to irreversible microspherocytosis.

Human red cells under hypertonic conditions; A model system for investigating freezing damage: 1. Sodium chloride

Human red cells were exposed to unbuffered hypertonic solutions of sodium chloride for 1 hr at 0 °C to investigate their response to conditions similar to those experienced during freezing without the added effect of dilution (thawing). Because of the detrimental effect of high g on cells in hypertonic sodium chloride, separations were done at 2000 g. Cell water was measured in weight terms using a quench-corrected calibrated tritium technique, and sodium and potassium were assayed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Up to 1500 mosmolal, as the cell water was withdrawn, intracellular potassium was retained reaching a maximum concentration of 0.31 moles/kg water. By 2000 mosmolal (an external sodium concentration of 1.20 moles/kg water) potassium had begun to leave the cell and sodium to enter (0.26 moles/kg water). Also at 2000 mosmolal the mass of water in the cell was 0.36 of that in the isotonic cell and the intracellular hemoglobin concentration had reached 57% w/w. The membrane potential (calculated from chloride ion distribution) had reached a minimum of 19.0 mV (inside negative) and the percentage hemolysis was 3%. These results demonstrate the occurrence and extent of the cation leak in red cells in hypertonic sodium chloride together with other measurements on the state of the cells when the leak takes place.

Analyse experimentale de l'absorption d'eau dans l'œuf de Scapsipedus marginatus (Orthoptere, Gryllide)

The absorption of water by the eggs of Scapsipedus marginatus has been studied with different techniques: (1) rearing in oil with contact with water at different times; (2) ligation; excision, and cautery; and (3) rearing in hypertonic solutions of sodium chloride and sugars. The egg must absorb water in order to complete its development. The embryo appears and develops to the end of anatrepsis without water and embryogenesis will resume if water becomes available until the twenty-fifth day. Absorption occurs without the embryo and depends only on the serosa and yolk cleavage. Water is absorbed over the entire surface of the shell, and the posterior end of the egg is more permeable. The active nature of the process whereby water enters the egg is underlined by the fact that water can be absorbed from hypertonic solutions. The results lead to a tentative explanation of the mechanism of water uptake in the eggs of crickets.

Oxytocin and ADH secretion in relation to electrical activity in antidromically identified supraoptic and paraventricular units.

1. Electrical recordings were made from antidromically identified supraoptic and paraventricular units during intracarotid injections of hypertonic and isotonic sodium chloride solutions in rats.2. The blood concentrations of vasopressin and oxytocin were estimated by bio-assay before and at different intervals after similar injections.3. Although a significant change in the action potential activity of the supraoptic nucleus was associated with hormone release, the results were not entirely consistent with a simple relationship between action potential activity and hormone secretion. Firstly, although some units were excited by the stimulus a substantial number were inhibited. Secondly, the blood concentration of the hormones, particularly ADH, remained elevated for longer than might have been expected if additional hormone had ceased to be secreted as soon as firing rates had returned to control values.4. There were substantial differences between the initial blood concentrations of vasopressin and oxytocin but the firing rates of units in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei appeared to be the same.5. Although significantly less paraventricular than supraoptic units were affected by hypertonic injections the blood concentration of oxytocin was increased by a factor of 8 whereas that of vasopressin was increased by a factor of 2.7.

Blood-brain transfer of glucose and other molecules measured by rapid indicator dilution.

Blood-brain transfer of glucose and other molecules measured by rapid indicator dilution.

Simulation of water movement across the cell membrane in a hypertonic medium

Cell shrinking occurs if human erythrocytes are suspended in hypertonic (greater than 0·17 m) solution of sodium chloride. A general simulation of this process has been performed using the technique of finite element analysis and values of some parameters that describe the normal human red cell. Fick's law of diffusion and the law of conservation of mass have been used to calculate the changes with time of the cell volume and the consequent change in solute concentrations in the cell and the unstirred water layer around the cell. The simulation readily permits changing the variables (such as the diffusion coefficient) or the boundary conditions (such as the temperature and the tonicity of the medium).

Osmosensitive single neurones in the hypothalamus of unanaesthetized monkeys.

1. We recorded with tungsten micro-electrodes the activity of single neurones in the supraoptic nucleus (NSO) and adjacent regions of the hypothalamus while repeatedly injecting solutions of varying tonicity into the common carotid artery of trained, unanaesthetized monkeys who accepted the experimental restraints without anxiety.2. Intracarotid injections of mildly hypertonic solutions of sodium chloride produced a characteristic behavioural response during and immediately after injection: e.e.g. ;arousal,' lip and tongue smacking, chewing, irregular sniffing respiration and associated mildly increased movement of face, eyes and body.3. Of the 130 cells analysed during hypertonic intracarotid injections, 105 (81%) were osmosensitive. Twenty-five (19%) of the cells studied during similar injections were non-osmosensitive. On the basis of the anatomical location of the cells, the pattern of discharge to intracarotid osmotic stimuli and the response to arousing sensory stimuli, we divided the osmosensitive cells into two major groups, ;specific' and ;non-specific' osmosensitive cells.4. Fifty-two (50%) of the osmosensitive cells we labelled ;specific' because they responded to an intracarotid injection of hypertonic sodium chloride, generally did not respond to non-noxious arousing sensory stimuli and were located in or near the supraoptic nucleus. We found two subtypes of these ;specific' osmosensitive cells: (a) twenty-one (20%) NSO cells with ;biphasic' responses, that is, acceleration followed by inhibition; (b) thirty-one (30%) cells in the immediate perinuclear zone of the NSO with ;monophasic' responses, subdivided into twenty-one (20%) cells that accelerated and ten (10%) that were inhibited.5. Fifty-three osmosensitive cells (50%), located diffusely in the anterolateral hypothalamus, were ;non-specific', responding both to intracarotid injections of hypertonic sodium chloride and also to sensory stimuli that were mildly arousing. Two groups of ;non-specific' osmosensitive cells showed monophasic responses; thirty-five (34%) cells accelerated and seventeen (16%) of them were inhibited.6. The ;monophasic' specific osmosensitive neurones lying in the immediate perinuclear zone of the supraoptic nucleus in the primate could conceivably be the ;osmoreceptors' of Verney. The ;biphasic' specific osmosensitive neurones in the NSO may well represent the secretory cells of this system. From our data, the ;non-specific' osmosensitive neurones, scattered diffusely in the anterolateral hypothalamus, have little to do with osmoregulation. Some of these cells located in the perinuclear zone of the NSO could act as interneurones, however, conveying afferent input to the osmoreceptor-secretory complex of the supraoptic nucleus.

Slow potential changes due to osmotic stimuli in supraoptic nucleus of the rabbit.

ARTICLESSlow potential changes due to osmotic stimuli in supraoptic nucleus of the rabbitRM Durham, and D NovinRM Durham, and D NovinPublished Online:01 Aug 1970https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1970.219.2.293MoreSectionsPDF (2 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByRenal Regulation of Extracellular Volume and OsmolalityResponses of lateral preoptic neurons in the rat to hypertonic sucrose and NaClElectroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 46, No. 4Equipotency of hypertonic solutions of mannitol and sodium chloride in eliciting thirst in the dogPflügers Archiv European Journal of Physiology, Vol. 358, No. 3Alteration of Intraocular Pressure After Third Ventricle Injections of Osmotic AgentsAmerican Journal of Ophthalmology, Vol. 76, No. 6Orthodromic and antidromic activation of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in the rabbitExperimental Neurology, Vol. 41, No. 2 More from this issue > Volume 219Issue 2August 1970Pages 293-298 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1970 by American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1970.219.2.293PubMed5448056History Published online 1 August 1970 Published in print 1 August 1970 Metrics

Cryoprotective additives and hypertonic hemolysis

The effects of three cryoprotective additives, dimethyl sulfoxide, sucrose and polyvinylpyrrolidone, on hemolysis of human red cells in hypertonic solutions of sodium chloride have been examined at room temperature. At the mole fractions of sodium chloride studied, polyvinylpyrrolidone reduced the level of hypertonic hemolysis; dimethyl sulfoxide and sucrose had no effect. This suggests that the cryoprotective properties of polyvinylpyrrolidone may be due not only to its ability to reduce salt concentration during freezing but also to some reduction in colloid osmotic swelling.

Response of the limb vascular bed in man to intrabrachial arterial infusions of hypertonic dextrose or hypertonic sodium chloride solutions.

Infusions of hypertonic dextrose or NaCl solutions reduce resistance in several vascular beds of experimental animals. To study the response in man, 60 intrabrachial arterial jet infusions of hypertonic dextrose solution or hypertonic NaCl solution, each at 3 dose levels (1, 2, and 4 milliosmols/min), were made in 19 male student volunteers aged 21 to 29 years. Limb blood flow was measured by continuous infusion indicator-dilution, and vascular resistance calculated as mm Hg/ml flow/100 cm 3 limb vol/min. Measured increases in ipsilateral cephalic venous plasma osmolarity and serum dextrose and sodium concentrations during hypertonic infusions ranged from 7 to 30 milliosmols/liter, 153 to 481 mg/100 ml and 4 to 19 mEq/liter, respectively. Measured limb venous blood hematocrit during hypertonic infusions was similar to that during control isotonic infusions. All 60 hypertonic infusions evoked an increase in limb blood flow and decrease in limb vascular resistance as compared to "resting" values during paired control isotonic NaCl infusions. There was a significant (P<.01) positive linear correlation between level of initial vascular resistance and magnitude of response to all hypertonic infusions. At each dose level, neither regression coefficient nor regression adjusted mean response to dextrose was significantly different from that to hypertonic NaCl (P>.05). The results of these studies indicate that the local vascular response to hypertonicity in the limb of man is a decrease in resistance, the magnitude of which is a function of the level of plasma osmolarity and the level of initial limb resistance. The steady-state responses to hypertonic dextrose are quantitatively similar to those to hypertonic NaCl.

5. Sodium uptake by human red cells in hypertonic solutions of sodium chloride: J. Farrant, A. E. Woolgar,* and A. J. Daw* (Clinical Research Centre and National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, N.W.7, England)

5. Sodium uptake by human red cells in hypertonic solutions of sodium chloride: J. Farrant, A. E. Woolgar,* and A. J. Daw* (Clinical Research Centre and National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, N.W.7, England)

Unit activity in supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei during stimulation of the osmoreceptive zone of the liver in cats

1. Injection of hypertonic sodium chloride solution into the portal circulation of cats causes a characteristic osmoregulatory antidiuretic response, the intensity of which depends on the concentration of the solution. 2. The concentration of sodium chloride solution producing a constant and definite antidiuretic response in cats is 5%. 3. Osmotic stimulation of the osmoreceptive zone of the liver is accompanied by a prolonged increase in unit activity of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. 4. Comparison of temporal parameters of unit activity of the osmoregulatory center and of the antidiuretic response indicates that increased activity of the center corresponds to the period of decrease, of diuresis. 5. It is concluded from analysis of the results that the afferent link of the osmoregulatory reflex from the liver has two successive phases: neural and humoral.

Corneal pigment deposits from topically administered epinephrine. Experimental production.

Instillation of epinephrine bitartrate, borate, and hydrochloride solutions in various clinically used strengths failed to produce corneal melanin pigmentation in rabbit eyes. Continuous exposure to the experimental drug using saturated Czech soft gel contact lenses also failed to induce pigmentation in the intact rabbit cornea. Repeated elevation of intraocular pressure by subconjunctival injection of hypertonic sodium chloride solution and abrasion of corneal epithelium resulted in pigment deposition. The appearance of pigment was obtained very much earlier with the use of oxidized epinephrine preparations. In the earliest stages, the pigment was detected only by histological examination. At later stages, slit-lamp biomicroscopy revealed the pigmentation, which eventually could be recognized on gross inspection.

Salt loading in renal aldosteronism before and after nephrectomy.

In the primary hyperaldosteronism discovered by Conn, a paradoxical phenomenon has been observed: in response to the rapid intravenous infusion of a hypertonic and isotonic solution of sodium chloride, diuresis increased abnormally and the urine contained a high concentration of sodium. 1,2 The phenomenon has been described to occur in Cushing's syndrome, 3,4 in essential hypertension, 4,5 in the so-called autonomic insufficiency, 6 as well as in healthy subjects treated with ganglionic blocking agents. 7 In its genesis, significance has been attributed to high blood pressure, 1-5 a potassium-depletion state, 2 and to a loss of normal circulatory reflexes. 2,6,7 It is a fact that in the patient with Conn's syndrome, the phenomenon disappears following surgical removal of the adrenal cortical adenoma. 1,2 On the basis of the postoperative cessation of the increased rate of glomerular filtration evoked by the infusion, it has been suggested that in the genesis of

The influence of previous salt ingestion on the renal function of sheep subjected to intravenous hypertonic saline.

1. Sheep, which had access to a solution containing 1.3% sodium chloride as their sole source of drinking water for 6 months or more, were infused with a hypertonic solution (10%) of sodium chloride, and their ability to tolerate this salt load was compared with that of a similar group of sheep which drank only rain water.2. The sheep which drank the rain water were often affected by the infusion and exhibited signs resembling potassium deficit. No such signs were apparent in the animals which consumed saline water.3. Glomerular filtration rates were increased in all sheep by the hypertonic saline infusion, the increases being greater in the sheep which were maintained on the saline water. Effective renal plasma flow rates, though extremely variable, behaved in a similar manner.4. Plasma values for sodium and chloride were increased in all sheep, but remained at a higher level for a longer period in the sheep which consumed rain water. The diuresis produced by hypertonic saline appeared to persist for a longer period in the sheep which drank rain water, while the excretion of sodium and chloride tended to be greater in the sheep maintained on saline water.5. Plasma potassium was reduced in all sheep and urinary excretion of potassium increased. The latter response was more pronounced in the sheep which drank the rain water.6. Filtered loads of sodium, chloride and potassium were greater in the sheep which were accustomed to drinking saline water. However, the amounts of potassium excreted were greater than those filtered in the rain water sheep and less than those filtered in the sheep which drank saline water. It therefore seems that secretion of potassium into the kidney tubules predominated in the former group and reabsorption prevailed in the latter.7. Reabsorption of free water in excess of solute was greater in the kidney tubules of the sheep which drank saline water.8. Increased blood volume and greater dilution of plasma proteins occurred in the sheep which drank rain water.

Clinical and laboratory observations on eclampsia

Sixty-nine consecutive patients with eclampsia have been cared for at Parkland Memorial Hospital using magnesium sulfate to control convulsions followed soon by appropriate steps to accomplish delivery. Apresoline was given intravenously if hypertension was quite severe. Morphine, large doses of barbiturates, tranquilizers, alkaloidal vasodepressors, diuretics, and hypertonic solutions of dextrose, mannitol, urea, and sodium chloride were avoided. All the mothers survived. The perinatal salvage rate was 79 per cent for all fetuses and 89 per cent for those weighing 1,000 grams or more. All fetuses alive when eclampsia was diagnosed and weighing 2,000 grams or more survived. None of the commonly performed laboratory tests proved to be uniquely essential to the successful treatment of eclampsia.

Pharmacological analysis of the mechanism of the vascular reaction to intra-arterial injection of hypertonic sodium chloride solution

Pharmacological analysis of the mechanism of the vascular reaction to intra-arterial injection of hypertonic sodium chloride solution

Increased Tolerance to Intravenous Hypertonic Saline in Patients with Essential Hypertension

THE application of hypertonic solutions speeds the appearance of clinical signs of cellular dehydration in proportion to the impermeability of the cellular membrane. Intravenous infusion of hypertonic saline, which remains effectively in the extracellular fluid space, stimulates cellular dehydration more intensely than an equivalent amount of urea, which readily penetrates cell membranes1,2. Rapid intravenous application of a hypertonic solution of sodium chloride brings about a hypertonic expansion of the physiologically active part of the extracellular fluid space3,4. There is evidence that intravenous loading with strongly hypertonic salt solutions is partially dependent on the mean arterial blood pressure if the renal function is not or is only slightly affected.

Effect of autonomic blocking agents and structurally related substances on the “salt arousal of drinking”

The effect of autonomic blocking agents and structurally related substances was studied in rats in which thirst was produced by the administration of a hypertonic sodium chloride solution. Scopolamine, methamphetamine, amphetamine, chlorpromazine, atropine, mecamylamine, hexamethonium, nethalide, inderal, cocaine, disipal, artane and neobenodine, marshalled in the order of potency blocked or reduced the “salt arousal of drinking”. Methylatropine nitrate, dibenzyline, cyproheptadine, deseril and pitressin tannate in oil failed to affect the increased water intake of thirsty rats.