Hydrochloric Solution Research Articles

이산화염소수를 이용한 건고추의 미생물 저감화 효과

We determined antimicrobial efficacy of commercial chlorine dioxide(ClO₂) sanitizers and HCl-based ClO₂ solution against total aerobic mesophiles on dried chili peppers. Three types of commercial sanitizers (Cloee F Plus, Ildong Cleaner, and Inopus ODX 7) were tested to inactivate microorganisms on whole or cut dried chili pepper at 200 ppm for 10 min. Regardless of types of chili peppers, sanitizer Inopus had the greatest antimicrobial effectiveness against microorganisms. All sanitizers tested did not show any residual effect after 30 min of hot air drying. Hydrochloric acid-based chlorine dioxide solution was also prepared and tested for its antimicrobial activity followed by hot air drying. Chili peppers were also repeatedly treated with HCl-based ClO₂ solution at 100 ppm or 200 ppm for 2 min. The ClO₂ solution followed by hot air drying significantly reduced the microbial populations on whole chili peppers, whereas there was no significant difference in antimicrobial activities of the treatment as affected by its concentration. In addition, the same concentration of chlorine dioxide inactivated more rapidly microorganisms on chili peppers on which calyx has been removed, compared to those with calyx.

A Novel Initiator Containing Alkyne Group for the Polymerization of 2-Ethyl-2-oxazoline

A novel trifunctional initiator with one alkyne and two trifluoromethanesulfonate moieties was synthesized from a protected alcohol 5-hydroxyl-2-phenyl-1, 3-dioxane. The alkyne functionalized intermediate with two protected alcohol groups was synthesized by reacting with propargyl bromide. The alcohol groups were cleaved using a mixture of tetrahydrofuran and hydrochloric acid aqueous solution. In the last step the initiator was synthesized using triflic anhydride in carbon tetrachloride. The initiator was characterized by 1H NMR and used for the polymerization of 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline which gives polymers with narrow distribution. For comparison a similar initiator with two tosylates was prepared and used for the polymerization of the monomer 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline, the resulting product has a wide molecular weight distribution and most of the initiator remains unreacted after 24 h which may be due to the steric hindrance between the two tosylate groups. To further explore the steric hindrance phenomenon, a linear tosylate initiator was synthesized, but still some of the initiator remains unreacted, illustrating that both steric hindrance and electrophilic balance affect the efficiency of the cationic ring-opening polymerization. All of the polymers were characterized in detail by using 1H NMR, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy, and size exclusion chromatography to confirm the purity and distribution of the polymers.

Calcium carbonate and wood reinforced hybrid PVC composites

ABSTRACTIn this article, poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) sandwich‐structured hybrid composites with amorphous calcium carbonate and wood‐filled cores were obtained by compression molding. It has been determined that wood addition up to a weight ratio of 33% reported to the total filler amount is beneficial in improving both the inter‐filler and filler‐matrix interfacial adhesion, which alongside with the promoting of the amorphous PVC matrix crystallization is responsible for an increase up to 34% in the flexural strength of the composites, compared to unfilled PVC. The hybrid filled composites present up to 35% lower friction coefficients and up to 20% higher Brinell hardness values than the composites filled with calcium carbonate alone. Subsequently, wood addition determines an increase in the oxidation onset temperature for PVC and an increase with up to 20% in the sound and thermal‐insulative properties of the composites, compared to unfilled PVC. The dominating dispersive part of the composites surface energy aids in improving the mass and dimensional stability of the assembly to both water and dilute hydrochloric acid aqueous solutions. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46317.

DL-mandelic acid intercalated Zn-Al layered double hydroxide: A novel antimicrobial layered material

DL-mandelic acid (MA) has been intercalated into Zn-Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) by an anion-exchange reaction. After intercalation of MA anions, the basal spacing of the LDH increased from 0.75 to 1.46 nm, suggesting that the MA anions were successfully intercalated into the interlayer galleries of the LDH. The structure and the thermal stability of the samples were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, TG-DTA. Studies of MA release from ZnAl-MA-LDH in hydrochloric solution (pH = 4) imply that ZnAl-MA-LDH is a better controlled release system than pure MA. Meanwhile, the mechanisms of slow release were assessed by using four commonly kinetic models. Finally, the antimicrobial activity of ZnAl-MA-LDH was tested against two kinds of bacteria and a fungus. The study confirms that the mandelic ions intercalated LDHs have the potential application as a slow release preservative in the future.

Separation characteristics of vanadium from leach liquor of red mud by ion exchange with different resins

Resin D201, D314 and 717 were compared for their efficiency to extract vanadium from hydrochloric acid leaching solution of red mud. The adsorption parameters were investigated in details by using the three resins. The separation characteristics and mechanism of vanadium were analyzed with infrared spectroscopy and adsorption kinetics. More than 99% of vanadium was selectively adsorbed by using resin D201 at pH value of 2.0, flow speed of 6m3/h·m3 resin, resin D314 at pH value of 3.0, flow speed of 4.8m3/h·m3 resin, and resin 717 at pH value of 5.0, flow speed of 7.92m3/h·m3 resin, respectively. The maximum loading of vanadium by using resin D201 was more than resin 717 and D314. The vibration peak of functional group on the resins increased after adsorption of vanadium from the leaching solution. The adsorption process of vanadium was according with the pseudo-second adsorption kinetic model.

Effect of aggressive chemicals on durability and microstructure properties of concrete containing crushed new concrete aggregate and non-traditional supplementary cementitious materials

The increasing awareness and usage of traditional supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) in concrete have pressured the construction industry to look for alternatives to overcome the concerns over their plentiful availability in the future. This research illustrates the performance of recycled aggregate concrete prepared with the incorporation of available industrial by-products, namely rice husk ash (RHA), palm oil fuel ash (POFA) and palm oil clinker powder (POCP) as alternatives for traditional SCMs. The effect of hydrochloric (HCl) acid and magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) attack was evaluated by measuring the change in mass, compressive strength and microstructural analysis. The results revealed that the incorporation of RHA, POFA and POCP up to 30% minimizes concrete deterioration and loss in compressive strength when the specimens were exposed to HCl solution. In addition, the scanning electron microscopy image showed less propagation of micro-cracks caused by expansive ettringite in the case of MgSO4 attack. Further, the X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that RHA is more effective as pozzolanic additive than POFA and POCP. Overall, the RA-based concrete had significant enhancement in its performance against acid and sulfate attacks using alternative SCMs from industrial by-products.

Development of robototechnological complex of intellectual management by bread manufacturing for technological loading territories

The object of research is a technological line for production of bakery products. One of the most problematic places in the technological process of industrial production of bakery products is the incoming quality control and preliminary preparation of ingredients, as well as the implementation of the processes of preparation of dough and kneading dough. To improve and intensify the relevant processes, it is proposed to use robotic technological complexes with an intelligent control system and built-in intensifiers. The principle of the intensifiers of the technological process is based on ultrasonic technologies of water treatment, mixing of components, intensification of physical and chemical processes of bread production, quality control of the process. For the production of bread with therapeutic and prophylactic characteristics, the controlled ultrasonic cavitation effects are studied. It has been proved that processes of ultrasonic cavitation, disintegration, coagulation of water, flour, oil, liquid yeast, hydrochloric and sugar solutions and other ingredients promote the production of medical type. Ultrasonic cavitation causes increased fluid mixing of the micro streams that form around the oscillate bubbles. Such mixing is especially useful in the technological process of producing bread for dispersion when enriched with vitamins and minerals. Systems for automated control of parameters of pre-dough-dough based on high-frequency ultrasonic vibrations are developed. It is proved that robotic technological complexes with developed sensor system allow to reduce the salt and sugar content in bread by 15–20 % without changing the taste of the product. A multi-level intelligent system of automated management of the technological process of bread production has been developed. The architecture of this system uses a robotic technology complex with: – intellectual decision support system and training blocks; – databases and knowledge; – block output information on the corporate performance monitor; – automated workplace with an interface system; – artificial neural network for recognition of emergency, abnormal and normal situations. Thus, with the help of the robotic technological complexes built into the technological process of bread production, it is possible to achieve a higher quality of bakery products.

Effect of pickling process on removal of oxide layer on the surface of ferritic stainless steel

ABSTRACTOxide layer formed on stainless steel surface can result in a decrease in surface quality. Thus, it must be removed. In this paper, we investigated the effect of different pickling processes on removal of the oxide layer. Ferritic stainless steel was used as raw material. After it received annealing treatment, the components and structure of the oxide layer formed on its surface were studied. Then, the annealed stainless steel was pickled in hydrochloric acid solution system and mixed acid solution system, respectively. Results are as follows. The oxide layer on stainless steel surface has a thickness of 15–35 μm. With increase in hydrochloric acid concentration in hydrochloric acid pickling solution, the weight loss rate of stainless steel increases and is always greater than that in mixed acid pickling system. In addition, the surface of the stainless steel pickled in hydrochloric acid is smoother than that pickled in mixed acid. Furthermore, compared with channels in the oxide layer created during mixed acid pickling, those created during hydrochloric acid pickling are more, leading to shorter removal time. These results are important for increasing the pickling efficiency and improving the surface quality of stainless steel.

Recycling of red mud as a catalyst for complete oxidation of benzene

In this work, we investigated waste red mud (WRM) generated from industrial processes as a potential catalyst support for the complete oxidation of toxic organic compounds. Two different types of red mud based catalysts were prepared using calcination (CRM) and hydrochloric acid aqueous solution (HRM) pretreatments. In addition, HRMs loaded with different amounts of palladium were prepared and examined for their catalytic behaviors. For comparison, aluminas (γ-Al2O3) loaded with different amounts of palladium were also used. The catalyst samples prepared were characterized by using nitrogen adsorption, ICP-AES, TPR, XRD, FT-IR, and FE-TEM to examine their textural and chemical characteristics. The catalytic activity of the samples used depended on the pretreatment techniques applied, lattice oxygen mobility, the type of supports, and the loading amount of palladium. It was also interesting to note that water vapor in the feed stream inhibits catalytic activity for the complete oxidation of benzene.

Solvent Extraction of Molybdenum (VI) from Hydrochloric Acid Leach Solutions using P507. Part II: Stripping and Mechanism

ABSTRACTThermodynamic analysis of the Mo(VI)-H2A2-NH3-H2O system was conducted for the model establishment of molybdenum stripping from a loaded organic solution consisting of 30% (v/v) P507 in sulfonated kerosene. The results revealed that there were five ranges for the molybdenum stripping using ammonia, and the mole fraction of could be regarded as the saponification of the extractant. The molybdenum can be completely stripped at equilibrium pH higher than 5.0, and the consumption of ammonia for stripping 1 mol molybdenum can be expressed as: (mol), where P stands for the saturation of molybdenum in the loaded organic solution. The concentration of molybdenum in strip liquors reached as high as 228 g/L using a three-time reflux stripping with a loaded organic solution containing 35.9 g/L Mo and a stripping agent consisting of 1.2 mol/L NH3·H2O and 0.15 mol/L NH4NO3 at an A/O ratio of 1/2 and 30°C. The average stripping of molybdenum reached 96.4%, while the average molybdenum concentration in stripped organic solutions was only 1.30 g/L. The volume loss of strip liquor can be attributed to the formation of microemulsion during the stripping process.

Reactions of dl-homocystine and 3,3′-dithiodipropionic acid with Pd(II) in aqueous hydrochloric solutions. Part I: coordination model

Stoichiometry of Pd(II) interactions with dl-homocystine and 3,3′-dithiodipropionic acid were investigated spectrophotometrically in strong hydrochloric acidic media. It was established that thiolate and sulfinate complexes are products of a disulfide bond cleavage. It is shown that formation of S,S′-binuclear complexes is necessary for the disproportionation reaction. A multi-spectroscopic (UV-Vis, Raman, NMR, EXAFS) investigation on a disulfide bond state in organic disulfides in complexation processes with Pd(II) was developed. A DFT study on geometry of forming complex species was performed.

Abstract 209: Proteomic analysis of therapeutic biomarkers in decalcified bone metastases

Abstract Introduction: Targeted therapies successful in treating primary tumors are often ineffective against corresponding metastatic lesions. Tumors and their bone metastases are biologically distinct, as reflected by discordant biomarker status. Decalcification of bone destroys protein and can preclude molecular analysis. A profiling method that does not depend on tissue antigenicity or nucleic acid preservation could increase the diagnostic value of decalcified bone samples. We assessed the effects of decalcification on proteomic analysis of tumor tissue. We also quantified 27 therapeutically-relevant proteins in decalcified bone metastases of cancer patients using mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis. Methods: To examine the effects of decalcification on protein quantification, we used 3 non-bone tissue specimens from lung adenocarcinoma, lung squamous cell carcinoma, and colon medullary carcinoma. Non-bone tumor tissue was expected to perform similarly in proteomic analyses to bone tissue, which was not available. Tissue specimens were processed without decalcification and with hydrochloric acid-based Decal-Stat™ decalcification solution for 1, 3, 12, and 24 hours prior to paraffin embedding, tissue sectioning, and mass spectrometric analysis. Proteomic analysis was also performed on 26 previously decalcified biopsies of metastatic bone lesions from patients with cancers of the lung (n=7), breast (n=7), stomach (n=3) and 8 other indications. Archived tumor tissue was microdissected and solubilized to tryptic peptides. Target proteins in each liquefied tumor sample were quantitated in triplicate with a multiplexed, selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry assay. Results: In the non-bone tumors, non-decalcified & decalcified samples yielded similar quantities of total protein (range: 19.2 - 24.1 µg) and of all 20 protein biomarkers detected. The 26 bone metastases expressed 20 of the 27 protein targets tested. Of the 7 bone samples from lung cancer patients, 5 expressed EGFR protein and 5 expressed hENT1 protein (a marker of response to gemcitabine). A metastatic bone tumor from a breast cancer patient expressed hENT1 (129 amol/µg) and overexpressed HER2 (5750 amol/µg; this exceeds a level previously correlated with increased survival in trastuzumab-treated patients). Bone lesions from prostate & gynecologic cancers overexpressed AR, hENT1, EGFR and TOPO1 proteins. Conclusions: A commonly used decalcifying solution had no discernable effects on proteomic quantification of biomarker proteins in archived tumor samples. Targeted proteomics can quantify an entire panel of therapeutically-relevant proteins from a single decalcified bone biopsy specimen. Proteomic analysis of bone metastases upon diagnosis of metastasis or at relapse could inform treatment decisions, particularly in patients who have disease progression only in bone lesions or whose bone biomarkers are discordant from those of the primary tumor. Citation Format: Fabiola Cecchi, Shankar Sellappan, Sarit Schwartz, Chao Gong, Marlene Darfler, Kerry Scott, Steven W. Mamus, Mike Emmert-Buck, Todd Hembrough. Proteomic analysis of therapeutic biomarkers in decalcified bone metastases [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 209. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-209

Fabrication of superhydrophobic Pt3Fe/Fe surface for its application

Well-defined Pt3Fe/Fe superhydrophobic materials on iron sheet with special properties, such as corrosion resistance, superhydrophobicity and superoleophilicity, was fabricated. The fabrication process involved etching in hydrochloric acid aqueous solution and simple replacement deposition process without using any seed and organic solvent, and then annealing. The electrochemical measurements show that the resultant surface in 3.5% sodium chloride solution displays good corrosion resistance. Also, it is proved that the obtained surface has better mechanical abrasion resistance via scratch test. The superoleophilicity and low water adhesion force of the obtained surface endow it high oil/water separation capacity. The as-prepared nanocomposites display enhanced catalytic activity and kinetics toward degradation of methyl orange. In particular, it possesses the most efficient degradation capacity (95%) towards methyl orange at a high concentration (17.5mg/L) in 80min. The improved stability and excellent catalytic activity of the Pt3Fe/Fe nanocomposites promise new opportunities for the development of waste water treatment.

Corrosion performance of ZrN/ZrO2 multilayer coatings deposited on 304 stainless steel using multi-arc ion plating

Coatings of single-layer ZrN, bilayer and multilayer ZrN/ZrO2 were deposited onto 304 stainless steel using a multi-arc ion plating technique, and their corrosion properties were tested in various solutions of 3.5wt% sodium chloride (NaCl), 10wt% and 20wt% hydrochloric (HCl) acids, respectively.Results showed that the single-layer ZrN coating resisted the corrosion in the HCl acid with a concentration of 10wt%, and the multilayer ZrN/ZrO2 coating acted as an effective protective layer in 20wt% HCl solution. Polarization curve of the bilayer ZrN/ZrO2 coated specimens showed the lowest corrosion current density in 3.5wt% NaCl and 20wt% HCl solutions. However after polarization tests, the bilayer coating showed severe delamination after exposed in air, due to the large coating stress and brittleness of oxide ceramic layer. The multilayer ZrN/ZrO2 coating exhibited similar corrosion potentials and corrosion current densities compared with those of the bilayer coating. However, there was hardly any microscopic failure observed on the surfaces of the multilayer coatings after tested in all chloride solutions, which is attributed to the combined effects including improvement in coating toughness due to the multilayer design and ZrN sub-layer, reduced coating stress, and good corrosion resistance from the ZrO2 sub layer.

Enhanced corrosion resistance of austenitic Fe-Mn-C TWIP steel by cerium(III) in 1 M hydrochloric acid pickling solution

The influence of rare earth Ce3+ ions on the corrosion behaviour of Fe-Mn-C TWIP steel in 1 M hydrochloric acid solution was studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Electrochemical corrosion tests showed that Ce3+ can significantly reduce corrosion deterioration up to 1.0 mM. Beyond that level the corrosion rate increases till a steady value. Surface film resistance increases with time evolution until 24 h, then decreases and stabilises. High corrosion protection of steel surface after 24 h exposure to the acidic solution containing the optimal Ce3+ ion concentration is revealed by SEM investigations.

Corrosion inhibition of Monel 400 in hydrochloric solution by some green leaves

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to investigate the inhibitive action of some green leaves on Monel 400 alloy in acidic media.Design/methodology/approachGreen leaves of Mespilus japonica, Ricinus communis L and Vitis vinifera were immersed in methanol solutions, separately, and filtrated after 48 h of immersion; the obtained filtrates were examined as corrosion inhibitors of Monel 400 alloy in hydrochloric acid solution (1.0M HCl). The performance of these inhibitors was evaluated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization. The effect of temperature on corrosion behavior of Monel 400 was also studied.FindingsThe results obtained showed that all tested inhibitors performed as good corrosion inhibitors. The inhibition process is attributed to the adsorption of the inhibitors on Monel surface. The adsorption behavior was found to follow Langmiur isotherm. The inhibition efficiencies of extracts increased with increasing the concentration of each inhibitor and deceased with increasing the temperature.Practical implication These inhibitors could have application in industries where hydrochloric solutions were used to remove the surface impurities of Monel 400.Originality/valueThis paper helps to find new corrosion inhibitors that are safe and eco-friendly.

양이온 추출제와 아민의 혼합추출제에 의한 경희토류금속의 분리

희토류 원소는 첨단 산업용 소재의 구성 성분으로 고순도가 요구된다. 국내산 monazite광과 Ni-MH전지는 경희토류를 함유한 자원이다. 이러한 자원을 염산으로 침출한 용액에서 경희토류성분을 용매추출로 분리하는 공정에 대해 고찰하였다. 양이온 추출제와 3차 아민의 혼합추출제로 경희토류를 추출시 상승효과가 있으며 pH 감소가 둔화된다. 혼합추출제 사용시 수상의 pH가 금속의 추출 및 상승효과에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 향후 양이온과 아민의 혼합추출제에 의한 경희토류 분리공정을 개발하기 위해서는 mixer-settler의 조업 자료 확보가 필요하다. Rare earth elements with high purity are demanded for the manufacture of advanced materials. Light rare earth elements are contained in domestic monazite and Ni-MH batteries. In this paper, solvent extraction to separate the light rare earth elements from hydrochloric acid leaching solutions of these resources was discussed. A mixture of cationic and tertiary amine shows synergistic effect on the extraction of LREEs and the extent of pH decrease during extraction is reduced. The effect of solution pH on the extraction and synergism was reviewed. Acquisition of the operation data with mixer-settler on the separation of LREEs by this mixture is necessary to develop a process.

Inhibition of C-steel Corrosion by Green Tea Extract in Hydrochloric Solution

Inhibition of C-steel Corrosion by Green Tea Extract in Hydrochloric Solution

Polarization Study of Sn-0.7Cu Solder Alloy in 1M Hydrochloric Solution

Corrosion properties of Sn-0.7Cu solder were investigated in 1 M HCl. The scanning rates used were 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mVs-1 to study the aggressiveness level of HCl electrolyte in various environment. The morphological, elemental and structural of the samples were compared before and after the corrosion. Scan rate 1.0 mVs-1 was chosen as the most optimum scan rate during corrosion analysis. The morphological analysis observed two types of corrosion product which is compacted and loosely-compacted corrosion product after the samples was polarized in 1 M HCl.

Solvent Extraction of Molybdenum (VI) from Hydrochloric Acid Leach Solutions Using P507. Part I: Extraction and Mechanism

ABSTRACTThe extractant 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester (P507) was used to selectively extract molybdenum (VI) from the hydrochloric acid leach solution of molybdenite after roasting with lime. The effects of solution acidity, organic composition, extractant concentration, impurity concentration, temperature and phase volume ratio on the separation of molybdenum (VI) over impurities of iron (III), aluminum, silicon and phosphorus were investigated. The increase in solution acidity resulted in the depolymerization of molybdenum heteropolyanions and , and the formation of molybdenum cations of . The saturated loading capacity of molybdenum (VI) with 30% (v/v) P507 in sulfonated kerosene reached 44.5 g/L. More than 99.8% of the molybdenum (VI) was extracted in a four-stage counter current extraction using an organic system consisting of 30% (v/v) P507 and 70% (v/v) sulfonated kerosene and a hydrochloric acid leach solution containing 14.8 g/L Mo(VI) and 1.73 mol/L H+ with an A/O ratio of 2.86/1 at room temperature for 7 min, while the extraction of iron(III) and phosphorus was only 1.02% and 2.96%, respectively. The separation factor of molybdenum and impurities was in the range of 104.31 ~ 105.89. The extracted molybdenum (VI) species of Mo2O5A2·2HA in the loaded organic solution was identified by the combination of the slope and saturation methods, and further proved by the FTIR spectral analysis.