Hybrid War Research Articles

SOCIO-PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS OF MODERN IV WORLD HYBRID WAR

The article is devoted to the socio-philosophical analysis of the types of modern hybrid war, their main characteristics, the disclosure of the factors that influence these modern types of wars. The opinion regarding global transformations in the political, economic and technological spheres is substantiated, which led to the need to revise the concept of K. von Clausewitz. It has been proven that today’s war has its differences from previous wars, its typology, color and methods of conduct; the concept of "modern war" is considered and the modern understanding of war as hybrid is given, the types of modern hybrid war are highlighted. The role of technology, technology and science in modern hybrid war is revealed; justified, due to which the modern military picture of the world is formed.

Linguistic tools of manipulation in russian language translations Of UN Security Council Resolution 1325 and its “Sisters” resolutions

One of the ways to clarify national terminology and to enshrine correct definitions of concepts related to various aspects of gender issues in the legal framework is using the official translations of international documents on women’s rights and gender equality in Ukrainian language. The issue of the correctness of translations of international documents in general and in the field of human rights and gender equality in particular is not only an important subject of scientific research, but also has great practical significance in the context of Russia’s hybrid war against Ukraine. Russian language is an official language of the UN. All documents from the working languages of the UN General Assembly (English and French) are translated into Russian and used by regional international organisations, as well as by countries beside the russian federation where this language has status of the official or state language. In addition, many translations of international documents into Ukrainian have been made using Russian translations as basis. This also applies to such important documents in the field of women’s rights and gender equality as UN Security Council Resolution 1325 “Women. Peace. Security” and related Security Council resolutions, in particular, 1888, 2467, 2493 and others. Based on a comparative analysis of the original texts of the above-mentioned UN Security Council resolutions and their russian translations, the article offers a classification of directions of linguistic manipulation in the translation of documents, illustrated by specific examples; draws conclusions about the consequences and impact of the using of incorrect translations on the policy of ensuring women’s rights and gender equality at both the international and national levels; offers recommendations for identifying linguistic manipulation during translation process.

Social and psychological features of the mental component of the modern hybrid war against Ukraine

The concept of “hybrid war” and its structural elements, to which we added a mental component, have been considered. It is shown that in the course of such a war, “hybrid” means are used as a specific tool for ensuring the success of military intervention with the simultaneous involvement of the population in the conflict, which is carried out in the covered military territory, and misleads the international community with the aim of its desired influence on the said conflict. A set of tools with which the aggressor country exerts simultaneous influence on the social sphere of the country's life is analyzed. The main components of hybrid forces are informational, ideological, psychological, economic, political, diplomatic, military, technological, energy. It is proposed to add one more component to their composition - mental warfare. It is shown that in the course of the mental war against Ukraine, the enemy set itself the goal of growth to destroy the independent state, the Ukrainian nation and the Ukrainian civilization as a whole and to appropriate its historical heritage. For our research, this is a rather alarming conclusion, so it raises the question of how to confront it. The social and psychological features of waging a psychological war against Ukraine by the russian federation are outlined and analyzed. It is shown that the mental war against our country with the help of hybrid information technologies, which easily influence the consciousness of the population, manipulates it. It is the information activity as a component of the hybrid war that involves a massive psychological impact on the emotional state of a person, the delivery of distorted information to the country’s population. The author’s definition of the concept of “mental war” is formulated as a complex psychological influence by the aggressor country on the consciousness of the population of the country that was attacked, using changes in its national outlook, historical memory, values, national-historical identity in the interests of the aggressor country. Taking into account the peculiarities of the hybrid war and its components, recommendations have been formulated for countering the hybrid aggression of the enemy, which is trying to destroy and change the mentality of Ukrainians for its own use: increase the number of publications and video materials in the information space about the opinions of foreign politicians and experts condemning russian aggression; to create an Institute for the study of war, the work of which will involve both domestic specialists in the field of hybrid warfare and mental warfare, as well as leading scientists of Western countries; to develop the National Doctrine of mental protection of the population in the conditions of a full-scale war against Ukraine.

Protection of constitutional values in the conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian war

The study is devoted to the analysis of the peculiarities of the protection of constitutional values in Ukraine in the conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian war. Its purpose is to develop proposals for improving the mechanisms for ensuring these values. A comprehensive approach was used, including methods of analysis and synthesis, a comparative legal method, as well as an analysis of judicial practice. The relevance of the study is due to unprecedented challenges for constitutional values in the conditions of hybrid war, which requires new approaches to their protection. Scientific novelty consists in the comprehensive analysis of modern challenges and the development of specific recommendations for improving legislation and law enforcement practice. The study showed that the protection of constitutional values in the conditions of war is a complex process that requires a combination of national and international efforts. A special role belongs to the judicial system, which must ensure a balance between national security and the rights and freedoms of citizens. International support is also critical to strengthening legal stability and protecting democratic values. The results of the study can be used to improve legislation and law enforcement practice in Ukraine, as well as to increase the effectiveness of international support in the field of human rights protection. The practical significance of the work consists in providing specific recommendations for reforming the judicial system and strengthening international cooperation. The protection of constitutional values in the conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian war requires a comprehensive approach, which includes reforming legislation, strengthening the judicial system, and strengthening international cooperation. The importance of constitutional values not only does not decrease, but also becomes even more relevant in the conditions of the modern world, which requires joint efforts of all branches of government, civil society and international partners.

DISCUSSING HYBRID WARFARE VIA SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY: THE CASE OF DISINFORMATION AND PROPAGANDA EXPLOITING MINORITY GROUPS

This paper argues that minority issues are often exploited in hybrid warfare, serving as both subject and target of disinformation and propaganda. The ultimate aim is to polarise society, weaken cohesion and even trigger conflict in the countries of interest to the aggressor. The paper discusses studies on disinformation, propaganda and minorities and applies the lens of social psychology to identify key characteristics of minorities that can be targeted by third parties in hybrid warfare. Finally, it briefly examines how the Russian Federation is using these tools in its hybrid war against Ukraine and other democratic states. As part of a larger work in progress, the paper does not offer at this stage a complete and tested analytic model, but signals the need for an approach that goes beyond simple debates about disinformation and propaganda narratives towards the socio-psychological mechanisms that make them efficient.

THE COGNITIVE FRAME OF WAR: CONTEMPORARY EXPANSIONS

A war is a form of hostile activity. Wars have been fought for centuries, however over time, the tactics used, and the means employed in them have changed and developed. The present study is devoted to the cognitive frame of WAR. From the cognitive linguistic perspective, a frame is a complex knowledge structure with a number of interrelated elements. Conventional frame elements will be presented on the basis of lexicographic sources, while the most recent expansions will be outlined after selected online BBC News reports pertaining to information, cyber- and hybrid war.

Метод потоков в диагностике угроз национальной экономической безопасности России

The work identifies the problem of discrepancy between the rapidly growing importance of national economic security (NES) of Russia and the degree of its scientific elaboration according to such criteria as clarity in defining the subject of NES, methodology for studying NES, mechanisms for connecting scientific research with education and practice of NES. The article is devoted to the study of the dynamics of teacher and scientist staff. The research is carried out using a new method developed by the author – the Flow Method. The novelty of the Flow Method begins with a change in the idea of the object of study. In traditional approaches, an object is fixed, and is studied from different sides in different periods of time; the Flow Method focuses the researcher’s attention on the movement of resource flows in the economic environment. In such a movement of resources, the following are distinguished: inflows, outflows, accumulations. Normally, the movement of resources is balanced. It is appropriate to consider sanctions as the most important component of a hybrid war, aimed at unbalancing the resources of the national economy by blocking flows. The study showed that the representation of the movement of resources by the Flow Method differs from traditional representations in statistics and accounting. Approbation of the Method in diagnosing the state of personnel in scientific and educational institutions showed strategic threats to the national security of the Russian Federation. Since 2015, the number of scientists and teachers with an academic degree has been continuously decreasing. The flow method allows us to dispel the myth that if scientists leave region A, they will simply work in another region. This study refutes such a hypothesis. Scientists, in particular, can change their specialty, leave the country, etc. The noted situation is similar for all 16 cities with a population of over a million in Russia, including Moscow and St. Petersburg and 18 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The influx of young scientists is decreasing while the workforce continues to age. If we ignore the results obtained, then in 5–10 years, for example, the Omsk region will begin to lose the ability to train specialists with higher education, not to mention candidates and doctors of science. A similar situation awaits other regions.

«Hybrid War» in the XXI century: social and political aspects

This article investigates the tactics and countermeasures used by the opposing sides in the course of preparation and hybrid war, and describes their essence and content. It is determined that these tactics and countermeasures must take into account the non-linear structure of strategic forces and capabilities. In addition, recommendations on countering hybrid threats and organizing countermeasures in case of hybrid war in the current context have been proposed.

Mapping a „Nowhere Nation”. The Toxic Spell of „Imperial Knowledge” and Challenges of Decolonization

The article explores the reasons for the protracted absence of Ukraine from the mental maps of most Europeans and people elsewhere. Until 1991, this was explained by the absence of Ukraine on political maps and the prevailing tendency to identify nations with states that made stateless nations politically „invisible”. The appearance of Ukraine on political maps after its independence did not solve the problem: formal „visibility” could not guarantee adequate perception of the country and, consequently, effective policy toward it. The lack of an adequate international response to Russia’s aggression in Ukraine in 2014 and the subsequent hybrid war was a clear manifestation of this inadequacy, which has not been fully overcome even after the 2022 full-scale Russian invasion. The article proves that the main reason for Ukraine’s „invisibility”, as well as current cognitive misunderstandings, is the uncritical adoption by the international community of the Russian point of view, both on Russia itself and on the peoples it colonized. This point of view is articulated by a system of narratives developed by the empire with the primary goal to deprive the subjugated nations of any agency, to make them virtually invisible for the rest of the world and inferior for themselves. Ewa Thompson defined this system of narratives as „imperial knowledge”. Over the past two centuries, the empire has successfully institutionalized and disseminated it in the world as allegedly „scientific” and therefore unquestionable; normalized, elevated it to the level of „common wisdom” that should not be questioned. It was the international normalization and internalization of that knowledge that contributed to the misguided policies of most governments toward both Russia and Ukraine. Its false postulates still contribute to the global penetration of Russian anti-Ukrainian propaganda and preclude a unified international response to Russian aggression. The article proposes a radical deconstruction of that „knowledge”, within the ongoing global processes of decolonization.

Analysis of Information Security Under the Conditions of Hybrid War in Ukraine: Social Aspects

Abstract The development of the post-industrial society requires the acceleration of the integration of the national economy into the globalized economic space. This stage is characterized by active informatization of all spheres of life in society, which requires information security and cyber protection for high-quality information provision of the country’s population, intellectualization of economic processes and prevention of destructive informational influence on the social status of the individual. It is also necessary to consider that for Ukraine the specified stage is complicated by the hybrid war with Russia, which requires strengthening the protection of information from cyber-attacks and the formation of new approaches in preserving the quality of information on social networks. Therefore, the purpose of this article is the development of scientific and methodological approaches in information security management, strengthening its social significance. This requires solving a certain range of tasks of identifying and preventing socially dangerous information based on the use of economic and mathematical methods and models. The article highlights the main directions of socialization of modern technological development and theoretically substantiates its significant impact on human consciousness and behavior, puts a person in front of serious challenges and, under conditions of hybrid warfare, requires strengthening of information security in social networks. In the work, the components of information security are supplemented, its impact on social aspects of society’s life is highlighted. As a result of the research, the authors proposed a scientific and methodical approach to the construction of a system for countering the spread of socially dangerous information in social networks. Besides, its functional elements are highlighted. A method of combating the spread of harmful information in social networks has been developed, which solves the problem of information support of the decision-making process and includes providing the chosen and alternative options to the person making the decision, with the justification of the choice. This creates prerequisites for information support for making a well-founded management decision.

Art education as a culture ambassador of Ukraine’s formation space

In the context of Russia’s current war against Ukraine, the need for the European world to disseminate systematic knowledge about the culture and art of Ukraine, which for a long time has been considered by Europeans exclusively in the context of the culture of the aggressor country, is becoming more urgent. Thus, it is crucial to distinguish Ukrainian culture/mentality and restore and strengthen Ukraine’s positive image on the world stage, in particular, by promoting the identity of Ukrainian culture. The purpose of the research is to identify and substantiate the priorities of personal and professional development of a socially responsible subject of cultural and artistic diplomacy in Ukraine, based on the value of national art education, which can reveal/form humanity in a person. The study used the methods of analysis, synthesis, deduction, comparison, and abstraction. The scientific value of the research results lies in an updated understanding of the professional formation of the subject of cultural diplomacy – a cultural ambassador who meets the needs of the modern world community for a new vision and new motivation for the system of training artistic and creative personnel. First of all, a trinity of such basic directions as developing a case of new knowledge that will determine the creative potential of art education in the processes of democratisation of Ukrainian society; justifying the feasibility of creating strategies of dialogue through respect for the Other; refuting the arguments introduced by authoritarian systems that tend to produce hybrid war hysteria. The study reveals the importance of training artists as cultural ambassadors to establish the true significance of Ukraine’s culture at the international level and identifies ways to improve the image of the state through the implementation of effective art education. The conclusions of the study will be useful for scholars in an in-depth study of the concept of “cultural diplomacy”, as well as for politicians and cultural critics in choosing approaches to restoring a positive emotional colouring of the image of Ukraine in the world public consciousness through Ukrainian culture and art.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LEGAL REGULATION IN ENSURING CYBER SECURITY IN THE CONDITIONS OF WAR: EXPERIENCE FOR UKRAINE

Introduction. In the vast majority of countries, there is a constant trend towards a significant increase in the number and expansion of the spectrum of cyber-attacks with the aim of violating the confidentiality, integrity and availability of state information resources, in particular those distributed on the Internet and objects of critical information infrastructure. Summary of main results. The large-scale deployment of a hybrid war against our state seriously affects all aspects of social life. To a large extent, the strategic success of countering the challenges of hybrid warfare depends on the effective and quality of the legal response. Ensuring an adequate level of cyber security is difficult to imagine without clearly planned joint actions and measures developed by responsible entities, which must be synchronized and implemented according to a single strategic plan and development vector of the national cyber security system of a declarative nature. That is why cyber security in most countries of the world is recognized as an important component of national security, the provision of which is impossible without the formation and functioning of a national system in the field of cyber security, which is based on such principles as respect for the principles and norms of international law, protection of fundamental values defined by current legislation, protection national interests in cyberspace. It is emphasized that the state's national security largely depends on the state of cyber security. It has been proven that hybrid war significantly increases the impact of cyber threats on Ukrainian society and actualizes the danger of targeted cyber attacks as a tool of aggression against our state in the context of global trends regarding threats in cyberspace. Conclusions. In the process of conducting the research, we formulated conclusions in which special attention was paid to the peculiarities of the current state of functioning of the legislation on cyber security and considered promising directions for its improvement in the future, which, in turn, will become the basis for improving the administrative and legal regulation of cyber security in Ukraine.

Diplomacy as a tool for protecting the Russian language in a Global Hybrid War

The article reflects the role and importance of the Russian language in the world and shows the important role of Russian diplomacy in the complex solution of the problems of language dissemination and protection in the context of a global hybrid war. Russian Russian is characterized by internal and external threats to the Russian language, and the need to develop a concept of ensuring the linguistic security of the Russian language in the context of modern realities is substantiated.

Expanding BRICS Authority in Latin America: Geopolitical Significance for Russia

The paper analyzes the geopolitical situation in Latin America and the Caribbean (LACB), examines the prospects for expanding the BRICS interstate association in the region and the advantages of this organization that attracts LACB countries. Based on the criteria the authors carried out put forward, the analysis of scenarios to expand the BRICS in the strategic interests of the Russian Federation in the international arena, the directions for the most favorable cooperation and ensuring the interests of Russia in the conditions of a tense political situation and a hybrid war launched by the collective West against our country are determined. The role of BRICS is increasing in a change in the balance of power in the UN, G20 and G7 groups after the start of a special military operation by the Russian Federation. The work is based on neorealism, which considers both the global situation in international relations and Russia’s possibilities for promoting its interests in interaction with various actors. The major methods used: situational analysis and document analysis. The paper’s aim is to determine the strategic advantages of implementing Russian foreign policy interests associate the potential expansion of BRICS in Latin America.

Hybrid War: Theory and Ethics

Terrorist attacks against the United States and some European states, and the war against terrorism characterised the end of the 20th century from the perspective of international relations. In harmony with this, military theoretical and ethical research aimed at terrorism, insurgency war in general and counterterrorism in this period. Some years later, however, at the beginning of the 21st century, some further questions joined these problems, like the theoretical and ethical issues of hybrid war. This essay deals with the theoretical and philosophical features of hybrid war in order to develop an ethical theory for it.

TRANSFORMATIONAL CHANGES IN THE UKRAINIAN SOCIO-CULTURAL SPACE AT THE END OF THE XX - FIRST HALF OF THE XXI CENTURY

In the article, the author examines the transformational changes in the Ukrainian socio-cultural space of the end of the ХХ-th – the first half of the ХХІ-st century. The ХХІ-st century is characterized by great transformations not only in the economic and social context, but also in the sphere of cultural life, which is intensively developing in various directions. The author notes that Ukraine is currently experiencing a nation-state revival and the introduction of democratic values in conditions that are difficult and contradictory due to the instability and revolutionary nature of many sociopolitical and socio-economic processes that began in the 1990s and as a result of this , even to this day, the worldview and value orientations that regulate human behavior and relationships, which has a significant impact on the sociocultural situation in Ukraine, remain undefined. Global social changes, if they are systemic and related to the establishment of a new social order, are always accompanied by cultural transformations and characterized as a «reevaluation of all values». The situation became much more complicated due to the annexation of Crimea by Russia, the hybrid war in Donbas, and later the full-scale invasion of Russia on the territory of Ukraine on February 24, 2022, which became new difficult challenges for our country. According to the author, in connection with the new historical context, new conditions for the development of the sphere of culture arose, which caused the formation of a new socio-cultural situation, which is characterized by a change in socio-cultural orientation and ideals, rethinking and creation of a new hierarchy of values. The author believes that the foundations of socio-cultural development of Ukrainian society today are based on all manifestations of unique cultural and social values; development of common cultural, spiritual and educational spaces; active use of the Ukrainian language in all spheres; preservation and dissemination of cultural heritage; popularization and development of the cultural environment; ensuring maximum access to cultural properties, their preservation; stimulating investments for the development of cultural and social spheres, etc. Keywords: transformational processes, socio-cultural activity, socio-cultural development, socio-cultural policy, man, society, culture

Transparency of Information about the CSTO Collective Security Regions in the Context of Hybrid Warfare and Cognitive Security

The article is devoted to the analysis and criticism of the cognitive role of the information and analytical potential of the CSTO in the conditions of hybrid pressure from the actors of the Eurasian arc of instability [5, p. 62]. The object and subject of the study considered, respectively, the information content of the Organization’s website and published data on collective security regions.Aim. To substantiate the need for finding new ways to interact with the target audience, as well as the transition from the reactive principle of crisis response to a system for preventing and resolving crisis situations based on a scientific approach and advanced information technologies.Tasks. To reveal the importance of transparency of current data on the boundaries and regions of collective security of the CSTO cognitive security in conditions of escalation and psychological pressure from the outside. Propose a new direction for the development of the official websites of the Organization.Methods. The study was carried out from the perspective of a civilizational and historical approach, systemic and critical analysis.Results. An original interpretation of the cognitive role and inclusiveness of publicly available data published on the website of an international security organization is presented.Conclusions. The multifactorial scientific search for reliable information and the public availability of information on the issues of the regions and borders of the CSTO is acquiring increasing theoretical and practical importance. It is advisable to consider the situation on the borders and in the regions of collective security of the CSTO through the prism of spatial-geographical, military-political and socioeconomic factors. Activating the cognitive role, transparency and inclusiveness of published open information about the activities of the CSTO are promising ways to build up the Organization’s potential in a hybrid war.

Features of liability for cyber-attacks in EU countries

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of responsibility for cyber-attacks in the countries of the European Union. It is noted that cyber-attacks on state bodies can be a component of cyber war or hybrid war and at the same time pose a threat to national and global security, as they can lead to the leakage of important information, disrupt the operation of state systems and lead to various negative consequences. So, for example, in Europe, the main goals of hackers from 2022, in addition to Ukraine, became Poland, the Baltic countries, Northern Europe and Germany. The share of cyberattacks on European Union (EU) countries increased from about 10% in the first quarter of 2022 to almost 50% in 2023. In total, 162 cyber-attacks were carried out on Ukraine in 2022; to Poland – 114; Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia – 157; Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Finland – 95, Germany – 57.
 An increase in the activity of cyber-attacks on the networks of the energy sector, the diplomatic corps, law enforcement agencies, the defense complex, state enterprises and media companies has been established. The main goal of these attacks is to damage the country’s critical infrastructure. Globally, there has been a steady trend towards an increase in the number of targeted cyber-attacks on critical infrastructure facilities in recent years. And therefore, in connection with the possible negative consequences in the case of the implementation of cyber-attacks, it is important to note that ensuring the effective functioning of the country’s cyber defense system remains a high-priority task. Each year underscores the urgency of this challenge as threats in cyberspace continue to grow and become more highly specialized.
 It was concluded that their public attribution will be important for determining possible responsibility in the countries of the European Union for a cyber-attack, which will include the identification and public announcement of who is behind a specific cyber-attack that affects state, commercial or other objects.

Analysis of Hybrid Warfare Elements in the 2023 Asymmetric War between Hamas and Israel

The conflict between Hamas and Israel has created a complex asymmetric warfare environment, giving rise to elements of hybrid warfare involving both military and non-military tactics. Hybrid warfare is not a new idea. The focus is primarily on the ability to target distant objects and processes through unconventional military methods, especially for state and military functions. Hybrid warfare, known as an asymmetric approach, seeks to achieve major impact using simple methods, such as stopping an enemy's military operations or cutting off public political support. The operational environment of hybrid warfare consists of a series of interrelated areas of conflict, such as military, economic, social, information, diplomatic, trade, science, and technology. Since states involved in hybrid war do so by undertaking centralized actions in all areas of conflict subject to a single goal, it follows that the actions undertaken by states involved in hybrid war must also be centralized in all areas. Hybrid warfare requires both conventional and unconventional instruments of power and means of subversion. This research aims to analyze the elements of hybrid war in the context of an asymmetric war between Hamas and Israel in 2023.

Trust as a key object of control in cognitive wars

The article is aimed at developing a systematic understanding of trust as an object of management when waging cognitive wars. The study is based on the hypothesis that with the growing complexity of identifying the truth of information against the backdrop of exponential growth in its volume, as well as the complexity of information technology, the most adequate countermeasure may be the trust of subjects of information interaction. The presence of such a hypothesis dictates the need to consider the phenomenon of trust as an object of management, as well as existing and promising mechanisms of influence on trust. The article structures the main factors influencing the formation of social trust and systematizes the idea of the types of objects of influence when waging a hybrid war. Based on the analysis of the results of research into the phenomenon of trust and the factors influencing it, a structural diagram of information management of trust is presented, where social trust is shown as the object of management, and informational and cultural aspects of the formation of trust are selected as regulating elements. The article also identifies groups of goals, objects and groups of indicators of negative information impact on trust factors, and proposes approaches to identifying the presence of such impact. The example shows that modern information technologies are an effective tool for influencing the level of trust between people, due to the intensive impact on the cognitive sphere of a person.