Hybrid War Research Articles

Material and Spiritual Aid from the Catholic Church of Poland to Ukraine in the Face of Russian Aggression that Began in 2014

This article presents the attitude of the Polish Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church in Poland, towards Russian aggression against Ukraine and the forms of support it has given to the victims of the war. The Russian invasion, which began in 2014 through a hybrid war that resulted in the occupation of Crimea and began military actions in the Donbass, unleashed a wave of refugees that in 2022 became an unprecedented phenomenon in the history of European countries. After the conflict entered a phase of open warfare between Russia and Ukraine in February 2022, Ukraine’s neighbouring countries received a large number of refugees. A year later, Poland, which had become the main destination for refugees, received the largest group - more than 10 million people, among whom were predominantly Orthodox. 1 Significant help was given to them by the Catholic Church, strongly influenced by the teachings of Polish Pope John Paul II, who died in 2005. Support for the victims of the war in Ukraine is carried out by Polish Catholics on the territory of the Republic of Poland, as well as through aid sent by them to the war-affected areas on Ukrainian territory.

How the Information Warfare Turns Into Full-Scale Military Agression: the Experience of Ukraine

The article analyzes the main ideological components and tools of Russia’s information, hybrid and full-scale war against Ukraine. Since the time of Ivan III, Russia has implemented the model of eastern despotism, which claims a special historical mission (“Moscow as the third Rome”). This model involves imperialism, absolutism, anti-democracy, disregard for human rights and the rights of nations. Throughout its history (Moscow Princedom – Russian Empire – Soviet Union – Russian Federation), the external forms of this model changed, but its essence remained unaltered, which is why it was always hostile to European values.
 From the middle of the 17th century, when Ukrainian lands came under Russian control, it did everything to spread this model to them. To this end, it has taken such actions as rewriting history, banning the Ukrainian language and culture, destroying ethnic self-awareness, as well as repression and genocide against the Ukrainian people. Nevertheless, the oppressor failed to completely destroy the code of freedom, which is fundamental to the Ukrainian mentality. Nevertheless, the oppressor failed to completely destroy the code of freedom, which is fundamental to the Ukrainian mentality.
 With the collapse of the Soviet Union (1991), Ukraine got the opportunity to build its statehood on the values of freedom and democracy, and realized itself as a full-fledged member of the European family. Russia perceived Ukraine’s independence as a threat to its mission and moved to an ideological war against Ukraine. All methods of propaganda were employed, including distortion of facts, creation and mass distribution of pseudo-historical narratives, fakes, manipulations and outright lies. During the rule of Vladimir Putin, the doctrine of “Russkiy mir” (“Russian world”) was developed as a neo-imperial myth, and the Ukrainian state was viewed as a historical mistake that had to be corrected through new colonization. When during the Revolution of Dignity (2014) Ukrainians removed a corrupt pro-Russian politician Viktor Yanukovych from power, Russia resorted to the hybrid war during which it annexed Crimea, Donetsk and Luhansk regions. Although the civilized world did not recognize the Russian annexation, its reaction was too restrained. This gave Putin hope that the world’s response to further aggression would also be weak, and therefore on February 24, 2022, he ordered the full-scale invasion of Ukraine.
 The Russian ruler underestimated the will of Ukrainians to fight for their freedom, lives, and European ideals. Putin and his henchmen also underestimated the harsh reaction of the civilized world to Russian barbarism. An unpleasant surprise for them was the unprecedented military and financial aid that the West provides to Ukraine. Russian propaganda cannot hide from the world the terrible war crimes and offences against humanity committed by the Russian military. This war is not just a war between two states – it is a war between medieval barbarism and civilization. Ukraine’s victory determines not only the fate of Ukraine, but also the entire world order.

Communicative dynamism of Muslim stereotypes and the war in Ukraine

The article explores communicative dynamism of stereotypical ideas about Muslims in predominantly Christian Ukraine. The purpose of the study is to analyze the current substitution features of Islamic values objectified by the Russian-Ukrainian war. The research methodology is based on the modern scientific media linguistic approaches to religion communication and religious ideologemes. In particular, attention is paid to the ideologeme of Jihad, which is used in the motivational practice of international recruiting as media technique. The research also reveals and examines semantic components of the media conceptualization of OWN and ALIEN Muslim. The results show that negative stereotypes of Muslims are used in the hybrid war as a cognitive tool of psychological pressure on and intimidation of Ukrainians. Stereotypes can also acquire the forms of power and control used by religious leaders and political institutions in mass media. The communicative specificity of stereotypical representations of Ukrainians is analyzed within the framework of religious marketing research.

Use of genocide by the Russian Federation in the conduct of hybrid activities and warfare in Ukraine

Both the Russian hybrid activities and warfare include the use of genocide to strengthen the Krem­lin’s position and overcome Ukrainians. It can be observed within many spheres, but mainly as the Russian Federation falsely accuses Ukraine of committing genocide against Russians and claims that the West supports it. Russians commit war crimes that fulfil all the requirements to be considered genocide. The Kremlin uses genocide as a part of cognitive warfare, trying to influence not only the way the Ukrainians are thinking but also how they are behaving. In unofficial channels, there is much content showing Russian violence to generate fear and diminish the resilience of Ukrainians. Bearing in mind how much Russia has already lost with respect to the hybrid war in Ukraine, it is more and more likely that the Kremlin will focus in the future on hybrid activities and will try to exploit the potential of the threats that have already materialised. Principally, the hybrid warfare potential of genocide has been explored by Russians to various extend. This work addresses chosen aspects of the use of genocide by the Russian Federation in the conduct of hy­brid activities and warfare in Ukraine from 2022, as well as the motivation behind it.

МІФИ ВІЙНИ ТА МІФИ НАВКОЛО ВІЙНИ: СПРОБА АНАЛІЗУ

The article is devoted to actual theoretical and practical issues related to the Russian-Ukrainian war. The author of the article aims to study the phenomenon that can be characterized as myths of war. The first of these myths (more precisely, a group of myths) consists in the identification of all Ukrainians with the Soviet population, which in its majority is incapable of self-directed actions and is used to relying on the government, its instructions and ideas in everything. The next group of myths, which lives both in foreign and partly in Ukrainian public opinion, consists in denying the belonging of rashism, its instructions and practice, to one of the varieties of fascism. Rashism is terrible, but it is not fascism. But this myth is based on a misunderstanding at the best. This myth is connected to a myth that denies the totalitarian nature of both the Russian state and a number of its allies (Belarus, Iran, North Korea, etc.). These states are called either authoritarian or "totally not free" states, in the latter case ignoring the fundamental difference between them and, for example, Haiti. However, a totalitarian state is distinguished by the fact that, with rare exceptions, it cannot be changed by overthrowing the ruling regime. It can only be destroyed in one way or another. The next myth consists in laying the main blame for the failure of the 2023 counteroffensive on the Ukrainian command, on its wrong plans and actions. The author of the article proves that in the absence of the necessary support from those Western partners who were most afraid of "intensification of escalation", the counteroffensive was a priori doomed to failure. The correct thing to do under these circumstances would be to switch to strategic defence, and this myth is spread by those who are actually directly involved in the failure of the offensive. Finally, another myth of the current war is related to the use by the Rashists of thousands of so-called "refugees" and "migrants" from Asian and African countries for a "hybrid war" against the European Union in order to distract its attention and weaken support for Ukraine.

Pohľad na problematiku hybridnej vojny po anexii Krymského polostrova

The term "hybrid war" first emerged in the late 20th century, and the concept is now being discussed across a number of fields, including academic, military, and political domains. A fundamental change in the understanding of the concept occurred in 2014, in the context of the annexation of the Crimean Peninsula (Crimea), when a significant number of authors, as well as institutions, began to address the issue of hybrid warfare. Currently, the issue is also characterized in the strategic documents of various states, including the Visegrad Group (hereinafter referred to as V4). Since its discovery, the issue has not had a unified definition, and its constant expansion and confusion of terms deepens its ambiguity.

Peacebuilding strategy in training of young scientists In conditions of information risks

The relevance of the topic of this paper is determined by the transformation of information society which creates both benefits and risks. Hybrid wars are one of the information risks consequences. In the scientific theory the informational challenges of hybrid warfare include informational occupation of regions, spread of disinformation and propaganda. The strategic information confrontation is a real instrument which is used by Russia in its previous hybrid war against Ukraine as well as in its current real aggression in Ukraine. In conditions of the real war in Ukraine this instrument is continued to be used by Russia and creates new social challenges for the whole world. The subject of the study is an overview of scientific publications in the field of development of information society, information risks, peacebuilding strategy in the training of young scientists etc. The aim of this study was to conduct a thorough analysis of the publications and legislative documents devoted to the countermeasures of Ukraine in hybrid war with Russia on the information sphere, especially in the work with young scientists. The analysis revealed that the formation of peacebuilding strategy with countermeasures against information risks should be implemented by higher education establishments in the training of young scientists such as PhD students and closely connected with both national legislative documents regulating PhD studies and international legislation in the field of human rights protection.

GEOGRAPHY OF MIGRATIONS IN POPULATION OF UKRAINE: CONSEQUENCES OF RUSSIAN AGGRESSION

Population migrations (causes, regions of departure/arrival, directions, scope, intensity, and consequences) are predefined by economic, social, political, inter-confessional, interethnic, ecological and other factors. Problems of migration in Ukraine have become specifically painful under the conditions of russia’s war aggression and its invasion of the sovereign state of Ukraine in 2014. It was in the pre-war peaceful period (2006–2013) that migration flows in Ukraine became stable both quantitatively and in aspects of their major directions. The majority of regions (25 of 27) showed a positive interstate balance of population. Interregional migrants were attracted by 7 regions (City of Kyiv and Kyiv Oblast, Kharkiv Oblast, Odesa Oblast, City of Sevastopol, Autonomous Republic of Crimea, and Chernivtsi Oblast), while 20 regions had a negative balance of this type of migration. In the conditions of russia’s hybrid war against Ukraine (2014–2021), the interstate migration balance was still positive, but its volume was down by 30% (with no figures available for the temporarily occupied territories). The disproportion between the figures of interregional migration available for oblasts grew (in comparison to the pre-war period) 1,6 times. The Kyiv Oblast and the City of Kyiv, together with the Kharkiv, Odesa, Dnipropetrovsk, Lviv and Ivano-Frankivsk oblasts, have become the most attractive localities for migrants from other Ukrainian regions. Significant growth was observed in interregional migrants who departed from the localities of direct combat activity (Donetsk, Luhansk, Zaporizzia, and Kherson oblasts). A new category of forced migrants—internally displaced persons—appeared. The russia’s full-scale war against Ukraine (beginning on February 24, 2022) has resulted in the occurrence of substantial forced migration flows. The war has brought an increase in the number of refugees, internally displaced persons, temporarily protected persons (when abroad), forcibly transferred persons (to Russia), etc. The directions and the scale of migration flows depend on the geography of the hostilities. Spatial specificities of interstate and interregional migrations in the population of Ukraine are defined for the prewar period, the period of russia’s hybrid war against Ukraine (2014–2021), and the full-scale russian-Ukrainian war (beginning on February 24, 2022). The scope and the directions of migrant departures/arrivals are disclosed, as well as their effect on the dynamics of population number in Ukraine and its regions.

OLTW-TEC: online learning with sliding windows for text classifier ensembles.

In the digital age, rapid dissemination of information has elevated the challenge of distinguishing between authentic news and disinformation. This challenge is particularly acute in regions experiencing geopolitical tensions, where information plays a pivotal role in shaping public perception and policy. The prevalence of disinformation in the Ukrainian-language information space, intensified by the hybrid war with russia, necessitates the development of sophisticated tools for its detection and mitigation. Our study introduces the "Online Learning with Sliding Windows for Text Classifier Ensembles" (OLTW-TEC) method, designed to address this urgent need. This research aims to develop and validate an advanced machine learning method capable of dynamically adapting to evolving disinformation tactics. The focus is on creating a highly accurate, flexible, and efficient system for detecting disinformation in Ukrainian-language texts. The OLTW-TEC method leverages an ensemble of classifiers combined with a sliding window technique to continuously update the model with the most recent data, enhancing its adaptability and accuracy over time. A unique dataset comprising both authentic and fake news items was used to evaluate the method's performance. Advanced metrics, including precision, recall, and F1-score, facilitated a comprehensive analysis of its effectiveness. The OLTW-TEC method demonstrated exceptional performance, achieving a classification accuracy of 93%. The integration of the sliding window technique with a classifier ensemble significantly contributed to the system's ability to accurately identify disinformation, making it a robust tool in the ongoing battle against fake news in the Ukrainian context. The application of the OLTW-TEC method highlights its potential as a versatile and effective solution for disinformation detection. Its adaptability to the specifics of the Ukrainian language and the dynamic nature of information warfare offers valuable insights into the development of similar tools for other languages and regions. OLTW-TEC represents a significant advancement in the detection of disinformation within the Ukrainian-language information space. Its development and successful implementation underscore the importance of innovative machine learning techniques in combating fake news, paving the way for further research and application in the field of digital information integrity.

Еволюція форм і методів ведення військових та збройних конфліктів у 20-21 століттях

The article is devoted to the study of the forms and methods of conducting military and armed conflicts during the 20th - 21st centuries. The main approaches to the study of wars and military conflicts and the role of international organizations in their settlement are analysed. New challenges in warfare are explored, including cyber-attacks, hybrid threats, and information warfare. Based on the analysis of historical events and modern trends, the prospects for the development of wars and conflicts in the future are predicted, in particular regarding the situation in Ukraine and other hot spots of the world. The article emphasizes the importance of understanding the evolution of military conflicts in order to develop effective strategies for ensuring international security and preventing future conflicts. The goal of the article is to study the forms and methods of conducting military and armed conflicts in the 20th-21st centuries. The methodology of the study is based on the principles of scientificity, systematicity and objectivity with the use of general scientific methods: analysis and synthesis, systematic analysis and generalization, comparison. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the fact that on the basis of state reports, materials of international mass media and resolutions of world organizations, monographs and scientific articles, the authors analysed the forms and methods of conducting military and armed conflicts in the 20th - 21st centuries and identified a number of key trends and characteristics that have important for understanding the current geopolitical situation and predicting future challenges in the field of international security. Conclusions. The study revealed key trends in the evolution of military conflicts: increasing complexity and multidimensionality, impact of technological progress, emergence of new forms of confrontation (hybrid wars, cyber conflicts). Further hybridization of conflicts, growing role of technologies and information warfare are predicted. An integrated approach considering military, technological, social and economic factors is necessary for effective prevention and resolution of future conflicts.

Psychological and propaganda operations as a form of hybrid warfare

Psychological and propaganda operations are inseparable part of hybrid warfare. The rapid complication of overall relations in the international community, especially since the beginning of 2022, has led to tectonic upheavals in the world order, which have caused numerous changes in front of our eyes. The world is changing today, perhaps faster than ever. In such complex political and security, economic and social circumstances, models of hybrid warfare gained additional importance and in a certain way, conditionally speaking, became an inseparable part of the foreign policy of the leading powers. In addition, hybrid actions of a psychological and propaganda nature have become an inseparable part of international relations. This paper first analyses the conceptual definition of the terms hybrid war, psychological and propaganda operations, and then explains the cause-and-effect relationships and examines their consequences on the offensive and defensive actors of international relations. Among the conclusions is the assertion that defensive actors may be completely unaware that a hybrid war is actually being waged against them by undertaking psychological and propaganda operations.

Hybrid war and its impact on the tax system of the country

Hybrid war and its impact on the tax system of the country

Ocena propozycji dodania art. 27a kk

The presented article concerns an extremely important and difficult issue, especially in the practice of applying national law. This is due to the fact that the right to express one’s beliefs in public and resulting from the professed religion has not been the subject of interest of the national legislator in the penal act so far. Meanwhile, it is of wide interest in the practical application of the human rights system. When analyzing the achievements of international tribunals and the Polish Constitutional Tribunal, the actual place of the proposed change should be assessed. The legislator, rationalizing legal provisions, should directly introduce norms implementing the constitutional standard of international protection of human rights within a given legal system. Introduction of Art. 27a to the Penal Code, together with the negative element added to it, is the implementation of the postulates resulting from the achievements of international tribunals. It is precisely protection against religious aggression that justifies stronger state activity. Poland became a front-line state in a hybrid war. With over 3 million refugees from Ukraine, most of them non-Catholic, it is obvious that they will be the target of attacks from outside. It is clear that there may be physical or similar religious attacks on a national basis. It is impossible not to notice that there are current threats from the outside, so the legislator is even obliged to counteract them.

ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF ARMED AGGRESSION OF THE RF ON THE SOIL COVER OF UKRAINE

The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of armed aggression by the rf on the soil resources of Ukraine and to develop a map regarding the impact of military actions on the soil cover at different levels of management: the country, region, district, and territorial community. In this study, we used the following main methods: analysis, synthesis, monographic, abstract-logical, and cartographic. The article introduces a new type of soil degradation: degradation caused by armed aggression (military type), which includes the following types: (1) mechanical degradation; (2) physical degradation; (3) chemical degradation; (4) physical and chemical degradation; (5) biological degradation; and (6) other directions of influence on soils and land plots. For the first time, maps have been developed regarding the impact of military actions on the soil cover at different levels of management: Ukraine, oblast, district, and territorial community. Areas of each type of soil affected by military operations and requiring further examination and control have been determined. It was established that as of March 2023, the largest area affected by hostilities is characteristic of chernozem soils: ordinary chernozems (5.0M ha), southern (2.1M ha), typical and podzolized (1.9 million ha), meadow soils and meadow and chernozem (0.2M ha). Considering the area, chernozems were the most affected; in some areas, the soils were destroyed. The practical value of the obtained results is that their application should contribute to the comprehensive assessment of military soil degradation in Ukraine. Spatial specificities of interstate and interregional migrations in the population of Ukraine are defined for the prewar period, the period of russia’s hybrid war against Ukraine (2014–2021), and the full-scale russian-Ukrainian war (beginning on February 24, 2022). The scope and the directions of migrant departures/arrivals are disclosed, as well as their effect on the dynamics of population number in Ukraine and its regions.

Crowdfunding as a Way to Provide Armed Forces with Resources

The border between peace and war is getting blurred, making experts talk about hybrid war and hybrid peace as a transitional stage between peace and hostilities. However, it is also conducive to hybrid mobilization and hybrid security.

The Concept of a Method for Predicting the Cascade Effect Under Conditions of Hybrid Warfare

Abstract The changing nature of conflicts is creating new challenges in civilian protection. Features of hybrid warfare, such as multidimensionality, synergistic effects, blurring of boundaries, or asymmetricity, force practitioners and scholars to consider new threats. The article examines how the characteristics of hybrid warfare affect the emergence of cascade effects. We conducted research on examples of the war in Ukraine and the Israeli-Palestinian war. The concept of a method for predicting the cascade effect under conditions of hybrid war is proposed. The concept involves using the Six Ways to Die method to take areas affecting the health and life of the civilian population and define a network of object dependencies on which proper functioning of the State in these areas depends. Using complementary tools such as process analysis, risk assessment, Petri nets, and Bayesian network in the form of the Critical Infrastructure Security Situational Management methodology, the authors provide a comprehensive solution for modeling how to protect the life and health of the civilian population. To the author’s knowledge, this is the first holistic study in this issue.

“Crimean Issue” and the Civilizational Foundations of Russia’s Foreign Policy in the Context of a Global Hybrid War

The article examines the role of the phenomenon of civilizational identity in Russia’s foreign policy in the context of the current hybrid confrontation based on the study of the parameters of the possibilities for resolving the “Crimean issue”. The essence of the global hybrid conflict between Russia and the West is analyzed, the possibilities of using the concept of civilizational identity as a geopolitical toolkit are determined. Aim . Unleashing the potential of the concept of civilizational identity in the global hybrid confrontation with the collective West in the context of the formation of a polycentric world order based on the experience of resolving the “Crimean issue”.Tasks. Determine the essence and parameters of the global geopolitical conflict in modern world political conditions; to characterize the role of the civilizational identity of the Crimean population in solving the “Crimean issue”, to identify the potential of civilizational identity for solving domestic and foreign political problems, taking into account Russian national interests.Methods. Geopolitical approach, system analysis, retrospective method, document analysis.Results . The study showed the need for the formation and conceptualization of the civilizational foundations of Russia’s foreign policy. This should be a larger-scale policy that is creative in nature and translates the principles of justice and peaceful interstate relations. Changes in Russian foreign policy thinking can bring positive results — to strengthen the Russian statehood, Russia’s international subjectivity, lay the foundations for a truly polycentric world order and expand the boundaries of the Russian world.Conclusions . The concept of civilizational identity acts as a universal an d effective tool for solving the “Crimean issue” and therefore should be considered both as a basic social value, and as a mandatory category of state document strategies, and as a formative element in th e information sphere.

METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION THREATS IN THE CONDITIONS OF INFORMATION CONFRONTATION

The problem of information confrontation as rivalry in the information sphere with the aim of influencing various aspects of social relations is extremely important in the period of hybrid war. The object of the study was to the models of the dissemination of information and models of information confrontation. The goal of the work is the determine the features of the dissemination of informational threats in the conditions of informational and psychological conflict using a mathematical model based on modern achievements of social psychology, and to find optimal modes of informational dissemination and means of neutralizing informational threats. Mathematical models are proposed that describe the processes of the dissemination of informational threats in the conditions of informational and psychological conflict based on the innovation diffusion model and rivalry models. It is assumed that two flows of information dissemination in society so that each individual can become a supporter of one or the other side. The peculiarities of the methods of choosing behavioral strategies by subjects of influence in the social network during information confrontations are analyzed. The conditions under which one of the parties to the conflict can achieve an advantage by systematically varying the characteristics of the process have been studied. Based on the analysis of mathematical models of the dissemination of information threats, meaningful characteristics are defined, the management of which will reduce or neutralize the impact of the flow of negative information. The presented mathematical models allow to make for both quantitative and qualitative analysis of the main characteristics of the dynamics of information confrontation. The prospects for further research may consist in the generalization of the proposed models for a larger number of information flows and taking into account the dynamics of changes over time in the intensity of information dissemination and other characteristics.

An intelligent system for manage the processes of preparation, growing, and harvesting crops in the conditions of hybrid wars

The relevance of the work lies in the fact that in the conditions and after the end of the war, many elements of weapons and military equipment remain on agricultural fields. In order to avoid collisions of agricultural machinery with these elements, the following tasks are solved with the help of the proposed system: monitoring of the field based on the use of space and unmanned aerial vehicles, planning of fieldwork, and synthesis of the routes of movement of unmanned tractors and combines, as well as control and operational management of their modes of operation. Based on information from the sensors of space and aircraft using special software, a microrelief of the field is constructed, and the coordinates of dangerous elements (obstacles) in the path of unmanned vehicles are determined. In addition, water erosion of the soil is monitored at this stage. The compromise-optimal routes and movement parameters of unmanned tractors for plowing and fertilizing the land are determined in the second stage. In the third stage, the volume and density of the crop in each field section are specified. The coordinates of obstacles to implementing the compromise-optimal movement trajectories and unmanned harvesters' optimal speed of movement combine harvesters during harvesting.

ESTABLISHING AND CONTROLLING A STABLE MORAL AND PSYCHOLOGICALCLIMATE IN FOREIGN DIPLOMATIC INSTITUTIONS AS A KEY SECURITYCOMPONENT

This article addresses the issues of forming and controlling a stable moral and psychological atmosphere in the foreign diplomatic institutions (FDI) of Ukraine, as well as preventing and localizing potential negative markers in FDI and their impact on security. The role of management and security officers (FDI SO) is emphasized. Modern negative global trends such as increased competition for natural resources, sustained tension in certain states and regions, acceleration of the arms race, manifestations of terrorism, organized crime, smuggling, drug and arms trafficking, illegal migration, human trafficking, the threat of escalation of frozen conflicts, and the emergence of new sources of international tension, including the undeclared aggressive hybrid war by the russian Federation against Ukraine and the activation of its intelligence services, impose on Ukraine's special bodies the task of most effectively ensuring the national security of the state, including the security of Ukrainian foreign diplomatic institutions, their staff, and family members, as well as Ukrainian state secret holders sent abroad. The comprehensive nature of addressing security issues in FDI, especially the potential impact of negative signs within diplomatic teams on their security, necessitates thorough scientific analysis. The results of such work will serve as a foundation for further improvement of state political and legal acts, departmental orders, instructions, and relevant practical recommendations for leadership and FDI SO for the proper fulfilment of their duties.