Hybrid Topology Research Articles

A communication-efficient coalition graph game-based framework for electricity and carbon trading in networked energy hubs

In this paper, we study the interactions between energy hubs under a hybrid topology with an incomplete network for local electricity trading and a complete network for local carbon trading. Based on the hybrid topology, we develop a two-stage communication-efficient coalition graph game-based framework to achieve communication cost reduction and fair profit distribution for energy hubs. An electricity trading optimization problem and a carbon trading optimization problem are considered in the first and second stages, respectively. A communication-censored alternating direction method of multipliers (COCA) with a censoring strategy is applied to solve the optimization problems in a decentralized manner. The profits obtained through the hybrid topology are fairly distributed by the profit distribution schemes based on the Myerson value and Shapley value, which are designed for incomplete and complete networks, respectively. Simulation results demonstrate that the profit distribution schemes can fairly distribute the profits obtained through the local trading. Moreover, compared to the noncooperative benchmark, the proposed framework can reduce the total payment and carbon emissions of energy hubs by 22.64% and 33.45%, respectively. Compared to the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM), the COCA can reduce total communication cost of energy hubs by 18.99%.

Performance Evaluation of Solar PV-Based Z-Source Cascaded Multilevel Inverter with Optimized Switching Scheme

AC loads may demand a fixed or variable voltage at their input terminals. When using inverters to power such loads, the response of the inverter must be precisely controlled to suit the demands of the AC loads. Inverters with higher efficiency and sensitivity will play an increasingly essential role as the need for solar PV applications in prospective green technology grows. To increase power quality and provide a reliable power source, an inverter architecture with harmonic reduction approaches is proposed. The multilevel inverter (MLI), unlike conventional inverters, is developed by cascaded single inverter units and is often used to connect renewable energy sources. As a result, they can be utilized to efficiently reduce harmonics. Among the three topologies, the most widely used in industries is the neutral-point clamped MLI. When the levels are raised, however, they demand a larger number of diodes. When the level of the flying capacitor exceeds three, several capacitors are necessary. As a result, the optimum option for synthesizing the right output voltage from several DC sources is a cascaded multilevel inverter (CMLI). Each link in a CMLI is connected by a single DC source; therefore, there is no voltage imbalance. However, getting equal DC voltages at the input of each unit is once again a limitation. In this work, various existing multilevel inverter topologies including hybrid topologies with different switching strategies are investigated and reported. The performance of a solar PV-based seven-level quasi-Z-source cascaded H-Bridge MLI (qZS-CHBMLI) has been thoroughly examined with the best switching scheme and best topology of multilevel inverters using MATLAB/Simulink.

Hybrid powertrains with dedicated internal combustion engines are the perfect basis for future global mobility demands

In order to still reach the 1.5°C or at least 2°C target, a rapid and significant reduction in the CO2 contribution of all sectors must be achieved. The transport sector in particular has a duty here, as it contributes around 20% to global CO2 emissions and this figure has increased rather than decreased in recent decades as a result of a drastic increase in passenger and freight kilometers.The automotive industry is already making a strong contribution to this through an increasing number of electric vehicles in new vehicle registrations. However, this will not be sufficient, because on the one hand the increase of vehicles in the market is due to several reasons happening not fast enough, and on the other hand the electricity available for the vehicles will not be generated fast enough from fully renewable electricity sources.So as long the supply of regenerative electricity is not sufficient, and as long there are above all many places and applications in the world where a switch to pure electromobility will not be possible in the short and medium term, other highly efficient drive systems will have to be offered in parallel. Highly efficient because only in this way can the valuable energy, from whatever source, be used extremely sparingly.In order to evaluate to what extent hybrid powertrains can contribute to a reduction of the CO2 pollution of the transport sector, this paper deals with the virtual investigation of different hybrid powertrains. In a first step, it is deduced why hybrid powertrains are fundamentally interesting and what potential they have if they are consistently optimized for maximum efficiency. It becomes clear that there is considerable potential in them and that, with consistent further development, they can actually come very close to the future CO2 fleet limits. To achieve this, however, all powertrain components must be optimized. For this reason, a further section presents technologies, such as Pre-Chamber Spark Plugs (PCSP) and technology packages for internal combustion engines that have been optimized specifically for use in hybrid powertrains and achieve Break Thermal Efficiency (BTE) levels of more than 45%.Finally, in the last major chapter, various hybrid topologies are combined with the presented high-efficiency internal combustion engines from chapter 2 and are evaluated in a large simulation study. With the aim to achieve a maximum overall powertrain efficiency under real world driving conditions a combination of a parallel and a serial topology seems most promising.Due to their efficiency and conservation of energy resources, hybrid powertrains have the potential to meet a significant share of future global mobility needs.

Enhanced antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of ferrocenyl-substituted curcumin via stabilization of promoter c-MYC silencer element

We are reporting a successful attachment of ferrocenyl moiety at the active methylene carbon atom of β-diketone of curcumin via Knoevenagel condensation reaction, to utilize the optimum selectivity toward biological targets. The formation of ferrocenyl curcumin (i.e., Fc-cur) has been confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and FT-IR spectra analysis. Further, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, thermal denaturation, absorption, and fluorescence spectroscopy have been used to understand the association of ligand (i.e., Fc-cur) with G-quadruplex. Based on these analysis, the binding mechanism of the ligand i.e., Fc-cur to the parallel and hybrid topology present in different G-quadruplex has been proposed. Further, the binding and modes of the interaction of Fc-cur with Pu27 c-MYC silencer element and H-telo G-quadruplex have unravelled selective and stronger binding via intercalation with the parallel topology of c-MYC G-quadruplex rather than the hybrid topology of H-telo quadruplex. The manifestation of better antioxidant activity of Fc-cur has been demonstrated by showing a stronger radical scavenging capability than pristine curcumin. The cytotoxicity analysis of the proposed ligand i.e., Fc-cur against Vero and HeLa cells have clearly reflected the nontoxicity toward Vero cells and quite effective against the HeLa cells which reduces the cancer cells more effectively than the already reported for curcumin. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

The Energy Management of Multiport Energy Router in Smart Home

Although smart home has received wide attention in recent years, numerous scholars focus more on energy optimization strategy than energy dispatch hardware device (named energy router). Meanwhile, this energy router should have several features, i.e., high renewable energy utilization, energy multi-port and low volume. Thus, this paper designs a nine-port energy router regarding smart home and proposes a multimode hierarchical management strategy for this energy router. First, for the multi-port demand of wind, solar, storage and utilization, this paper presents a nine-port energy router to improve the renewable energy consumption and power supply flexibility. In addition, to reduce the volume of the energy router, a non-isolated AC/DC hybrid topology is constructed through embedding the integrated power electronic converters, which achieves the miniaturization of the energy router. In order to improve the renewable energy utilization rate, the decentralized module control is proposed for the components of energy router to provide the voltage and frequency support for system, and realizes the power sharing of distributed generations (DGs). Furthermore, the power exchange control with three-mode switching is proposed to guarantee the global energy flow balance under complex conditions. Eventually, the feasibility of the energy router is verified by the simulation and experiments.

A Handshake-Based Low Delay MAC Protocol in Hybrid Topology for Urban Lake Monitoring

Underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs), which adopt acoustic communication, have been widely used underwater, such as in oceans and rivers, for monitoring applications. However, the UASNs designed for urban lake monitoring are facing challenges and are seldom regarded. Based on the analysis of the features of the urban lakes and the monitoring requirements, a UASN system is designed in this article. The node deployment strategy is discussed to balance the node density and transmission bandwidth. Then a hybrid topology is proposed to meet the monitoring requirements, in which the nodes on the water surface construct a 2-D ring topology, and the nodes underwater construct a 3-D grid structure. Based on this topology, a media access control (MAC) protocol-improved handshake-based low delay (i-HALO) is designed which improves the existing handshaking mechanism with a dynamic adaptive backoff algorithm to avoid unnecessary back off. As the result, the high delay problem is addressed and the “one handshake, multiple transmission” is realized. The channel access delay is analyzed theoretically and the formula of waiting time for a frame before sending is given. The performance of throughput and transmission delay under different node densities and frame lengths are simulated. The results indicate that a node having about 13 neighbors will have the best performance on throughput, and when the frame length is longer than 100 bytes, the throughput and delay will have fluctuation. In comparison with existing protocols, i-HALO has a better performance on throughput, delay, frame reception rate (FRR), and fairness.

A Hybrid Modular Multilevel Converter Comprising SiC MOSFET and Si IGBT With Its Specialized Modulation and Voltage Balancing Scheme

In this article, a hybrid modular multilevel converter (MMC) topology is proposed, in which two of the submodules (SMs) are based on SiC <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">mosfet</small> , while others are based on Si IGBT. In the proposed hybrid topology, the capacitor voltage of SiC SM is controlled to be half of that of Si SM, which reduces the requirement for the blocking voltage of SiC <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">mosfet</small> . What is more, this article improves the modulation scheme to move most of the switching actions from Si SMs to the two SiC SMs, which strengthens the merits and avoids the shortcomings of SiC <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">mosfet</small> . Besides, to solve the voltage imbalance problem caused by the change of topology and modulation scheme, a specialized voltage balancing scheme is proposed. Finally, the simulation and experiment result proves the feasibility of the hybrid MMC and control scheme, and the comprehensive analysis verifies that the hybrid MMC can achieve a better balance among cost, loss, and feasibility compared with others.

Asymmetric Bidirectional Capacitive Power Transfer Method With Push–Pull Full-Bridge Hybrid Topology

Bidirectional capacitive power transfer technology makes it possible for energy sharing among multiple electronic devices. This article proposes an asymmetrical bidirectional power conversion topology to satisfy different input and output characteristics’ requirements and increase load variation tolerance. A π–T ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CLC</i> – <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">LCL</i> ) resonant topology is designed for this bidirectional conversion mode with constant output voltage characteristics in both directions. A hybrid power flow regulation strategy is proposed by integrating multiple zero-voltage switching soft-switching operating points switching and phase-shifted mode. This method overcomes the problem of mixing two different type topologies (push–pull and full bridge) with two different power regulation modes (switch soft-switching operating points and phase shift), which provide a way to make two different chargers compatible. Simulation and experimental results verified the proposed method.

Segment routing for traffic engineering and effective recovery in low-earth orbit satellite constellations

Low-Earth Orbit Satellite Constellations (LEO-SCs) provide global, high-speed, and low latency Internet access services, which bridges the digital divide in the remote areas. As inter-satellite links are not supported in initial deployment (i.e. the Starlink), the communication between satellites is based on ground stations with radio frequency signals. Due to the rapid movement of satellites, this hybrid topology of LEO-SCs and ground stations is time-varying, which imposes a major challenge to uninterrupted service provisioning and network management. In this paper, we focus on solving two notable problems in such a ground station-assisted LEO-SC topology, i.e., traffic engineering and fast reroute, to guarantee that the packets are forwarded in a balanced and uninterrupted manner. Specifically, we employ segment routing to support the arbitrary path routing in LEO-SCs. To solve the traffic engineering problem, we proposed two source routings with traffic splitting algorithms, Delay-Bounded Traffic Splitting (DBTS) and DBTS+, where DBTS equally splits a flow and DBTS ​+ ​favors shorter paths. Simulation results show that DBTS ​+ ​can achieve about 30% lower maximum satellite load at the cost of about 10% more delay. To guarantee the fast recovery of failures, two fast reroute mechanisms, Loop-Free Alternate (LFA) and LFA+, are studied, where LFA pre-computes an alternate next-hop as a backup while LFA ​+ ​finds a 2-segment backup path. We show that LFA ​+ ​can increase the percentage of protection coverage by about 15%.

Hybrid Equalization Topology for Battery Management Systems Applied to an Electric Vehicle Model

This paper presents a hybrid equalization (EQ) topology of lithium-ion batteries (LIB). Currently, LIBs are widely used for electric mobility due to their characteristics of high energy density and multiple recharge cycles. In an electric vehicle (EV), these batteries are connected in series and/or parallel until the engine reaches the voltage and energy capacity required. For LIBs to operate safely, a battery management system (BMS) is required. This system monitors and controls voltage, current, and temperature parameters. Among the various functions of a BMS, voltage equalization is of paramount importance for the safety and useful life of LIBs. There are two main voltage equalization techniques: passive and active. Passive equalization dissipates energy, and active equalization transfers energy between the LIBs. The passive has the advantage of being simple to implement; however, it has a longer equalization time and energy loss. Active is complex to implement but has fast equalization time and lower energy loss. This paper proposes the combination of these two techniques to implement simultaneously to control a pack of LIBs, equalizing voltage between stacks and at the cell level. For this purpose, a pack of LIBs was simulated with sixty-four cells connected in series and divided into eight stacks with eight battery cells each. The rated voltage of each cell is 3.7 V, with a capacity of 106 Ah. The total pack has a voltage of 236.8 V and 25 kW. Some LIBs were fitted with different SOC values to simulate an imbalance between cells. In the simulations, different topologies were evaluated: passive and active topology at the cell level and combined active and passive equalization at the pack level. Results are compared as a response time and state of charge (SOC) level. In addition, equalization topologies are applied in an EV model with the FTP75 conduction cycle. In this way, it is possible to evaluate the autonomy of each equalization technique simulated in this work. The hybrid topology active at the stack level and passive at the module level showed promising results in equalization time and autonomy compared with a purely active or passive equalization technique. This combination is a solution to achieve low EQ time and satisfactory SOC when compared to a strictly active or passive EQ.

G-Quadruplex Aptamer-Ligand Characterization.

In this work we explore the structure of a G-rich DNA aptamer termed AT11-L2 (TGGTGGTGGTTGTTGTTGGTGGTGGTGGT; derivative of AT11) by evaluating the formation and stability of G-quadruplex (G4) conformation under different experimental conditions such as KCl concentration, temperature, and upon binding with a variety of G4 ligands (360A, BRACO-19, PDS, PhenDC3, TMPyP4). We also determined whether nucleolin (NCL) can be a target of AT11-L2 G4. Firstly, we assessed by circular dichroism, UV and NMR spectroscopies the formation of G4 by AT11-L2. We observed that, for KCl concentrations of 65 mM or less, AT11-L2 adopts hybrid or multiple topologies. In contrast, a parallel topology predominates for buffer containing 100 mM of KCl. The Tm of AT11-L2 in 100 mM of KCl is 38.9 °C, proving the weak stability of this sequence. We also found that upon titration with two molar equivalents of 360A, BRACO-19 and PhenDC3, the G4 is strongly stabilized and its topology is maintained, while the addition of 3.5 molar equivalents of TMPyP4 promotes the disruption of G4. The KD values between AT11-L2 G4, ligands and NCL were obtained by fluorescence titrations and are in the range of µM for ligand complexes and nM when adding NCL. In silico studies suggest that four ligands bind to the AT11-L2 G4 structure by stacking interactions, while the RBD1,2 domains of NCL interact preferentially with the thymines of AT11-L2 G4. Finally, AT11-L2 G4 co-localized with NCL in NCL-positive tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell line.

A New Topology of High-Efficiency DC-DC Hybrid Boost SEPIC Converter for PV Cell

This paper initiates a high-gain high efficiency step-up DC-DC converter based on Boost SEPIC (Single Ended Primary Inductor Converter) hybrid topology for photovoltaic application. Customarily DC-DC converter circuit is a widely used technique to improve the voltage level of solar cells. However, for low output voltage and low efficiency, they are not sufficient enough to provide expected outcomes. To defeat the conventional system a hybrid Boost SEPIC topology has been recommended with enhanced performance. The proposed design of the DC-DC converter circuit can provide a high voltage gain without decaying its overall performance. The modified converter topology is being worked by a single switch with low switching voltage stress over the semiconductor devices. The main edge of the proposed design is that it can perform efficiently without using any transformer, the combined design of Boost SEPIC topology increases the voltage gain much higher compared to the conventional Boost or SEPIC. The maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm is used to obtain maximum power from a photovoltaic source. MATLAB Simulink and PSIM software has analyzed the performance of the newly designed converter circuit thoroughly.

Design of a Stiffened Space Membrane Structure Using Explicit Topology Optimization

Abstract In this work, a hybrid topology optimization scheme based on the moving morphable component (MMC) method is presented for the design of stiffened membrane structure. The stiffened membrane structure is composed of a base membrane, reinforcing stiffeners, and functional cells. For an accurate and effective simulation of the structure, a hybrid structure model with multiple element types is constructed. In this study, MMC components used as the basic elements for the topology description will include several different types: bar elements for the stiffeners and continuum elements for the base membrane and functional cells. The base membrane is modeled using bi-modulus material. With this approach, the distribution of element types in different parts can be changed as the components are moved around during the optimization process. Some numerical examples are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

Particulate Matter Forecasting Using Different Deep Neural Network Topologies and Wavelets for Feature Augmentation

The concern about air pollution in urban areas has substantially increased worldwide. One of its main components, particulate matter (PM) with aerodynamic diameter of ≤2.5 µm (PM2.5), can be inhaled and deposited in deeper regions of the respiratory system, causing adverse effects on human health, which are even more harmful to children. In this sense, the use of deterministic and stochastic models has become a key tool for predicting atmospheric behavior and, thus, providing information for decision makers to adopt preventive actions to mitigate air pollution impacts. However, stochastic models present their own strengths and weaknesses. To overcome some of disadvantages of deterministic models, there has been an increasing interest in the use of deep learning, due to its simpler implementation and its success on multiple tasks, including time series and air quality forecasting. Thus, the objective of the present study is to develop and evaluate the use of four different topologies of deep artificial neural networks (DNNs), analyzing the impact of feature augmentation in the prediction of PM2.5 concentrations by using five levels of discrete wavelet transform (DWT). The following types of deep neural networks were trained and tested on data collected from two living lab stations next to high-traffic roads in Guildford, UK: multi-layer perceptron (MLP), long short-term memory (LSTM), one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) and a hybrid neural network composed of LSTM and 1D-CNN. The performance of each model in making predictions up to twenty-four hours ahead was quantitatively assessed through statistical metrics. The results show that wavelets improved the forecasting results and that discrete wavelet transform is a relevant tool to enhance the performance of DNN topologies, with special emphasis on the hybrid topology that achieved the best results among the applied models.

TSN-based routing and scheduling scheme for Industrial Internet of Things in underground mining

Recently, there has been a growing interest in Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) research in the Industrial Internet of Things(IIoT). The research on real-time and reliable IIoT transmission technology based on TSN has received extensive attention. Especially in some industrial scenarios, such as the safety monitoring of the underground construction environment, the real-time and reliability of data transmission is very important due to the long tunnel and complex structure in underground mining. It is a huge challenge to ensure that the data collected by the sensor has a slight end-to-end delay to the receiving end. A routing scheduling method is proposed based on TSN for IIoT applications in underground mining. Firstly, according to the characteristics of large-scale and distributed hybrid topology in mines and the delay constraints of TSN, the multi-hop routing cooperative scheduling problem S is defined. It is proved that the problem is NP-Hard. Secondly, two algorithms are proposed for problem S: (1) greedy algorithm based on local shortest delay; (2) heuristic algorithm based on an ant colony. Finally, a comparative experimental analysis of the proposed algorithm is carried out, proving that this paper’s algorithm performs better in terms of delay and jitter.

An approach to data redundancy reduction and secured data delivery using spatial‐temporal correlation factors in heterogeneous Mobile Wireless Sensor Network

SummaryAs the state‐of‐the‐art technology in the areas of IoT, battlefield surveillance, medical, military applications, and so on, the Mobile Wireless Sensor Network (MWSN) has attracted the attention of vendors and academics in recent years. In MWSN, energy optimization is the major issue because of its dynamicity property. The energy optimization can be achieved by avoiding node compromise attacks and ensuring secured data transmission in the network. In this paper, an algorithm SDCH‐M (Secured Data for Mobile Clustering Hierarchy) is proposed to ensure secure data delivery in a double cluster head hybrid topology, which optimizes the network energy consumption. Data redundancy is reduced by estimating spatial‐temporal correlation factors, and the variant‐round voting mechanism is used to verify the accuracy of delivered data and to identify compromised nodes through voting by the base station. Results from the simulation show that the proposed SDCH‐M algorithm optimizes energy than M‐LEACH and C‐LEACH algorithm. The average delivery ratio of SDCH‐M (DCH), SDCH‐M (SCH), E2RP, M‐LEACH, and C‐LEACH are 0.9175, 0.9037, 0.828, 0.799, and 0.681, respectively. The average delay of M‐LEACH, C‐LEACH, E2RP, SDCH‐M (DCH), and SDCH‐M (SCH) algorithms is 6.851, 8.655, 6.3, 5.585, and 5.97 s, respectively.

An Optimal SDN-Based Wavelength Allocation and Routing Method for 5G Network

Optical networks are changing as new advanced technologies emerge. With each passing year, their sizes and capabilities expand. The standard architecture for network control and management cannot handle all of these complexities. The proliferation of cloud services and the massive volume of traffic provided by content delivery networks are driving the present fast increase in Internet traffic. This obviously exacerbates congestion concerns in communication networks, with a focus on the core and backbone components in particular. Software-defined networking (SDN) is evolving into a consolidated network management system that comprises a variety of strategies aiming at network management that are based primarily on one basic principle: decoupling control plane decisions from data plane activities. An essential resource allocation strategy in an all-optical network is routing and wavelength assignment. A novel SDN-based approach is proposed to address the problem of old methods mixed with new architecture in optical networks. The network resources were optimized for optimal scheduling using a binary hybrid topology particle swarm optimization method. In terms of recovery time, blockage rate, and resource consumption, simulation results demonstrate that the suggested technique outperforms previous classical methods.

A 11.42-ENOB 6.02 fJ/conversion-step SAR-assisted digital-slope ADC with a reset-in-time VCO-based comparator for power reduction

A successive approximation register (SAR)-assisted digital-slope analog-to-digital converter (ADC) with an “8-bit + 4-bit” hybrid topology is presented. In the coarse quantization with an 8-bit SAR ADC, a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO)-based comparator with a reset-in-time function is proposed for energy saving. Once the phase detector generates the comparison result, the VCO resets to significantly reduce the power of the comparator. Moreover, in a 4-bit fine digital-slope ADC, the delay cell is reused from the VCO-based comparator to the delay line; thus, the area of the entire ADC is reduced to a certain extent. The proposed ADC is designed using 0.18-µm CMOS technology and can operate at a supply voltage as low as 0.6 V. The ADC achieves a signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio of 70.53 dB with a sampling rate of 20 kS/s and an input frequency of 9.74 kHz. The power consumption is only 330 nW, and the Walden figure-of-merit is 6.02 fJ/conversion-step, making it suitable for low-supply low power internet-of-things applications.

A power‐efficient current‐integrating hybrid for full‐duplex communication over chip‐to‐chip interconnects

A power‐efficient current‐integrating hybrid for full‐duplex communication over chip‐to‐chip interconnects

New insights into the effect of molecular crowding environment induced by dimethyl sulfoxide on the conformation and stability of G-quadruplex

Various structures of G-quadruplex in biosystems play an important role in different diseases and are often regulated by a variety of molecular crowding environments induced by internal and even external factors (e.g., a solvent). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), a universal solvent, has been widely used in biological studies and for drug therapy, but little is known regarding its effect on G-quadruplex structure and stability. Here, we report the influence of molecular crowding environment induced by DMSO on the conformation and stability of G-quadruplex structure. We show that the G-quadruplex-forming sequences such as human telomeric sequence, which may have diverse conformations in different environments, tend to convert their topologies to parallel structures under the molecular crowding stimulated by DMSO. Moreover, DMSO can increase the stability of the parallel and antiparallel topologies, especially the parallel G-quadruplex sequence c-kit, but not the hybrid topologies. Further analysis of c-kit using the CD and NMR technique, combined with the unique structural characteristics of c-kit, reveals that the crowding, dehydration and interaction of DMSO are conductive to the formation and stability of the parallel G-quadruplex. The present study suggests that, DMSO, a common solvent used in DNA experiments, may have a nonnegligible influence on the structure and stability of G-quadruplex.