Hybrid Topology Research Articles

LCC-S compensated variable inductor-based hybrid topology analysis for inductive power transfer system

LCC-S compensated variable inductor-based hybrid topology analysis for inductive power transfer system

A hybrid bridgeless AC‐DC converter topology

SummaryBridgeless ac‐dc converters are the optimal choice for many applications, as they offer many advantages such as low distorted supply current, high power factor, and improved efficiency. This paper presents a new topology for a single‐phase bridgeless ac‐dc converter. The proposed hybrid topology is based on integrating the inverting and non‐inverting buck‐boost dc‐dc converters that are connected to the ac supply through an LC filter. To insure sinusoidal supply current, the proposed hybrid bridgeless ac‐dc converter is operated in discontinuous current mode. The proposed converter has many merits, such as a reduced number of components, enhanced efficiency, and soft start‐up capability. The operation modes and design of the proposed converter are presented. In addition, a design method is proposed for the input LC filter to minimize the voltage stress across switches. Moreover, a small signal model for the proposed converter is developed. The proposed converter topology is simulated to evaluate the dynamic behavior and verify the accuracy of the presented small signal model. Furthermore, an 850 W prototype is developed to validate the features of the proposed converter experimentally. Tight voltage regulation, sinusoidal supply current, and near‐to‐unity power factor operation are observed from the results, regardless of supply or load disturbances.

Dexterity, Workspace and Performance Analysis of the Conceptual Design of a Novel Three-legged, Redundant, Lightweight, Compliant, Serial-parallel Robot

In this article, the mechanical design and analysis of a novel three-legged, agile robot with passively compliant 4-degrees-of-freedom legs, comprising a hybrid topology of serial, planar and spherical parallel structures, is presented. The design aims to combine the established principle of the Spring Loaded Inverted Pendulum model for energy efficient locomotion with the accuracy and strength of parallel mechanisms for manipulation tasks. The study involves several kinematics and Jacobian based analyses that specifically evaluate the application of a non-overconstrained spherical parallel manipulator as a robot hip joint, decoupling impact forces and actuation torques, suitable for the requirements of legged locomotion. The dexterity is investigated with respect to joint limits and workspace boundary contours, showing that the mechanism stays well conditioned and allows for a sufficient range of motion. Based on the functional redundancy of the constrained serial-parallel architecture it is furthermore revealed that the robot allows for the exploitation of optimal leg postures, resulting in the possible optimization of actuator load distribution and accuracy improvements. Consequently, the workspace of the robot torso as additional end-effector is investigated for the possible application of object manipulation tasks. Results reveal the existence of a sufficient volume applicable for spatial motion of the torso in the statically stable tripodal posture. In addition, a critical load estimation is derived, which yields a posture dependent performance index that evaluates the risks of overload situations for the individual actuators.

A Megawatt-Scale Si/SiC Hybrid Multilevel Inverter for Electric Aircraft Propulsion Applications

This paper presents the design and development of a megawatt-scale medium-voltage (MV) hybrid inverter prototype to validate its feasibility and potentials for the electric propulsion on the next-generation electric aircraft system with an onboard MV dc distribution, e.g., 3 kV dc bus in this work. The proposed hybrid converter consists of a three-level active-neutral-point-clamped (ANPC) stage using 3.3 kV silicon IGBTs cascaded with an H-bridge stage using cost-effective 1.2 kV SiC MOSFETs in each phase. Comprehensive design and evaluation of the full-scale prototype are elaborated, including the low-inductance busbar design, converter architecture optimization and system integration. In addition, a low computational cost space vector modulation with common-mode voltage (CMV) reduction feature is proposed to fully exploit the benefits of SiC MOSFET in this hybrid topology. Extensive simulation and experimental results are provided to demonstrate the performance of each power stage and the full converter assembly in both the steady-state operation and variable frequency operations. Compared with the widely adopted IGBT based ANPC converter in MV applications, the proposed 7-L hybrid inverter system features higher power efficiency, reduced harmonics, higher dc voltage utilization, reduced CMV and lower dv/dt, while remains cost effective compared to the solution using MV SiC MOSFETs.

Simulation of Asymmetrical Seven Level Multi Level Inverter using MATLAB Simulink

Abstract: Multi-Level Inverter (MLI) has gained significant significance in medium power and medium voltage AC drive applications. Various topologies have been developed in the design of MLIs. Hybrid topologies are emerging to minimize component requirements and reduce switching losses. This paper introduces a comprehensive analysis and functioning of the asymmetrical seven level multi-level inverter topology. The modeling process is executed using the MATLAB Simulink environment.

Hybrid topological photonic crystals

Topologically protected photonic edge states offer unprecedented robust propagation of photons that are promising for waveguiding, lasing, and quantum information processing. Here, we report on the discovery of a class of hybrid topological photonic crystals that host simultaneously quantum anomalous Hall and valley Hall phases in different photonic band gaps. The underlying hybrid topology manifests itself in the edge channels as the coexistence of the dual-band chiral edge states and unbalanced valley Hall edge states. We experimentally realize the hybrid topological photonic crystal, unveil its unique topological transitions, and verify its unconventional dual-band gap topological edge states using pump-probe techniques. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the dual-band photonic topological edge channels can serve as frequency-multiplexing devices that function as both beam splitters and combiners. Our study unveils hybrid topological insulators as an exotic topological state of photons as well as a promising route toward future applications in topological photonics.

Enhancing Controller Efficiency in Hybrid Power System Using Interval Type 3 Fuzzy Controller with Bacterial Foraging Optimization Algorithm

Microgrids (MGs) are designed with the help of effective power extracted from renewable sources such as rooftop solar panels, photovoltaic cells, batteries, floating PV and solar PV with the grid. In a hybrid microgrid, Interlinking Converter (ILC) is a key component to connect the AC sub-grid and DC sub-grid. DC-DC converters are being used as power converters in between load and source to enforce and increase the PV depending on the voltage output signal. Accordingly, the work focused on a Multi-Input (MI) KY boost converter. This Proposed topology gathered maximum power using multi-input KY boost converters for hybrid energy. This hybrid topology operates mainly delivered power from renewable energy sources solar/wind to dc bus. In the absence of any one source, wind or solar supplies power to the dc bus. Without any renewable energy, sources battery deliver the power to the dc bus. The research proposed the interval type 3 fuzzy controller is used for controlling the load frequency of the multi-area system. Swarm-based hybrid metaheuristic optimizer of the Bacterial Foraging Optimization Algorithm (BFOA) is proposed for optimal tuning and controlling the PI controller parameters. Controlling the reactive power of the hybrid power system model with the aid of a Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM). A unique controller is deployed to regulate the AC and DC currents of the STATCOM using two PI controllers. In this paper effectiveness of the hybrid power system is simulated through MATLAB/SIMULINK. The battery current and voltage of this produce 2000 A and 205 V, grid voltage produced in this work is 1.9 × 104 V and the power of the work produce approximately 90 kW. The results show that the interlink converter improves the flexibility of the hybrid microgrid and, in addition, the power quality of the energy supplied in the utility grid is improved. In future, an intelligent control algorithm may be presented to improve the control strategies of the HMG, respectively.

Switching tube model predictive based controller design for multi‐agent unmanned aerial vehicle system with hybrid topology

AbstractThe decentralized control is provided for the multi‐agent unmanned aerial vehicle system and is designed based on leader‐follower configuration by graph theory. Next, primary model predictive control (MPC) is proposed in order to steer the error signal to the origin and specifically, an optimization algorithm is considered for the primary MPC controller in which the Newton optimization with back‐stepping step size definition is proposed for this manner. A robust modification is investigated for the system based on tube definition and considered to overcome the high‐frequency noise and external disturbances in a bound of 20% of the system output. The high‐frequency noises are designed outside of the primary controller band‐width. The hybrid controller is proposed for the system. The closed‐loop swarm system's control architecture, switches between the primary MPC controller to tube‐MPC controller in the presence of high‐frequency noises and external disturbances. The hybrid controller provides a more energy‐efficient outcome compared to the single mode controller. The final results provides a 7% faster simulation time. Afterward, the flexible formation theory is generalized for system. The possibility of changing leader is investigated in flexible formation and a scenario of switching leader is proposed for the system. The result of tracking for the controller is compared to proportional‐integral‐derivative and the problem of four agents in a flight scenario illustrates the issues and the comparison between the robust controller and the switching Tube‐MPC controller is provided. The results provide that the novel control architecture has a 47.6% lower rise time and 30.8% lower overshoot.

The Enhanced Modular Multilevel Converter With DC Fault Blocking Capability

The large energy-storage requirement and lack of dc-fault tolerant capability are the major drawbacks of modular multilevel converter (MMC). To address these issues, alternate hybrid topologies have been developed, but these are all non-modular and hence MMC remains the most preferred topology for high-power applications. In this paper, a new submodule (SM) structure is proposed that consists of five switches and a capacitor. Based on this SM, a novel Enhanced Modular Multilevel Converter (EMMC) is developed, which is fully modular, scalable and requires fewer switches and capacitors. It also possesses the features of reduced energy-storage requirement and dc-fault tolerant capability. The structures and operating principles of proposed SM and EMMC topology are presented. The proposed topology is compared with state-of-the-art topologies in terms of the switch counts, SM capacitors and isolated power-supplies requirements to highlight the main features of EMMC. The proposed EMMC is an effective and more efficient converter solution compared to the major existing high-power hybrid converters. Moreover, it has fully modular structure. A 21-level, grid-connected EMMC simulation model is developed to validate its working principles and dc-fault tolerant capability. The working principles and dc-fault tolerant capability are further validated using a scaled-down, 5-level EMMC experimental prototype.

Does subnetting and port hardening influence human adversarial decisions? An investigation via a HackIT tool.

Prior research in cyber deception has investigated the effectiveness of the timing of deception on human decisions using simulation tools. However, there exists a gap in the literature on how the availability of subnets and port-hardening influence human decisions to attack a system. We tested the influence of subnets and port-hardening on human attack decisions in a simulated environment using the HackIT tool. Availability of subnets (present/absent) within a network and port-hardening (easy-to-attack/hard-to-attack) were varied across four between-subject conditions (N = 30 in each condition): with-subnet with easy-to-attack, with-subnet with hard-to-attack, without-subnet with easy-to-attack, and without-subnet with hard-to-attack. In with-subnet conditions, 40 systems were connected in a hybrid topology network with ten subnets connected linearly, and each subnet contained four connected systems. In without-subnet conditions, all 40 systems were connected in a bus topology. In hard-to-attack (easy-to-attack) conditions, the probabilities of successfully attacking real systems and honeypots were kept low (high) and high (low), respectively. In an experiment, human participants were randomly assigned to one of the four conditions to attack as many real systems as possible and steal credit card information. Results revealed a significant decrease in the proportion of real system attacks in the availability of subnetting and port hardening within the network. Also, more honeypots were attacked in with-subnet conditions than without-subnet conditions. Moreover, a significantly lower proportion of real systems were attacked in the port-hardened condition. This research highlights the implications of subnetting and port-hardening with honeypots to reduce real system attacks. These findings are relevant in developing advanced intrusion detection systems trained on hackers' behavior.

Comparison of Coupled Inductor With Three Windings and Two Windings

In this letter, comparison of coupled inductors with two and three windings is presented. For this, an implementation of two simple hybrid topologies was carried out, which will be presented with their principle of operation, and performance analysis, e.g. comparison of voltage and current stress. A design guideline is presented to reduce the effect of leakage inductance and winding resistance. Five prototypes each with 250 W, were built in the laboratory to verify the performance of the converters for different values of duty cycle (D) and turns ratio (N).

A novel flow field design method for HT-PEM fuel cells: a hybrid topology and surrogate model

Suitable flow field designs significantly affect the performance of high temperature proton exchange membrane (HT-PEM) fuel cells. Previous designs both in terms of shape and size optimisation are still inadequate in the category of experiential design method, depend on the experience of designers and lack of explainable theories, leading to uncertainties in the design process. To address this issue, a novel flow field design method for innovative flow fields using combined topology and surrogate models is proposed, in which a topology model is built to optimise to obtain the basic shape of flow field, then a numerical model is established to train a surrogate model for the optimum design. Finally, a radial basis function (RBF) model is built to determine the optimum channel parameters. With this method, a 25 cm2 leaf-like flow field with a diagonal inlet outlet is designed and investigated which outperforms the initial serpentine design with a 7.95% increase in current density, a 8.47% increase in actual power, and a 97.8% reduction in pressure drop at 0.50 V. This novel flow field design method combines the advantages of the topology and surrogate models in shape and size optimisation, respectively. It significantly reduces the design threshold and can be widely used in innovative flow field design in energy and other engineering fields.

Additive manufactured Triply Periodical Minimal Surface lattice structures with modulated hybrid topology

The fabrication freedom offered by additive manufacturing techniques is a unique asset to be exploited in the design of lightweight lattice structures. Adjusting topological and architectural features towards the design of multi-morphological lattice structures can offer a high potential towards obtaining fine-tuned mechanical response. Herein, to understand the role of unit cell topology and arrangement, various stacking and gradient strategies were implemented to modulate the overall mechanical response of the lattice structures under compression, using two Triply Periodical Minimal Surface (TPMS) unit cell designs. Experimental and numerical approaches were developed to reveal the deformation mechanism and failure modes and quantify stiffness, quasi-static uniaxial compressive strength, and energy absorption capacity of the structures. The topological arrangement of the selected unit cells was found to play a key role in defining the mechanical performance of the designed lattice structures. The obtained results demonstrated the high potential of various graded design elements for obtaining lattice structures with desired properties.

Multi-objective topology optimisation for acoustic porous materials using gradient-based, gradient-free, and hybrid strategies.

When designing passive sound-attenuation structures, one of the challenging problems that arise is optimally distributing acoustic porous materials within a design region so as to maximise sound absorption while minimising material usage. To identify efficient optimisation strategies for this multi-objective problem, several gradient, non-gradient, and hybrid topology optimisation strategies are compared. For gradient approaches, the solid-isotropic-material-with-penalisation method and a gradient-based constructive heuristic are considered. For gradient-free approaches, hill climbing with a weighted-sum scalarisation and a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II are considered. Optimisation trials are conducted on seven benchmark problems involving rectangular design domains in impedance tubes subject to normal-incidence sound loads. The results indicate that while gradient methods can provide quick convergence with high-quality solutions, often gradient-free strategies are able to find improvements in specific regions of the Pareto front. Two hybrid approaches are proposed, combining a gradient method for initiation and a non-gradient method for local improvements. An effective Pareto-slope-based weighted-sum hill climbing is introduced for local improvement. Results reveal that for a given computational budget, the hybrid methods can consistently outperform the parent gradient or non-gradient method.

Numerical Evaluation of Fuel Consumption and Transient Emissions of Different Hybrid Topologies for Two-Wheeler Application

<div>In Asian countries, small two-wheelers form a major share of the automobile segment and contribute significantly to carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) emissions. Hybrid drives, though not widely applied in two-wheelers, can reduce fuel consumption and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. In this work three hybrid topologies, viz., P2 (electric motor placed between engine and transmission), P3 (electric motor placed between transmission and final drive), and power-split concepts (with planetary gear-train) have been modeled in Simulink, and their fuel consumption and emissions under the World Motorcycle Test Cycle (WMTC) have been evaluated. A physics-based model for the Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) was used which is capable of predicting its transient characteristics. A map-based fuel consumption model and a Neural Network (NN)-based transient emission model were used for the engine. The NN-based transient emission model avoids the need to model the air path and fuel path in transient conditions, which is time consuming. The fueling characteristics of the Engine Control Unit (ECU) in transients need not be known if an NN model is built and tuned with sufficient experimental data. Several transient experiments were performed with speed-load profiles similar to the WMTC for tuning the NN emission models. Simulation results show that the P2 hybrid, P3 hybrid, and power-split drives have fuel economy benefits of about 27%, 37%, and 49%, respectively, compared to the conventional powertrain. However, nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions are much higher for the hybrid powertrains due to the operation of the engine at higher load ranges for efficiency but are still within the prevailing BS6 Indian emission limits. A significant portion of the wheel energy input can be recovered through efficient regenerative braking in the WMTC. This will be even more significant under peak traffic city driving conditions. The belt losses in the CVT significantly reduce the potential benefits of the hybrid powertrain, and hence, an efficient transmission to replace it will be beneficial.</div>

Achieving misalignment tolerance with hybrid topologies in electric vehicle wireless charging systems

With the rocketing progress of wireless power transfer (WPT) for electric vehicles (EVs), the issue of misalignment tolerance has become increasingly vital, a hybrid topology of the series–series (S–S) and inductor–capacitor–capacitor-parallel (LCC-P) is proposed in this paper to achieve misalignment tolerance. Both the S–S topology and the LCC-P topology have constant-current output, the difference is that the output power of S–S increases with the increasing misalignment, oppositely, the output power of LCC-P reduces with the increasing misalignment. A combination of these two topologies can enhance the anti-offset capability. The magnetic couplers utilize unipolar (Q) and bipolar (DD) coils as the two decoupled coils for power transfer. The mathematical model has been established and analyzed. The transfer efficiency and the output parameters’ expressions of current, voltage and power have been derived. The theoretical analysis has been verified in the simulation model of MATLAB/Simulink. The proposed hybrid topology has succeeded in achieving misalignment tolerance.

Research Progress on Interface Circuit of Capacitive Micro Accelerometer

Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) capacitive accelerometers have received extensive attention in recent years due to their excellent performance indicators; especially in the fields of noise, power consumption, and bias instability, great development and progress have been made. In the field of noise, effective noise reduction is achieved by introducing oversampling modulation technology combined with digital noise reduction technology. In power consumption, the power consumption of the accelerometer is effectively reduced by using the successive approximation structure in the interface circuit and using the finite state machine for precise control. In bias instability, the effects of temperature offset and zero-point drift are suppressed by using a hybrid topology connection structure in the interface circuit, and an effective reduction of bias instability is achieved. In this paper, the research and progress of MEMS capacitive accelerometer in the field of noise, power consumption and bias instability are reviewed, and the articles published in recent years are listed and summarized and prospected.

An adaptive link training based hybrid circuit topology for full‐duplex on‐chip interconnects

SummaryThis work proposes a link training based half‐rate dynamic current‐steering echo‐cancellation hybrid circuit topology for full‐duplex signaling that performs echo cancellation by deploying a bit error detection unit and backchannel adaptation. In addition, this work proposes a power‐efficient half‐rate dynamic current‐steering logic hybrid circuit for full‐duplex signaling over on‐chip interconnects for simultaneous transmission and reception. The half‐rate dynamic current‐steering hybrid circuit topology has low static power consumption compared with traditional current‐mode circuit topology implementations, thanks to the discrete nature of the current‐steering hybrid topology. The proposed scheme is implemented in 1.2 V, 65‐nm complementary metal‐oxide semiconductor (CMOS). The performance results show that the link training scheme sets the control bits for both the transmitter driver and hybrid circuit topology when the backchannel adaptation loop gets locked for 1‐ and 3‐mm interconnects for process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) variations. The proposed hybrid circuit topology is able to receive the required far‐end transmitted data with the link training scheme and has the differential recovered received signal voltage swing of 1.2 V for both 1‐ and 3‐mm interconnect at the 10‐Gb/s data rate. The total power consumption of the hybrid is 3 and 3.5 mW for 1‐ and 3‐mm interconnect with an energy efficiency of 0.6 and 0.7 pJ/bit, respectively, at 10‐Gb/s full‐duplex operation.

Hybrid topologies on the real line

Given A ⊆ ℝ , the Hattori space H(A) is the topological space ( ℝ , τA ) where each a ∈ A has a τA -neighborhood base { ( a − ε , a + ε ) : ε > 0 } and each b ∈ ℝ − A has a τA -neighborhood base { [ b , b + ε ) : ε > 0 } . Thus, τA may be viewed as a hybrid of the Euclidean topology and the lower-limit topology. We investigate properties of Hattori spaces as well as other hybrid topologies on ℝ using various combinations of the discrete, left-ray, lower-limit, upper-limit, and Euclidean topologies. Since each of these topologies is generated by a quasi-metric on ℝ, we investigate hybrid quasi-metrics which generate these hybrid topologies.

A 90.4% Peak Efficiency 48-to-1-V GaN/Si Hybrid Converter With Three-Level Hybrid Dickson Topology and Gradient Descent Run-Time Optimizer

This work presents a direct 48–1-V DC–DC point-of-load (POL) converter for efficient high-voltage conversion. Conventional hybrid topologies face limitations of large number of off-chip components and limited operation ranges. By combining the three-level buck converter with the hybrid Dickson converter, the proposed topology shows ten times reduced switching voltages with only five off-chip flying capacitors—a near 50% reduction compared with prior works. The reduced voltage stress enables using low-voltage on-chip Si power devices, further reducing the number of off-chip switches. A gradient descent run-time optimizer along with a hybrid current-sensing analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is proposed to dynamically optimize converter’s efficiency, improving the operation range. Thus, the proposed design overcomes the limitations of previous hybrid converters. The prototype was fabricated using a 0.18- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> Bipolar-CMOS-DMOS (BCD) process. The converter achieves an input voltage of 48 V and an output voltage of 0.7-to-1 V with a maximum load capacity of 12 A. The measured peak efficiency is 90.4% at 48–1-V conversion, and the maximum efficiency improvement is 16.7% with the proposed optimization circuits.