Hybrid Language Research Articles

A Meta‐Analysis of Hybrid Language Instruction and Call for Future Research

AbstractIn this meta‐analysis, we estimate the effectiveness of hybrid language instruction overall and across a number of moderator variables by aggregating effect sizes from 11 studies with 34 samples. Results suggest hybrid language instruction can be just as effective as traditional face‐to‐face (f2f) instruction, as indicated by the negligible differences between hybrid courses and traditional f2f courses (d = .14). Furthermore, studies employing within‐group designs indicate that students in hybrid language classes can improve their language skills considerably (d = 1.47). This is a positive finding given that many institutions have experienced a surge in hybrid teaching due to the COVID‐19 pandemic. We also report on a number of moderator variables that can impact the effectiveness of hybrid language courses, including (a) the amount of reduction in f2f time, (b) the use of online activities provided by textbook publishers, (c) the use of a learning management system, (d) advances in digital technologies, (e) the targeted language skills (e.g., speaking, writing), and (f) whether the data come from initial or subsequent iterations of a hybrid course. Additionally, we offer directions for future research regarding the substantive and methodological issues in the hybrid language instruction domain.

Translating in the contact zone

Abstract The purpose of this article is to analyze the hybrid language used in the U.S. by a generation who think brown and write brown. I am referring to the so-called one-and-a-halfers, a generation that includes writers such as Gloria Anzaldúa, Cherríe Moraga, Sandra Cisneros, Pat Mora, Ilan Stavans, Ana Lydia Vega, Ana Castillo, Helena Viramontes, Esmeralda Santiago, or Tato Laviera, to name but a few. I aim to analyze how many migrants and refugees use language in a way that destroys consensus. It is in these spaces where the migration movements of the multiple souths talk back in a weird language which the Establishment fears. In these circumstances, translation becomes a tool to raise questions that disturb the universal promises of monolingualism.

혼종의 언어를 바라보는 새로운 시각 －프랑스 파리 외곽지역의 이민2세대들의 언어를 중심으로－

본 고에서 우리는 프랑스 대도시 외곽지역인 방리유에서 발생해 이민 2세대의 언어이면서 현재 인터넷 매체를 중심으로 프랑스 10대와 20대의 구어로 널리 통용되고 있는 ‘시테의 젊은이들의 언어(langue des jeunes des Cités (LC))’를 새로운 언어담론 하에서 살펴보고자 하였다. 우리는 기존의 규범적이며 문제적 시각이 아닌 화자의 사회적 자본으로 언어를 바라보는 도시언어담론(metrolingualism)등의 최근 학술 동향을 지지하고 필연적으로 다양한 문화와 언어의 접촉지대(contact zone)에 놓인 화자의 다기호적 언어수행을 살펴보았다. 이 일탈적이며 유희적인 언어가 가지는 혼종성, 다양성, 유동성은 다양한 비언어적 요인에 의해 견인되는 화자의 창의적인 의사소통 전략으로 재정의되었다. 프랑스어권 관련 선행 연구 중에서 주체적인 화자 중심의 정체성 구축과 담화 전략을 주목한 사회언어학적 연구들을 통해 새로운 언어담론의 가능성을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구를 통해, 우리는 다중언어와 다문화 시대에 새로이 등장하는 화자와 그들의 언어를 설명할 수 있는 새로운 관점의 필요성을 역설하고, 문화를 풍성하게 하고, 유동적이고 절충적인 사회를 위한 자원으로서 언어를 바라보는 사회학적 논의를 제안하였다.

Learning structural alternations: What guides learners’ generalization?

Some word-order alternations observed across the world's languages are constrained by specific verb choice, whereas one type of word-order alternation (i.e., scrambling) frequently seen in free word order languages is not lexically-dependent on the verb. Three novel-language learning experiments explore whether speakers latently respect this generalization. If learners show conservativeness that closely reflects statistics from the input, then it would support usage-based and statistical accounts; alternatively, if learners have linguistic biases that allow them to generalize beyond statistics and show generalization similar to typological patterns, then it would support an internal bias account. In each of the three experiments, two groups of English monolinguals learned a Korean-English hybrid language with structural alternations analogous to those found in different categories of natural languages, as defined by whether the language allows scrambling and whether alternations are lexically-dependent on the verb. Learners’ generalization patterns in subsequent picture description and acceptability judgment tasks were analyzed. Comprehension data consistently showed that the group which learned alternations found in natural languages with relatively rigid word orders tended to be more verb-wise conservative than the group that learned alternations found in languages with relatively free word orders. Production data trended in the same direction as the comprehension data. Thus, our results suggest that learners have linguistic biases that mirror typological differences that help learners go beyond simple statistics tracking.

Entangled Speech: Semiotic sympoiesis for the posthuman commons

In our performance Entangled Speech, we connect the integration of microbial agency into a new complex ‘common good’ with the shared values of language. Drawing on a posthuman commons we aim for a hybrid language that not only processes formal symbols but also interacts with the microbes in the speaker’s mouth. We argue that the metaphors historically used to frame the relationship between microbiomes and speech cannot account for the co-creative material relationship between human speech and posthuman microbial, environmental and biotechnological needs. In our performances, first we harvest sensitized microbes from a speaker’s mouth who had repeated those phonemes, which lead to a deviation of pH of saliva. This makes the microbes sensitive for the further processing: via a spectrogram, phonemes repetitively spoken by the audience drive pumps, which add pheromones to the microbes, the pheromones, which then are faded out. In the microbes, for some replication cycles, an ecological adaptation to the individual phonemes persists, which – in our definition – affirms some phonemes as ecological and others to be deleted, thereby changing the alphabetical order of the input word. Although parts of the process are digitally animated, the major parts develop in real time. We propose ‘microbial speech’ as a category beyond semantic meaning, with ecological qualities such as a transcorporeal mattering between words and the body. We aim at a language becoming a biological state in order to protect its own ecology. We propose a more entangled mode of microbes existing in common with language, affirming posthumanist transversal relations of all living and non-living matter.

Exorcising the phantom zone

In this paper we introduce a language of first-order hybrid logic in which function symbols are interpreted by partial functions and prove a number of completeness results. Syntactically, our language builds on the basic propositional hybrid language, has a primitive unary predicate symbol DEN which tests whether a term denotes or not, and permits satisfaction operators to rigidify predicate and function symbols. Semantically, our system is actualist, allows terms to be undefined, and has no truth-value gaps. But should we follow Fitting and Mendelsohn and rule out domain elements not belonging to any world, or should we tolerate them? Here we explore both options. As we shall see, while the choice makes no difference when it comes to validity, it has consequences for richer logics.

Rights Metaphors Across Hybrid Legal Languages, Such as Euro English and Legal Chinese

This paper focuses on two legal languages such as the legal English developed by the European Union institutions (Euro English) and the legal Chinese of Mainland China, to study whether the mental representations and the embodied simulation created by the conceptual metaphors for the same Western concept, right, differ in any significant ways. By analysing the data contained in two large corpora, this study has found that, despite the common origin of the concept right in the two legal languages, they conceptualise it in a significantly different fashion. Finally, the findings of this study are read through the theoretical framework proposed for this special issue—hybridity and the Third Space. While it is somewhat straightforward to conceive of Euro English as a hybrid language, owing to the multilingual and supranational setting where it is used, this study has found that the Chinese legal language, too, is a hybrid language exhibiting linguistic features that intersect different belief systems.

A ARQUITETÔNICA EM “UM DIA, UM RIO”

A arquitetônica, entendida neste artigo como a forma como o discurso se constrói e se estrutura, de modo que material, forma e conteúdo se integrem (GEGE, 2009), é fundamental na análise do livro escrito por Leo Cunha e ilustrado por André Neves Um dia, um rio. Por isso acredita-se que seja relevante para os leitores dessa obra ilustrada conhecer a sua arquitetônica para que possam a ela atribuir sentidos durante o ato cultural de ler. A concepção adotada de arquitetônica é aquela que compreende a obra como objeto cultural artístico (GEGE, 2009), e por esse motivo propõe-se a leitura do texto artístico como um todo integrado em que os seus elementos constitutivos são essenciais para a produção de sentidos. A análise elaborada permite afirmar que Um dia, um rio, constituído por linguagem híbrida e inovadora, pode ser classificado como obra vanguardista, já que rompe com os modelos tradicionais e revela as contradições e conflitos da sociedade atual. Este artigo está ancorado nos pressupostos teóricos de Bakhtin (2002, 2011) e seus estudiosos, Cadermatori (2010), Zilberman (2003), Lindem (2018), Arena (2010), entre outros.

Design & cinema: A timeline of graphic design in film

Graphic design elements have always been part of cinema’s hybrid language, as a material of expression manifested through the visual channel, together with the filmed image. The graphic language is present throughout an entire filmic narrative, from the choice of verbal, pictorial and schematic elements in titles and animations, to the creation (and curation) of printed or handmade graphic props, signage and logos filmed by the camera. Together, they form a movie’s graphic identity, which aids in conveying meaning to the narrative as well as bringing a dynamic and authentic storytelling. This paper intends to present a timeline of graphic design in film by pointing out the technological milestones that shaped cinema’s development, directly influencing the emergence and disappearance of graphic configurations – which became more complex with time and affected the roles designers acquired in the film industry. By focusing mainly on examples from Hollywood’s contemporary cinema, the paper aims to show how the graphic language in films developed as an impact of technology reflected in society, which also leads to the identification of the three main functions acquired by the graphic language in narrative films nowadays.

On (not) being useful: the art of drifting in Asian contemporary theatre

ABSTRACT In 2014, I founded Scene/Asia, a platform of critique and dialogue for Asian contemporary performances. The main objective of the project was to extract performance tropes and concepts cultivated on the Asian soil; we tried to build a pool of knowledge that uses ‘Asian theatre [and not Western theatre] as method’, to cite Rossella Ferrari, who, in turn, borrowed from Kuan Hsing-Chen. Taking this three-year project as an empirical basis, this paper argues, in a hybrid language consisting of fieldwork reports, discussion outcomes, curatorial procedures and scholarly analysis, that the three pillars of Western canonisation in theatre – institutionalisation, historicisation and the ensuing commodification – may be ‘useful’ to the West, but a priori contradict the raison d’être of traditional Asian performances. The paper demonstrates this by referring to traditional Asian pop-up theatres and a text by Japanese ethnologist Orikuchi Shinobu, who argues that Japanese entertainers were originally ukare-bito (drifting people). Finally, this paper demonstrates an analysis of Malaysian theatre director Mark Teh’s Version 2020: The Complete Future of Malaysia (2017) as a contemporary Asian theatre piece that brings into relief ‘Asian theatre as method’ by adopting what Teh calls the ‘dispersive dramaturgy’.

Гибридная немецко-славянская семантика глаголов языка идиш с префиксом op-

This article examines the phenomenon of German-Slavic hybridity of the word formation and semantics of Yiddish prefixed verbs with the hybrid polysemous prefix op- as an example. It provides definitions of such notions as hybrid language and hybridization, outlines the genetic origin of the prefix op- and proposes a classification of situation types described by prefixed verbs with op-. The article writer compares word-forming and semantic characteristics of Yiddish verbs with op- prefix to German verbs with ab- and Slavic verbs with od-/од-(від-)/ад-, demonstrates that verbs with op- represent a situation either following a common German-Slavic or a Slavic model.

STIL I JEZIK KNEŽEVOG DNEVNIKA U ROMANU „BEZDNO“ SVETLANE VELMAR-JANKOVIĆ

In this paper, we dealt with the specific style and language of “The Diary” of the Duke Mihailo Obrenović in the novel Bezdno by Svetlana Velmar-Janković. We focused on the characteristics of the Slavonic-Serbian language. Our aim was to point out the stylistic and linguistic elements of this language and to analyze the historical and political circumstances that caused its creation. Special attention was given to numerous archaisms, which helped the writer to bring the spirit of this period to life. In order to detect and explain this style and language, we refered to the teachings of Aleksandar Mladenović. While trying to establish which version of the Cyrillic alphabet was actual at that time, we took Petar Đorđić’s book The History of the Serbian Cyrillic into consideration. We tried to explain the social circumstances which were a fruit- ful ground for the creation of this hybrid and inconsistent language thanks to Jovan Skerlić. We came to the conclusion that the Duke was fond of a specific version of the Slavonic-Serbian language – the Dositej version, which preserved the elements of the Slavonic-Serbian language primarily on its lexical level, while morfological and phonological levels remained the same. The Duke’s style and language altered during his writing. Later on, they resembled vernacular Serbian language more. In order to establish the role of archaisms in this novel, we made a list of them and noticed that Russian Church Slavonic, Slavonic-Serbian and Russian words have a dominance over Germanisms, Hungarisms and Romanisms. However, we could expect the opposite, while the Duke had spent almost two decades in the Western countries. The second place belongs to Turkisms, which are really hard to detect, because they became an integral part of the Serbian language.

Institutional Objections to Non-native English-speaking Language Teachers Using Hybrid Language Policies

Institutional Objections to Non-native English-speaking Language Teachers Using Hybrid Language Policies

Subtitling for Social and Language Minorities

Speakers of any (minoritised or majority) language sometimes make language mistakes. Bilingual speakers may use a hybrid language, mixing languages within a sentence or even within a word, especially when they are formally similar, as Spanish and Galician are. For minoritised languages, language errors may contribute to a negative perception towards the minoritised language. The Galician public broadcaster Televisión de Galicia (TVG) has received criticism for not being a high-quality language model, permitting the intrusion of language mistakes in its content. From an exclusively linguistic viewpoint, these errors should be corrected in subtitling. Conversely, subtitling guides and target users favour a verbatim rendition of the audio, in which oral language mistakes should not be corrected. Dialectal features, even if they are not considered errors, are non-standard language. This paper aims at answering the question of “to correct or not to correct” oral errors and dialectal features in the case of minoritised languages. It presents the most relevant data from a literature review, and an analysis of subtitling guidelines & standards and of current practices at TVG. These results have yielded an original protocol for the correction or reproduction of oral errors according to speech control, target audience and broadcast genre, the effect of a mistake, and the type of language error (vocabulary vs. grammar).

Globalization influence on linguistic and cultural state due to the language contacts’ interaction

The article deals with the peculiarities of linguistic and cultural changes of language structure influenced by globalization process within the language contacts’ interaction. The analysis of various aspects in the modern society proves the dominance of the English language in the formation of the world collaboration. According to the research, English hybrid languages or new Englishes, based on the Standard English norms, are forced to adapt to the local linguistic and cultural needs. These hybrid languages perform the mixture of indigenous languages’ structure and Standard English rules, thought in many cases English dominates and replaces phonetic, lexical, syntactic elements of indigenous languages. Much attention in the work is paid to the peculiarities of such hybrid language as Nigerian English, which presents the local language variant, functioning in Nigeria. Owing to language contacts’ cooperation, Nigerian English combines the language features of Standard English rules and Nigerian local languages’ peculiarities.

The phenomenon of the diversity of Jewish languages – a historical perspective

Throughout their history, Jews have repeatedly lived in environments of foreign culture and language. In a foreign area they were a minority, which is why they quickly succumbed to the linguistic pressure of the environment. In addition to their native language, they began to use the language of the natives. They became bilingual. The contact of these two languages caused the occurrence of the process of interference (overlapping of languages), which consists in departing from the norm of one of the languages in the speech of a bilingual person. As a result of interference, a number of phonetic, morphological and lexical changes occur in the colloquial use of these languages. The next phase of language contact was the change of language. As a result of the change of language, the features of one of the languages were replaced by the features of the other, usually the language of the environment. As a result, the last phase of language contact was the process of forming a new hybrid language e.g. Yiddish or Judeoespañol.

Translation in a Multilingual Context: The Mixture of Sanskrit and Tamil Languages in Medieval South Indian Śrīvaiṣṇava Religious Tradition

Abstract In this paper, I investigate South Asian multilinguality by focusing on the medieval South Indian Śrīvaiṣṇava religious tradition (originated in the tenth century CE), which employ Sanskrit, Tamil, and Maṇipravāḷa, a hybrid language comprising both Sanskrit and Tamil, in their composition. Through the lens of translation and hybridity, I propose to complicate the recent scholarship on the Sanskrit and vernacular languages (e.g., Pollock and interlocutors) and also respond to the scholarly call for research that addresses the distinctive history of South Asian multilinguality. In particular, it explores the use of multiple linguistic media by one of the most significant Śrīvaiṣṇava theologians, Vedāntadeśika (c. 1268–1369 CE), in his Rahasyatrayasāra. The Rahasyatrayasāra which deals with soteriological and ritual aspects of the Śrīvaiṣṇavas was composed in Maṇipravāḷa and furnished with Sanskrit and Tamil opening and concluding verses. Through the investigation of the Maṇipravāḷa content in relation to the verses in the Rahasyatrayasāra, I argue that Maṇipravāḷa can be considered translation as it brings the Sanskrit and Tamil streams of the tradition together into a single context that can accommodate both. For a multilingual community like the Śrīvaiṣṇavas, Maṇipravāḷa, which represents translation into a hybrid, makes possible the collective religious identity.

Sandra Cisneros’un Mango Sokağı’ndaki Ev ve Gloria Anzaldua’nın Sınır Bölgeleri/ Hudut: Yeni Melez Kadın romanlarında Meksikalı Kadınların Sınır Deneyimi

This paper aims to suggest how Chicanas in The House on Mango Street and in Borderland/La Frontera: New Mestiza construct their own identity on the physical and psychological borderland between Mexico and The States segregating and separating individuals because of language, culture, gender, sexuality, ethnicity and class. How they achieve their self-fulfillment at the end of their odyssey is also presented in this paper. The House on Mango Street and Borderlands/La Frontera New Mestiza are the epitomes of border writing dwelling on the tumult and challenges of physical and psychological borderland between the States and Mexico and explaining the social and economic conditions of the subjects. Borderland dwellers experience illegal migration, economic disparity, social and financial unrest, sense of displacement and frustration. They have hybrid identities and use hybrid language of English and Spanish. This paper discusses male oppression and domestication, American ideological dominance over Mexico and a quest for a dignified life in both novels. Therefore, this study scrutinizes the lives and the motives of the characters in The House on Mango Street from the perspective of its female protagonist, Esperenza who is on the threshold of womanhood and the identity confusion of protagonist writer, Gloria Anzaldua herself in Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza.

Transnational Narratives in Englishes of Exile

Transnational Narratives in Englishes of Exile

THE MODAL LOGIC OF STEPWISE REMOVAL

AbstractWe investigate the modal logic of stepwise removal of objects, both for its intrinsic interest as a logic of quantification without replacement, and as a pilot study to better understand the complexity jumps between dynamic epistemic logics of model transformations and logics of freely chosen graph changes that get registered in a growing memory. After introducing this logic (MLSR) and its corresponding removal modality, we analyze its expressive power and prove a bisimulation characterization theorem. We then provide a complete Hilbert-style axiomatization for the logic of stepwise removal in a hybrid language enriched with nominals and public announcement operators. Next, we show that model-checking for MLSR is PSPACE-complete, while its satisfiability problem is undecidable. Lastly, we consider an issue of fine-structure: the expressive power gained by adding the stepwise removal modality to fragments of first-order logic.