Hybrid Language Research Articles

Мixed English-Bulgarian Inscriptions in Local Public Space

The article focuses on the process of mixing languages (translanguaging) in the public inscriptions of Veliko Turnovo. There are two main principles that presuppose the occurrence of mixed inscriptions and that structure the local landscape – the presentation-of-self principle and the good-reasons pricniple. In this context translanguaged writing reflects the deliberate manipulation of the features of the two languages – English (in its variety as a global language) and Bulgarian (the local code) to produce hybrid language forms that evoke different connotations. The ethnographic analysis is carried out within the theoretical framework of Linguistic Landscaping Studies with a special focus on the indexability of the material world, code preference and feature analysis.

Every Challenge is an Opportunity: Teaching Reading in the Post-Pandemic Period

Drastic changes in the wake of COVID-19 have been witnessed in many sectors. The education sector has also been affected due to lockdowns. Exclusive online teaching methodologies were used due to the closing of schools. Platforms such as Zoom, Eventbrite, Microsoft Teams and many others were used for language teaching. Language teachers were trained regarding the use of digital tools, and this led to a radical shift to online language teaching. However, we are now moving back from enforced online teaching during the initial era of Covid-19 to teacher fronted classrooms. In this research, the focus will be what language teachers have learnt from that time and are using now for more effective teaching of reading skills. Data collected through interviews with 15 teachers and 10 students who have recently shifted to a hybrid way of language teaching and learning were qualitatively analyzed to demonstrate the benefits of hybrid language teaching and learning. Findings show that this methodology is becoming popular among teachers and students, because it enhances both teaching and learning and is effective in achieving teaching and learning goals. In summary, the wise and selective use of digital tools and face to face teaching for the teaching of a range of reading skills improves learning and their strategic use by the teacher should be encouraged and is discussed in this research.

The non-normativity of the Global South and the normativity of the Global North: The languaging as the normativity of diversity

Drawing on social media context such as Facebook of international students from the Global South – Mongolia – in Australia, this article indicates that the diversity of “languaging” practices of migrants who come to settle in Australia from the Global South are better understood from the perspective of the “normativity of diversity”. The notion of “languaging” is vital in capturing the current complexity of mixed and hybrid language practices fundamentally produced by the amalgamation of linguistic and cultural resources intersecting with Global South and North social, cultural and political landscapes. However, these languaging practices in Australia are neither non-normal nor substandard linguistic productions as mostly imagined in the local monolingual ideology. Instead, languaging practices of the migrants from the Global South in Australia should be understood as part of the new settlers’ normative daily linguistic practices that cut across both online and offline settings. Consequently, it is crucial for language educators and language policy-makers in Australia to reconsider migrants’ linguistic diversity in globalisation through the eyes of the “normativity of diversity”.

Augmented language model with deep learning adaptation on sentiment analysis for E-learning recommendation

Sentiment Analysis is considered as an important research field in text mining, and is significant in recommendation systems and e-learning environments. This research proposes a new methodology of e-learning hybrid Recommendation System Based on Sentiment Analysis (RSBSA) by leveraging tailored Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) techniques, to recommend appropriate e-learning materials based on learner’s preferences. Integration is done on fine-grained sentiment analysis models, to classify text reviews of e-content posted on e-learning platform. Two enhanced language models based on ‘Continuous Bag of Word’ and ‘Skip-Gram’ are introduced. Moreover, three resilient language modelsbased on the hybrid language techniques are developed to produce a superior vocabulary representation. These models were trained using various CNN models to predict ratings of resources from online reviews provided by learners. To accomplish this, a customizable dataset ‘ABHR-1′ is used, which is derived from e-content' reviews with corresponding ratings labeled [1–5]. The proposed models are evaluated and tested using ABHR-1 and two public datasets. According to the simulation results, Multiplication-Several-Channels-CNNmodel outperformed other models with an accuracy of 90.37 % for fine-grained sentiment classification on 5 discrete classes and the empirical results are compared.

Hope in the Age of Dystopia: The Ghost in the Machine in Øyvind Rimbereid's Solaris korrigert

Hope in the Age of Dystopia: The Ghost in the Machine in Øyvind Rimbereid's <i>Solaris korrigert</i>

Сергей Каплун о советской медицинской дисциплине «Гигиена труда» (1928–1936)

Based on the articles by S.I. Kaplun published in the first edition of the Big Medical Encyclopedia, this research investigates the disciplinary conventions he proposed for boundaries, content and methods of Soviet labor hygiene. It is suggested that while Kaplun presented labor hygiene as a new Soviet discipline, he considered it in connection to its pre-revolutionary Russian and foreign analogues. This paper further demonstrates that Kaplun described the labor hygiene as an interdisciplinary field which used a hybrid language. It is also shown that even though Kaplun recognized the importance of foreign research for the development of Soviet labor hygiene, he denied scientists from capitalist countries the ability to influence healthcare practices of their states. Finally, the article concludes with the ideological critique of Kaplun in 1931 that led to changing his narrative and beginning to criticize his colleagues. Nevertheless, by the end of the 1930s he and the rest of the Soviet social hygienists had lost their influence.

Agrotropolis: Youth, Street, and Nation in the New Urban Guatemala by J.T. Way

Reviewed by: Agrotropolis: Youth, Street, and Nation in the New Urban Guatemala by J.T. Way Gaye Ozpinar Agrotropolis: Youth, Street, and Nation in the New Urban Guatemala. By J.T. Way. Oakland: University of California Press, 2021, p. 328, $29.95. J.T. Way's Agrotropolis traces the ground level historical changes in Guatemala from the end of the genocide in 1983 to the end of 2012 through an examination of youth counterculture and music in the agrourbanizing landscapes. The focus is that of an urban and cultural history that goes well beyond the capital city considering landscapes that are "agrarian-yet-urban, provincial-yet-urbane" (4). In light of this approach, J.T. Way creates the term "agrotropolis" in order to refer to the landscapes that have been profoundly urbanized without losing their agricultural backbone. Way also contends that such urbanization has gone hand in hand with neoliberal policies that put commercialization, consumerism, and capital expansion above all else and continued to marginalize poor people. Through this monograph, Way contributes to the newly emerging field of planetary urbanization that problematizes and rejects the neat divide between the rural and the urban within the neoliberal context. Aside from creating new terminology (i.e., agrotropolis), the monograph is also uniquely creative in the way it utilizes a hybrid language, something quite rare in academic scholarship. Through combining words and idioms from both Spanish and English, Agrotopolis punctuates the hegemony of English in academic writing. For example, towards the beginning Way introduces the phrase "de a pie" and its translation as "everyday" and then uses the phrase "de a pie people" throughout the book when referring to everyday, ordinary people. J.T. Way has visited Guatemala regularly since 1991 and lived in Guatemala year-round from 2002 to 2012. He has been imbued with Guatemalan mannerisms and colloquialisms in ways that a scholar studying the country from outside cannot begin to comprehend. He writes from a place where he can aptly comment on cultural nuances. He uses the term chapín or chapina, a moniker Guatemalans use to identify themselves, which some people find racist and politically incorrect. However, Way contends that the people themselves have reappropriated the term and have invoked chapinismo as a new national imaginary with a sense of humor. Although not a work of ethnomusicology or a music history, Agrotropolis extensively narrates popular music counterculture with a focus on Guatemalan rock nacional – genres including heavy metal, grunge, and rock-folk fusion. Viewed as a gateway to the understudied youth cultures and countercultures that remain on the fringes of political transformations, Way analyzes the lyrics of several songs in the context of their cultural and historical period. As chapters evolve chronologically, it is no surprise that each chapter title contains lyrics of a popular rock/heavy metal song. One cannot help but find oneself listening to the songs while [End Page 237] reading Agrotropolis. Aside from music, the monograph draws on a varied archive of sources including novels, poems, rock fan magazines, Facebook discussion groups, guerrilla memoirs, websites, photos, interviews, and newspapers. In many ways, Agrotropolis stands to disrupt the discourse about unruly urban youth turning into antisocial, apolitical dropouts whose fascination with violence and death led to a rise in violent crime and street gangs in Guatemala. Like Deborah Levenson's Adios Niño, J.T. Way's Agrotropolis connects social, cultural, and political factors and views the violence evoked by urban youth as a continuum of state terror, counterinsurgency, and genocide. Agrotropolis ultimately argues that urban youth "rejected codes of servility and gave rise to a more inclusive alternative popular nationalism." (25) The book also includes ample narrative on the rise of the insurgency in the aftermath of CIA-led invasion of 1954, and how the leftist guerrilla organizations strategized against the army and paramilitary groups throughout the war and over the course of peace negotiations. Equally helpful are sections on the commercialization of agriculture through the introduction of "non-traditional agro-exports" (or NTAs) and the transformation of highland agriculture, with the ultimate end of opening channels to U.S. and European markets for exports. These transformations are taken up along with cultural transformations within...

우리말 혼성어 연구와 심리언어학적 실험

This paper introduces the method of morphology research using psycholinguistic experiments that started to support 'vocabulary-inference-based morphology' as an empirical method, focusing on research cases on Korean hybrid languages, and thus morphology using psycholinguistic experiments. We would like to share the prospects of research methodology. ‘Vocabulary-Inference-based Morphology’ is a study of morphology from a constructivist perspective, and can be said to be an aspect of functionalist morphology. By understanding all Korean words as observable linguistic phenomena, we tried to study the 'content and organization of the psychological lexicon', and not only tried to explain word formation as a universal cognitive process based on 'analogy', but also This is because it attempts to capture the situation and context in which the stored words are used in the communication process by including them in the function of the lexicon of 'vocabulary access and lexical information retrieval'. Most of the research up to now using psycholinguistic methods has attempted to verify the psychological reality of grammatical units that exist in various layers of morphological research by using a psychological experiment called a lexical judgment task and a statistical test for the results of the experiment. This paper intends to lay a stepping stone to help expand the basis of constructivist and functionalist morphology research by introducing such a research methodology comprehensively and concretely.

AUTOMATION OF THE OF SYMBOLS CORRECTNESS ANALYSIS IN SCIENTIFIC WORKS

In paper we propose the system of automated formation of the list of symbols in scientific works as kind of hybrid language texts, which are presented in the format of Tex. We describe the main system components. To analyze the text, it is suggested to use LL1 grammar. For grammar, terminal and nonterminal sets and a set of rules are defined. The rules for recognizing variables are described. The usage of LL1 grammar allows expanding the system for new characters of mathematical packages and combining the stages of parsing the text and forming a list. The system can be useful for improving the quality of presentation of texts in hybrid languages.

현대 스페인어 신조어 분석을 통한 혼성(cruce léxico) 방식 기제에 대한 재고

If we look at the neologisms that are created today, we know that the neologisms have been created for the purpose of conveying meaning as a means of ''expression'' within the grammatical system. Instead, the neologisms of today are not only to express but to enjoy and make jokes. Therefore, it is confirmed that it is formed as a secondary function that contains linguistic ability. As the trend of favoring inducing humor and reducing the number of syllables is spreading in youth culture, it is penetrating deeply,not only online,but also in everyday life. "Blending", a unique coined word that captures the characteristics of this social and cultural change, is also born through laughter and fun. In Spanish lexicology, hybrid(or blening) words created by lexical intersection are difficult to locate within the existing grammatical word system, as they are formed temporarily and have a very short lifespan. However, a hybrid language has its own set of rules and there is room for reconsideration, especially today, in the sense that words are not necessarily created by internal rules, but are created in a way that satisfies the expressive motive of the speaker. This article recognizes the hybrid method, which has always been considered marginal, heterogeneous and very unknown in Spanish as a newly coined word, and drives attention to the fact that it is a phenomenon that clearly reflects today''s human cognitive attributes and modern culture. I would like to introduce a new perspective on this mechanism that has not been well studied.

Managing activity transitions in robot-mediated hybrid language classrooms

The development of videoconferencing technology has enabled new modes of combining in-person and remote teaching. In this article, we investigate interactional practices in hybrid language classrooms that combine on-site and remote participation by way of telepresence technology. Telepresence robots are videoconferencing tools that can be remotely controlled and moved in the ‘local’ space during video-mediated interaction. In our video-based study, we investigate recordings from university-level foreign language classes (Finnish, German, Swedish and English) involving robot-mediated participants as part of an otherwise on-site classroom student cohort. We draw on multimodal conversation analysis (CA) and analyse a selection of data extracts with a focus on how participants use the robot’s mobility as an interactional resource in moments of transition between whole-class and group-based activities. The analysis explores how moving the robot enables the remote student to demonstrate competent participation and to contribute to the progression of the activity transition. We also analyse how teachers make sense of the remote students’ engagements by monitoring the positioning and movements of the robot, and how they individually support the remote students in moments that can potentially be interactionally challenging in hybrid environments. These findings expand CALL literature by demonstrating how telepresence robots can enhance the multimodal range of meaning-making resources of remote students within everyday classroom practices in hybrid language teaching. As practical implications, we outline some ways in which social interaction provides both a rich resource base for participants and a site in which many pedagogical questions relevant to hybrid education play out.

IS LEARNING ENGLISH BORING WITH GAMIFICATION?

COVID-19 is a global pandemic that has brought significant disruptions to education. EFL educators ought to be aware of suitable methods during hybrid learning. The Digital learning trend that is reshaping EdTech for Gen-Z is gamification. It is the application of game-design elements and game principles in non-game contexts. Thus, this study aims to shed light on student teachers' perceptions on gamification for boostering motivation in hybrid language classes. To assess the perception, we tracked it of 32 students. Critical aspects highlighted by students in their learning experience were also analyzed. Evidences show the usefulness of gamification in improving students’ motivation and, to some extent, in changing their habits.

BXtendDSL: A layered framework for bidirectional model transformations combining a declarative and an imperative language

Model-driven software development (MDSD) heavily relies on model transformations. While in a strict forward engineering process unidirectional transformations are used, bidirectional transformations are crucial as soon as roundtrip engineering comes into play. In this paper, we present a hybrid language specifically designed to describe bidirectional model transformations. From a declarative transformation specification code is generated which uses our framework for bidirectional and incremental model transformations. A sophisticated code generation mechanism allows for hooking into the generated transformation code at the imperative level to supply behavior that cannot be expressed declaratively. A thorough evaluation demonstrates conciseness, expressiveness, and scalability of our approach.

ZAHARIJA ORFELIN E IL CANTINIERE SERBO

Orfelin's Iskusni podrumar (1783) is the first Serbian book about wine culture and techniques of beverages production and preservation. First great laic intellectual of Serbian 1700s, Orfelin first declared the necessity to write in the spoken language, in order to contribute to people cul- tural elevation; nevertheless, in his works, various linguistic elements (“Languages“ or “Styles“) are evidenced: Russian Church Slavonic, Slavonicised Literary Russian, Serbian vernacular. Due to the mixture of various elements in several of his works, he is often considered the creator of the so-called Slavenosrpski, a sort of hybrid language evaluated in different ways by scholars. Also in Podrumar, contrary to the indication on the frontispiece that it was written in Serbian, it proved to be mostly a mixed language, close to Russian Church Slavonic on the one hand and very close to vernacular, on the other. Furtehrmore, in those parts aimed at providing practical instructions, in which vernacular prevails as well, there are Russian Church Slavonicisms and Russian elements. However, this mixture of linguistic elements must not be attributed to the author's inability to write in pure vernacular. In fact, the only existing linguistic literary model in the Serbian culture of the time was Church Slavonic in its XVIII-century Russian form, artic- ulated in linguistic levels and increasingly oriented towards a spoken language in new literary genres far from ecclesiastical use. So, Orfelin's Slavenosrpski appears as a set of stylistic levels based on Church Slavonic and open to commissions with vernacular at every linguistic level, a way of writing that, even if it marks the beginning of system evolution towards the creation of a modern literary language, still remains anchored to tradition.

“Imagining a Better Place”: A Conversation with Masiyaleti Mbewe about Revolutionizing and Constructing Black Futures

“Imagining a Better Place”A Conversation with Masiyaleti Mbewe about Revolutionizing and Constructing Black Futures Michelle Johnson (bio) and Masiyaleti Mbewe Masiyaleti Mbewe is a Zambian queerfuturist writer, photographer, and activist raised in Botswana and currently based in Namibia. Her photographic work in the Future African Vision in Time (FAVT) exhibition entitled The Afrofuturist Village navigates an alternative future for Africans in Afrofuturism. This first exhibit addressed environmentalism, feminism, mental health, technology, language, sexuality, gender, and accessibility and inclusivity. It included a hybrid language, braille, and sign language. Future exhibits—The Afrofuturist Town, The Afrofuturist City, and The Afrofuturist Metropolis—will continue this work. Click for larger view View full resolution MASIYALETI MBEWE, “TOVE THE GUARDIAN,” NIKO N D7000, 3/4 (FIRST EDITION), 2018 Here she discusses her artistic work, her evolving understanding of Afrofuturism, and her reading, viewing, and listening recommendations. [End Page 20] Michelle Johnson: Should I ask you for your personal definition of Afrofuturism, or, instead, should we be speaking in terms of Pan-African futurism? Masiyaleti Mbewe: My thoughts around Afrofuturism are constantly expanding, but I always return to Ytasha Womack’s definition. I think it very succinctly touches on the many intersections of Black diasporic futurist concerns. When I sat with Philipp Khabo Koepsell, I think we were trying to unpack or, rather, reconcile the myriad of complicated feelings we had with the term and its coining. I think we collectively settled on Pan-African futurism because of the underlying political implications; it encouraged a sort of solidarity with Black people around the world and further recognized the disparities with our lived experiences. One might ask if the term Afrofuturism didn’t already do that, and I think our initial understanding of the term and its alignment with mostly the African American experience flattened the ways Africans on the continent and in the diaspora engaged with the concept. I think what Nnedi Okorafor did when coining Africanfuturism a year later also similarly identified these nuances, but I find that it is often difficult to discuss these things without sparking a diaspora war of sorts. Johnson: How have your thoughts on Afrofuturism evolved from your 2015 Ted Talk to today? While doing research for this interview, I’ve become captivated by the way you continue to expand inclusion. Mbewe: I was twenty-four when I stood on the TEDx stage, and I was excited to finally have the language to talk about how marginalized Black voices were in science fiction, fantasy, etc., and tracing how these different genres had their roots in traditional African mythology and spirituality was another incredibly validating thing to come out of the experience. I’m in my thirties now and am still very cognizant of that when I’m working. Because of the talk, I’m now in community with an amazing group of Black activists, scholars, and artists (Ingrid LaFleur, Alexander G. Weheliye, Nashilongweshipwe Mushaandja, Philipp Khabo Koepsell, and many more) who operate in these spaces that are constantly revolutionizing and constructing Black futures. But yes, the more I worked and grew, the more I wanted my work to be inclusive and intersectional. There was no way I was going to write about or make visual art about Black people and have my work replicate exclusionary politics. Johnson: In an interview elsewhere, you mentioned your trajectory—pan-African futurism, then postfuturism, and now queer futurism, “which incorporates all of those things for me.” How does queer futurism do this? Mbewe: Queerfuturism is a term I’m most comfortable with at the moment because it actively reflects who I continuously want to center in my work, Black queer folk. When I was talking about postfuturism, I think I was in the process of theorizing what Black futurism would look like outside of the capitalist excitement that came with Afrofuturism’s popularity. The future is pro-Black, queer, and anticapitalist, so I think the word queer obscures the way we approach things with rigidity sometimes. I like to think of my work here as some type of fluid, and queerness permits me that. Johnson: What alternative future for Africans did you envision in your 2018 exhibition, The Afrofuturist Village? Mbewe: I...

LIFE HACKS FOR NON-ENGLISH-SPEAKING LIBRARIANS: FEATURES OF COMMUNICATIVE PRACTICE IN TRANSLATION

Objective. This paper aims to provide practical recommendations to the non-English-speaking staff working at academic libraries to practice the English language in order to fully utilize the potential of global indexing services such as Scopus and Web of Science. Methods. Comparative analysis and bibliometric analysis were employed to estimate the share of the English-language journals in the aforementioned databases to emphasize the relevance of proper knowledge of English by academic librarians given its current status as the language of global scientific communication. Results. The analysis results revealed that as of August 2021, 56 % of the Scopus-indexed journals were published in the English language only while most of the rest practiced a hybrid language approach allowing their authors to submit papers in two/three languages. In contrast, only 7 journals (0.016 % in the cited database) published their materials in the Ukrainian language only. This indirectly testifies to the importance for scientists in Ukraine to report their findings in English to reach a wider target audience. This assumption may underlie the fact that all the 15 Ukrainian journals newly accepted in the Scopus database (as of Aug 2021) are all hybrid, that is, the papers are published both in English and Ukrainian. Conclusions. It is a relevant task both for researchers in Ukraine and academic librarians at Ukrainian universities to practice their knowledge of the English language given its current status as the language of global science. A practical way to do it is to engage local professional translators (preferably with certified teaching experience) who have confirmed their knowledge of academic English to conduct sessions for librarians to train their practical skills in speaking (at international conferences) and writing (when submitting papers to relevant journals). This work provides a reference framework for such attempts.

A CNN-transformer hybrid approach for decoding visual neural activity into text

Background and ObjectiveMost studies used neural activities evoked by linguistic stimuli such as phrases or sentences to decode the language structure. However, compared to linguistic stimuli, it is more common for the human brain to perceive the outside world through non-linguistic stimuli such as natural images, so only relying on linguistic stimuli cannot fully understand the information perceived by the human brain. To address this, an end-to-end mapping model between visual neural activities evoked by non-linguistic stimuli and visual contents is demanded. MethodsInspired by the success of the Transformer network in neural machine translation and the convolutional neural network (CNN) in computer vision, here a CNN-Transformer hybrid language decoding model is constructed in an end-to-end fashion to decode functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signals evoked by natural images into descriptive texts about the visual stimuli. Specifically, this model first encodes a semantic sequence extracted by a two-layer 1D CNN from the multi-time visual neural activity into a multi-level abstract representation, then decodes this representation, step by step, into an English sentence. ResultsExperimental results show that the decoded texts are semantically consistent with the corresponding ground truth annotations. Additionally, by varying the encoding and decoding layers and modifying the original positional encoding of the Transformer, we found that a specific architecture of the Transformer is required in this work. ConclusionsThe study results indicate that the proposed model can decode the visual neural activities evoked by natural images into descriptive text about the visual stimuli in the form of sentences. Hence, it may be considered as a potential computer-aided tool for neuroscientists to understand the neural mechanism of visual information processing in the human brain in the future.

List Piotra Zrinskiego z 29 kwietnia 1671 roku do żony Anny Katarzyny Zrinskiej z perspektywy językoznawcy

The paper offers a linguistic analysis with the elements of archival information of the farewell letter written by Petar Zrinski to his wife Catherina on 29th April 1671. The letter was conceived the day before the author’s execution for treason of the Austrian Emperor Leopold I. The linguistic analysis allows to confirm the hypothesis that the text was written in the Croatian hybrid language – a form propagated by the Zrinski and Frankopan noble families. Co-textual data used in the article relate to the political situation, social conditions and historical resonance of the Zrinskis’ and Frankopans’ activity at that time, which contributes to an unquestionable legend of the analysed text in the Croatian society. Along with the linguistic analysis, the aim of the article is to demonstrate archival data related to the text and to offer a proposition of translation of the discussed letter into the Polish language.

Linguistic territoriality under stress

AbstractThis article revisits a well-known dichotomy (the ‘territorial’ and ‘personal’ principles) and develops a four-element classification of state approaches (from the most generous to the most menacing, from the perspective of speakers of minority languages). The article examines the implications for language policy of geographically dispersed or spatially concentrated patterns of distribution of speakers of particular languages. We begin by exploring the general literature on language policy, focusing in particular on the territorial and personal principles, the use of ‘threshold rules’ at municipal and other subnational levels, and the hybrid language regimes that are often a consequence of sociolinguistic complexity. We consider the extent to which responses to linguistic diversity across Europe may be understood by reference to these principles and categories. We explain why we have selected particular case studies (the Baltic republics, Transylvania, Switzerland, Belgium and Ireland) for further exploration. We conclude that, notwithstanding the value of the typologies we consider, real-life cases are almost invariably more complex, with states implementing policies that defy categorisation, that may change over time, and that may treat different language minorities by reference to different principles.

Rely more or less, for better or for worse: Intertwining reliability and preferences

Abstract Dealing with preferences is a ubiquitous part of our daily lives, and thus, preference forms an integral part of our daily decision-making processes. If we consider preferences among groups of agents, deliberation often leads to changes in preferences of an agent, influenced by the opinions of others, depending on how reliable these agents are according to the agent under consideration. Sometimes, it also leads to changes in the opposite direction, i.e. reliability over agents gets updated depending on their preferences. There are various formal studies of preference change based on reliability and/or trust, but not the other way around—this work contributes to the formal study of the latter aspect, i.e. on reliability change based on agent preferences. In process, some policies of preference change based on agent reliabilities are also discussed. We introduce a novel formal study of the relevant changes in agent reliabilities in decision-making scenarios, which is an integral part of artificial intelligence studies in the current day. A two-dimensional hybrid language is proposed to describe such processes, and axiomatizations and decidability are discussed.