Conditions Of Hunger Research Articles

A comprehensive analysis of food insecurity in the drought-prone rural areas of Tigray.

The number of globally food-insecure people is increasing since 2017. Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest proportion of severely food-insecure people in the world. Tigray region of Ethiopia is one of the food-insecure regions, which, over the past many decades has been affected by recurrent food insecurities. In the drought-prone rural areas of Tigray, many people are living under the condition of chronic hunger. Proper food security studies are vital for proper intervention mechanisms. Yet, previous food security studies have rarely addressed the four pillars of food security: availability, access, utilization, and stability. In this study, all components are duly considered to assess the food insecurity status in the drought-prone rural areas of Tigray, Ethiopia. Of the 34 rural districts in Tigray, 363 households from three drought-prone rural districts were studied. Household Food Insecurity Access Scale and Food Insecurity Experience Scale were adapted to measure the food availability, access to food, and stability components of food security; and, Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS), Food Consumption Score (FCS), mid-upper arm circumference, and Bitot's spot were used to analyze the food utilization aspect. Findings show that 68% of the studied community frequently ate less food than they felt they needed and 82.1% of the households have experienced hunger because of lack of food. The study rural districts were unconnected to road networks; hence, 87.9% of the elderly and 20.4% of the women and girls had no access to food markets. Regarding the food utilization, 81.5% of the studied households had poor FCS; and the average HDDS and FCS for the study areas were 2.47 and 18.9, respectively. The prevalence of Global acute malnutrition, severe acute malnutrition (SAM), and moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) for 6-59months of age children in the study areas were 50.3, 4.2, and 46.1%, respectively. More notably, the prevalence of SAM for children from the food-insecure households was 21.2%. The prevalence of MAM for pregnant and lactating women (PLW) in the study areas was 59.5. Further, the prevalence of Bitot's spot among 6-59months of age children was 1.9%. On the other hand, all the rural households had anxiety about their future food demands. The rural households living in the studied areas were critically food-insecure. All the measurements implied that the food insecurity situation in the study areas was unacceptably worrisome and life-threatening. This calls for an instant action to avert the occurrence of famine and starvation in the drought-prone rural areas of Tigray region. Thus, interventions should primarily target the vulnerable rural people and need to be planned based on attaining food availability first rather than concurrently addressing all components of food security. Further, due emphasis should be given to diversifying livelihood strategies of the vulnerable villagers.

Metabolic sensing in AgRP regulates sucrose preference and dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens.

Hunger increases the motivation for calorie consumption, often at the expense of low-taste appeal. However, the neural mechanisms integrating calorie-sensing with increased motivation for calorie consumption remain unknown. Agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus sense hunger, and the ingestion of caloric solutions promotes dopamine release in the absence of sweet taste perception. Therefore, we hypothesised that metabolic-sensing of hunger by AgRP neurons would be essential to promote dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens in response to caloric, but not non-caloric solutions. Moreover, we examined whether metabolic sensing in AgRP neurons affected taste preference for bitter solutions under conditions of energy need. Here we show that impaired metabolic sensing in AgRP neurons attenuated nucleus accumbens dopamine release in response to sucrose, but not saccharin, consumption. Furthermore, metabolic sensing in AgRP neurons was essential to distinguish nucleus accumbens dopamine response to sucrose consumption when compared with saccharin. Under conditions of hunger, metabolic sensing in AgRP neurons increased the preference for sucrose solutions laced with the bitter tastant, quinine, to ensure calorie consumption, whereas mice with impaired metabolic sensing in AgRP neurons maintained a strong aversion to sucrose/quinine solutions despite ongoing hunger. In conclusion, we demonstrate normal metabolic sensing in AgRP neurons drives the preference for calorie consumption, primarily when needed, by engaging dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens.

Food security intervention mechanisms in the drought-prone rural areas of Tigray.

Tigray is one of the food-insecure regions with many people living under the condition of chronic hunger. Proper intervention mechanisms are vital for addressing food insecurity. Yet, food security intervention mechanisms of various levels are not researched well. Besides, previous studies have rarely addressed the objectives of food security intervention mechanisms in relation to the four pillars of food security: availability, access, utilization, and stability. Thus, this study aims to investigate the food security intervention mechanisms in the drought-prone rural areas of Tigray in relation with the major components of food security. This study has employed a cross-sectional study design based on a mixed research approach with primary and secondary data. For this, 363 households from three selected drought-prone rural districts, i.e., Atsbi-wenberta, Irob, and Hintalo- wejerat were studied. Primary data were collected using questionnaires and key-informant interviews. And, secondary data were collected from relevant archives and policy documents. The obtained data were analyzed descriptively and content-wise. Findings show that there were several international interventions intended to halt food insecurity sustainably through financial aid, but many of the interventions were found to be responding to humanitarian crises mainly the food shortages. Ethiopia's Food and Nutrition Policy, Food Security Program, Food Security Strategy, and Food Security Pack program were the food security intervention mechanisms at the national level. These interventions were found to be inconsistent with each other in their intended goals. Regionally, no food security strategy or program was found intervening to the prevailing food insecurity in Tigray. More notably, the region has no food security bureau or office that deals with food security issues of the region. At a community level, food aid, and PSNP transfers have been the usual food security intervention mechanisms. 35.6% (77,010) of the population in the study rural districts were found to be rural PSNP beneficiaries. The food aid and PSNP transfers were outrageously insufficient for the recipients to cope with food insecurity. Intervention mechanisms should focus on enhancing vulnerable households' coping and adaptive capacities to deal with food security problems. In this regard, all the food security intervention mechanisms of various levels should be integrated into the common goal of achieving food security.

The Policing of Berlin as a Post-Conflict City

The essay explores the difficult transition from war to peace in the defeated capital of Hitler’s Third Reich. Not only did Soviet forces exact terrible revenge on the civilian population, but conditions of desperation and hunger led to a spike in blackmarket activity and crime. The Unconditional Surrender, ratified by Potsdam, set up a significant imbalance of power between the occupiers and the occupied. Amid conditions of continued hunger, in the sheets as well as on the streets, such a blatant asymmetry encouraged exploitation and immorality. As a wounded and postconflict city, Berlin posed special problems for the police authorities. With many policemen having tainted themselves through participation in illegitimate oppression and war crimes, policing had to be begun again from scratch. Although the Allies had lofty ideals of how to reform policing (reflecting their national traditions, but also progressive ideas about the employment of women), their lack of unity, together with the scale of the practical difficulties the city faced, meant that such reforms became watered down and ineffectual. The former capital’s need to regenerate and heal was sacrificed to the needs of the cold war. Women and antiNazis were increasingly marginalized, while former Gestapo men found favour.

State-dependent, visually guided behaviors in the nudibranch Berghia stephanieae.

Nudibranch mollusks have structurally simple eyes whose behavioral roles have not been established. We tested the effects of visual stimuli on the behavior of the nudibranch Berghia stephanieae under different food and hunger conditions. In an arena that was half-shaded, animals spent most of their time in the dark, where they also decreased their speed and made more changes in heading. These behavioral differences between the light and dark were less evident in uniformly illuminated or darkened arenas, suggesting that they were not caused by the level of illumination. Berghia stephanieae responded to distant visual targets; animals approached a black stripe that was at least 15deg wide on a white background. They did not approach a stripe that was lighter than the background but approached a stripe that was isoluminant with the background, suggesting the detection of spatial information. Animals traveled in convoluted paths in a featureless arena but straightened their paths when a visual target was present even if they did not approach it, suggesting that visual cues were used for navigation. Individuals were less responsive to visual stimuli when food deprived or in the presence of food odor. Thus, B. stephanieae exhibits visually guided behaviors that are influenced by odors and hunger state.

Barriers to Overcoming Child Hunger and Malnutrition: Applying a Human Rights Approach to Improve Policy and Action.

Objective: Analyze key barriers to achieving children's right to food under Colombia's food and nutrition security policies and programs. Methods: A literature review was conducted along with 17 semi-structured expert interviews. The law framework on the right to food was applied to analyze findings. Results: Four key barriers were found. First, a reductionist approach prevails in the political narrative. This focuses on ensuring personal food access overlooking societal and environmental impacts. Second, the implementation of policies and programs is passed on to third parties, preventing civic participation and accountability. Third, there are insufficient national data sources and indicators to monitor the impact of interventions and funding. Fourth, program implementation is unequal and inadequate, which inadvertently supports illicit economies that thrive on conditions of hunger and poverty. Conclusion: Children's food and nutrition are reliant on organizations that focus on personal food supply without strengthening civic participation. Strengthening participation requires a human rights approach. International organizations can help the government to engage communities in policy and program improvement and oversight.

Attentional bias for high-calorie food cues by the level of hunger and satiety in individuals with binge eating behaviors.

The abnormal hyperreactivity to food cues in individuals with binge eating behaviors could be regulated by hedonic or reward-based system, overriding the homeostatic system. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether attentional bias for food cues is affected by the level of hunger, maintaining the normal homeostatic system in individuals with binge eating behaviors. A total of 116 female participants were recruited and divided into four groups: hungry-binge eating group (BE) (n = 29), satiated BE (n = 29), hungry-control (n = 29), satiated control (n = 29). While participants completed a free-viewing task on high or low-calorie food cues, visual attentional processes were recorded using an eye tracker. The results revealed that BE group showed longer initial fixation duration toward high-calorie food cues in both hunger and satiety condition in the early stage, whereas the control group showed longer initial fixation duration toward high-calorie food cues only in hunger conditions. Moreover, in the late stage, the BE group stared more at the high-calorie food cue, compared to control group regardless of hunger and satiety. The findings suggest that automatic attentional bias for food cues in individuals with binge eating behaviors occurred without purpose or awareness is not affected by the homeostatic system, while strategic attention is focused on high-calorie food. Therefore, the attentional processing of food cues in binge eating group is regulated by hedonic system rather than homeostatic system, leading to vulnerability to binge eating.

The Relationship of Stress Levels and Emotional Eating on YARSI University Medical Faculty Students Class of 2020 and The Review According to Islamic Perspective

Background: Medical education is almost always associated with high levels of stress. High levels of stress can have a negative impact on cognitive function and learning ability, even though the average study load for medical students is heavier because their class schedules are tighter and their study period is longer. Based on research conducted on first-year medical students at the Faculty of Medicine, Andalas University in 2019, out of a total of 188 respondents, it was found that the majority of respondents had moderate stress levels (48.4%). Stress itself is an unpleasant condition in which a person sees demands beyond the limits of ability. In addition, stress can also change a person's eating behavior. One of them is emotional eating behavior. Emotional eating is an emotional overeating behavior in individuals that arises because of ineffective coping against stress not because of the physiological condition of hunger, but as an effort to improve emotional conditions. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between stress levels and emotional eating in YARSI University Medical Faculty students class of 2020 and their views according to Islam.Methods: This research is a quantitative research that is observational analytic with a cross sectional research design. Questionnaires are distributed via google form. This research was conducted on YARSI University Medical Faculty students class of 2020 with a total sample of 138 respondents. Data analysis used the Spearman rank test.Results: Based on the results of statistical tests, there is a relationship between stress levels and emotional eating in YARSI University Medical Faculty students class of 2020. With a p value of 0.003 (p <0.05) and a correlation coefficient of 0.254.Conclusion: There is a relationship between stress levels and emotional eating in YARSI University Medical Faculty students class of 2020, the variable relationship is unidirectional but the relationship is weak.

Within Wars and Revolutions: Helena Antipoff activities in the Bolshevik Russia (1917-1924)

The article deals with the professional career of the Russian psychologist Helena Antipoff (1892-1974) in the Soviet Russia, between 1917 and 1924, after returning from her educational stay in Paris and Geneva, and before migrating to Brazil in 1929. During the brief Soviet period, Helena was a witness and an active participant in the grandiose and dramatic changes of the country. Her work, as well as the work of other Russian scientists who migrated to other countries during the years of war and social revolution, is now being extensively studied, and new knowledge reverse some established perceptions and stereotypes about the history of psychology in Russia. Antipoff start-up in the Russian psychological and educational communities was linked to the intensive scientific and social activities of the St. Petersburg school of scientists and psychologists at this period – Vladimir M. Bekhterev (1857-1927), Alexander F. Lazursky (1874-1917), Alexander P. Nechaev (1870-1948), Mikhail Y. Basov (1892-1931), Adrian S. Griboedov (1875-1948) and others. Helena`s professional self-realization in this six-year Russian period was developed in real hot spots of practical psychological problems of that time for the country (study of children in conditions of devastation, hunger and orphanhood; testing of enhancement/reduction of child intelligence in conditions of social cataclysm and war; comparison of intellectual abilities of children of different social groups and in different countries; social and psychological diagnostics and distribution of “street children” to different types of care and educational institutions).

"A Question of Pigment?" The Representation of Mexicans in the Depression Art of Dorothea Lange

Dorothea Lange was a US documentary photographer who earned national recognition during the Depression era. Her picture of Florence Thompson and her children known as Migrant Mother (1936) has become an iconic depiction of the age, of the distressed reality of a sacred relationship that represented not only the devastating present of the farm workers during the 1930s but also the threat of a hopeless future for these people—and the whole nation. The essay investigates how she managed to divulge personal realities beyond the surface of pigmentation, even if this meant that she did not fully comply with the expectations of the FSA. Lange’s art portrayed the human condition of migranthood, homelessness, unemployment, poverty, hunger, deprivation, despair, loneliness, and bleakness she had encountered in the American landscape as universal and ubiquitous, a condition that causes immense sadness, pain and desolation in the human soul, irrespective of one’s racial background. 

ПОЭТИКА ВЕЩИ КАК ПАМЯТЬ О СИБИРСКОЙ ССЫЛКЕ В КАЛМЫЦКОЙ ЛИРИКЕ

The article examines the poetics of things in Kalmyk lyrics of the 20th - early 21st centuries. as a memory of the Siberian exile, created by poets of different generations in different years in their native and Russian languages. The relevance and novelty of the article is determined by the lack of knowledge of the world of things, reflected in Kalmyk lyrics in the context of the Siberian exile of the Kalmyk people during the period of Stalinist repressions (1943-1957). In the poems, things are presented in the plot, updating in the title of the work certain markers and symbols that characterize the existence of exiled people in a foreign environment during and after the war, in conditions of hunger, cold, illness, and death. Certain things in the texts convey the general atmosphere of everyday life and existence, including through the use of personification, metaphor, comparison, dreams, and memories. The motifs of personal and historical memory in Kalmyk lyrics actualize the connection between generations both in the past and in the present. The original texts of the authors preserve the tradition of Kalmyk versification

Direito Humano à Alimentação Adequada: um olhar para a pobreza extrema e a desnutrição infantil a partir da obra de Amartya Sen

Abstract Ensuring the Human Right to Adequate Food (HRAF) is a key point in the fight against hunger and child malnutrition in Brazil, aggravated by the context of extreme poverty, allowing an increase in life expectancy. The Human Development Index (HDI) was created by Amartya Sen to transform the reductionist idea of economic development to broaden the concept of human progress based on the expansion of capabilities and freedoms under capitalism. This study aims to relate the conditions of poverty, hunger, and child malnutrition to the healthy eating promotion, based on Amartya Sen’s concept of development as freedom. Health and human development are interconnected and, when analyzed in contexts of extreme poverty, intensify their restrictive effects on access to healthy food. Public policies need to urgently act in synergy with the areas of health, food, education, income, among others, considering the intersectoriality of food and nutritional safety.

COVID-19 and sustainable development goals: A bibliometric analysis and SWOT analysis in Malaysian context

The COVID-19 crisis has been a core threat to the lives of billions of individuals over the world. The COVID-19 crisis has influenced governments’ aims to meet UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs); leading to exceptional conditions of fragility, poverty, job loss, and hunger all over the world. This study aims to investigate the current studies that concentrate on the COVID-19 crisis and its implications on SDGs using a bibliometric analysis approach. The study also deployed the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) approach to perform a systematic analysis of the SDGs, with an emphasis on the COVID-19 crisis impact on Malaysia. The results of the study indicated the unprecedented obstacles faced by countries to meet the UN's SDGs in terms of implementation, coordination, trade-off decisions, and regional issues. The study also stressed the impact of COVID-19 on the implementation of the SDGs focusing on the income, education, and health aspects. The outcomes highlighted the emerging opportunities of the crisis that include an improvement in the health sector, the adoption of online modes in education, the swift digital transformation, and the global focus on environmental issues. Our study demonstrated that, in the post-crisis time, the ratio of citizens in poverty could grow up more than the current national stated values. We stressed the need to design an international agreement to reconsider the implementation of SDGs, among which, are strategic schemes to identify vital and appropriate policies.

Hedonic hunger, desire to eat, and risk of obesity in shift workers: A cross-sectional study

Amaç: Bu çalışmada, vardiyalı sistemde çalışmanın obezite riski üzerine olan olası etkisinin anlaşılabilmesi için; bu sistemde çalışan bireylerin hedonik açlık, yeme arzusu durumlarının belirlenmesi ve bu durumların obezite belirteçleriyle olan ilişkisinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: Çalışma en az 6 aydır aynı çalışma düzenine sahip, 19-64 yaş arası, 226 sağlık personeli ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bireylerle yüz yüze yapılan görüşmelerde bireylerin tanımlayıcı özellikleri (yaş, cinsiyet, medeni durum, eğitim durumu) sorgulanmış, antropometrik ölçümleri (vücut ağırlığı, boy uzunluğu, bel çevresi) alınmış, beden kütle indeksi hesaplanmış ve hedonik açlık durumlarının saptanabilmesi için Besin Gücü Ölçeği, yeme arzusu durumlarının saptanabilmesi için de Yeme Arzusu Ölçeği uygulanmıştır. Bulgular: Çalışmada vardiyalı çalışan bireylerin gündüz çalışan bireylere göre Yeme Arzusu Ölçeği alt boyutlarından yeme kontrolünden yoksun olma olasılığı ve yemek öncesinde veya sırasında yaşanabilecek duyguların puanlarının daha yüksek olduğu bulunmuştur (p<0.05). Ayrıca vardiyalı çalışan bireylerin obezite belirteçlerinden olan beden kütle indeksi değerleri ile Besin Gücü Ölçeği toplam puanı ve alt boyutlarından besin ulaşılabilirlik, besin mevcudiyeti puanları arasında düşük düzeyde, pozitif yönde; Yeme Arzusu Ölçeği alt boyutlarından olan niyet ve planlama, yeme kontrolünden yoksun olma olasılığı ve deneyimleme suçluluğu puanları arasında orta düzeyde, pozitif yönde ilişkilerin olduğu görülürken; yine bu gruptaki bireylerin bel-boy oranları ile besin ulaşılabilirlik ve deneyimleme suçluluğu puanı arasında orta düzeyde pozitif yönde bir ilişki olduğu görülmüştür (p<0.05). Vardiyalı çalışan bireylerin çoklu regresyon analizi katsayı sonuçları incelendiğinde ise bireylerin bel-boy oranı düzeylerinin Besin Gücü Ölçeği puanlarını istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde etkilediği saptanmıştır (p<0.05). Sonuç: Bu çalışma vardiyalı çalışma sisteminin gelişen hedonik açlık ve artan yeme arzusu ile obezite üzerinde etkili olabileceğine işaret etmektedir.

State’s Repression toward INGO: the Dismissal of Médecins Sans Frontieres from Ethiopia

The primary purpose of humanitarian-based INGOs is to provide and distribute assistance to those who could not get it. One of the INGOs engaged in this field and is quite successful in the international constellation is Medecins Sans Frontieres, often called Doctors without Borders. Humanitarian INGOs generally have a noble mission and have no mission to engage in the host country's political dynamics. However, the noble mission became a boomerang when MSF became one of the INGOs who worked to save the famine in Ethiopia. MSF has a noble mission, but the Ethiopian government has another mission that aggravates the condition of hunger in Ethiopia. As INGOs sought to be neutral, MSF decided to remain silent and take no steps relating to the political constellation of one of the world's poorest countries. Things got worse when MSF realized that one of their programs was being misused by the government to blackmail the guerrilla groups in the north. MSF could no longer remain silent and objected to any Ethiopian government policy related to them, resulting in the dismissal of all MSF members from Ethiopia at the end of 1986. This paper will explain the weak position of NGOs toward state, the main reason of the dismissal. The authors will be using the qualitative method by explaining the history about MSF and NGOs in the perspective of state which resulted the justification of the weak position of NGOs itself.

Fresh Insight through a Keynesian Theory Approach to Investigate the Economic Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Pakistan

Beyond the immediate impositions of dealing with COVID-19, this disease represents a severe and significant challenge confronting Pakistan’s economy. The study’s objective was to evaluate the coronavirus epidemic’s effect on Pakistan’s economy and measures devised to mitigate the damage done by this disease. The study research design used the elementary concept of Keynesian theory comprising of the mapping of systematic behavior of the COVID-19 pandemic. Issues were formally underpinned, described, and visualized through the Keynesian theory concept. The eruption of COVID-19 has jolted the national and international economy. Pakistan is included, causing millions of people to stay at home, lose their jobs, and suspend or end business operations. Unemployment in Pakistan has reached nearly 25 million people, driving many towards conditions of hunger and poverty as the major economic damage in several sectors is anticipated at around PKR 1.3 trillion. The hardest-affected sectors comprise industries such as tourism and travel, financial markets, entertainment, manufacturing, etc., having a devastating effect on gross domestic product (GDP). It is mainly daily-wage earners and people running small businesses that have been seriously exploited and subjected to a curfew-like situation. However, the Keynesian theory suggests that supportive macroeconomic policies must restore trust, demand recovery, and provide interest-free loans to overcome Pakistan’s currently upcoming crisis.

Практики поведения «новой женщины» в условиях массового голода начала 1920-х годов

The article discusses the behavioral practices of a "new woman" in the conditions of mass famine in the early 1920s. It is noted that this social group was inconsiderable in number, but its influence in public life was very high. The author draws attention to the social origin of the representatives of this social group, the level of their education, the specifics of the worldview formation based on the ideals of universal equality and justice. It was noted that the behavior of the “new women” in conditions of mass starvation significantly differed from the generally accepted patterns, such as seeking help from the authorities, migrating to other regions, selling property, begging and other social deviations. The desire to contribute to the construction of a socialist society led to the ignorance of the problem of hunger and a reorientation from their daily life to social life. This was manifested in the behavior of the “new woman” in the form of collecting funds for the needs of the hungry, selfless work, refusal to relocate to prosperous areas. Social class background – origin from peasants and workers, high involvement in social activities, young age, membership in the Komsomol organisation were the factors that formed non-standard options for survival in the situation of mass famine among the “new women”. It is concluded that the conditions of hunger contributed to the strengthening of the social positions of the “new women”, their further advancement on the social ladder. The downside of strengthening the social position of the “new women” was the further erosion of the foundations of their traditional perception of the world based on family and motherhood.

Hunger increases negative and decreases positive emotions in women with a healthy weight

The term ‘hangry’ is colloquially used to describe being “bad tempered or irritable as a result of hunger,” but remarkably few studies have examined the effect of hunger on emotions. Yet, women attempting to restrict their food intake may be at risk of becoming entangled in a vicious cycle of hunger and negative emotions. That is, hunger may lead to negative emotions, which can lead to overeating and overeating can, in turn, provoke subsequent restriction leading to more hunger. Therefore the aim of this study was to examine the effect of hunger on positive and negative emotions in women with a healthy BMI, and the role of subclinical eating disorder symptoms in this effect. We randomly assigned women to a hunger condition (fasting for 14 h, n = 53) or satiated condition (eat breakfast before the study, n = 55), and they completed the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire and the Profile of Mood States in the lab. Hungry women reported overall higher negative emotions (higher tension, anger, fatigue, and confusion) and lower positive emotions (lower vigour and marginally lower esteem-related affect) than satiated women. Moreover, for satiated but not for hungry women, higher eating disorder symptoms were associated with lower esteem-related affect. These findings show that food restriction leads to negative emotions, and practitioners and individuals should be aware of these implications of food restriction on mental health. Second, clinicians and individuals should be wary of relatively low esteem-related affect when satiated in individuals with eating disorder symptoms, as it could serve as a maintaining factor in eating pathology.

"A hard and hungry life has come": combating hunger in the Yaroslavl village during the Civil war (based on the materials of P. V. Bugrov’s diaries)

The paper analyzes the diaries of the Yaroslavl peasant P. V. Bugrov, dating back to the first third of the XX century, which are a valuable historical source for reconstructing the everyday life of the peasant community. They show the catastrophic impact of wars and revolution on the peasant economy and present individual and collective practices of survival in conditions of hunger and unstable socio-political situation. Analysis of diaries allows us to conclude that the peasant economy continues to exist even in extremely unfavorable conditions and provides life to its members through a variety of ways to overcome hunger.

Laki-laki memiliki tingkat satiety (fullness) lebih rendah setelah diberikan diet tinggi protein

High-protein food has a significant impact on reducing hunger conditions and increasing satiety. Not many studies have investigated the impact of differences in a high protein diet on satiety based on sex and nutritional status. The aim of the study is to determine the effects of a high protein diet (animal and plant-based) on satiety based on sex and nutritional status. The experimental research was conducted by pre-post group design. The subjects of this research were 23 adults aged 20-23 years who meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria living in Yogyakarta. Satiety profiles (hunger, fullness, desire to eat, and PFC) were measured using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) questionnaire. The categorization of nutritional status is based on BMI. Data were analyzed using independent sample t-test and paired t-test. Based on sex, there was a difference in the fullness component between males and females after consuming animal protein meals (p= 0,001) and plant-based protein meals (p< 0,01). Whereas based on nutritional status, there was no difference in all satiety profiles. In conclusion, men have different satiety from women after consuming a high protein diet.